Cor pulmonare algorithm
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The document is from the Universidad Tecnica de Machala Academic Unit of Chemical Sciences and Health Medicine School. It lists the names of 5 students - William Cruz, Kevin Herrera, Jorge Pacheco, Angie Chamba, and Sonia Quijilema - who are taking an English class on cor pulmonare in the eighth semester 'A' class taught by teacher Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel in Machala, El Oro, Ecuador in 2018.
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Cor pulmonale, also known as pulmonary heart disease, is a type of heart disease where the right side of the heart enlarges and fails over time due to high blood pressure in the lungs or pulmonary hypertension. It is usually caused by lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that result in low oxygen levels and resistance within the pulmonary arteries of the lungs. The enlarged right ventricle must work harder to pump blood into the lungs, causing it to thicken and eventually fail if left untreated.
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Peptic ulcers develop in the lining of the stomach or small intestine. Common causes are infection by H. pylori bacteria and use of pain medications like ibuprofen. Symptoms include stomach pain that is worse when the stomach is empty. Diagnosis involves tests to detect H. pylori infection and endoscopy to view the digestive tract. Treatment eliminates the bacteria with antibiotics if present, reduces acid production, and promotes healing with proton pump inhibitors or acid blockers. Preventive measures include careful use of pain medications and protecting against infections.
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. It occurs when digestive enzymes in the pancreas are activated and damage pancreatic cells. Common causes include alcoholism, gallstones, certain medications, abdominal injuries, and genetic factors. Symptoms vary but often include abdominal pain that worsens with eating as well as nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging scans, and endoscopy. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, treating underlying causes, and managing complications. To prevent pancreatitis, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and following a low-fat diet can help reduce risk.
Irritable bowel syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder defined by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. The causes are unclear but may involve stress, infection, or brain-gut interactions. Symptoms include abdominal pain, gas, bloating, and diarrhea or constipation. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, and tests rule out other conditions. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and stress relief. Medications may help control symptoms but no single treatment works for everyone with this common disorder.
Intestinal inflammatory disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes disorders that involve chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The exact cause is unknown but is likely related to malfunctions of the immune system. Symptoms vary in severity from mild to severe and include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves blood tests, endoscopy, imaging, and ruling out other potential causes. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and includes anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and surgery in some cases.
Infection by helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach and is the most common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcers worldwide. Infection is very common and increases with age. H. pylori bacteria can be transmitted through direct contact with infected feces or vomit, or through contaminated food or water. While most infected people never show symptoms, potential symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests of the blood, breath, or stool to detect H. pylori. Treatment consists of antibiotics along with medication to reduce stomach acid in order to kill the bacteria and allow the stomach lining to heal.
Gerd
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid returns up into the esophagus and causes irritation. It is common for people to experience acid reflux occasionally, but GERD is when it occurs at least twice a week or more severely once a week. Risk factors include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, and certain medications. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, coughing, and sore throat. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, but tests like endoscopy or pH monitoring can be done. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like losing weight, avoiding foods and drinks that trigger symptoms, and medications to reduce acid production. Surgery may be an option for severe cases that do not improve with other treatments.
Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines that is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Common symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. While generally self-limiting, gastroenteritis can cause dehydration, which is more common and dangerous in infants and young children. Oral rehydration solutions are the recommended treatment for mild to moderate dehydration. Prevention involves proper food handling and drinking clean water, especially when traveling.
Gastroduodenal tumors
1. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare tumors that can develop in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). Risk factors include inherited genetic mutations and rare genetic syndromes.
2. Symptoms of GIST tumors include blood in stool or vomit, abdominal pain, fatigue, difficulty swallowing, and feeling full after eating small amounts of food. Diagnosis involves physical exams, CT scans, MRI scans, endoscopic ultrasounds, and biopsies of suspicious tissue.
3. Treatment depends on the stage and location of the tumor and may involve surgical resection as the only potentially curative treatment
Gastritis
1. Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach that is usually caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or excessive alcohol or drug use. It can be acute or chronic.
2. Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, alcohol, bile reflux, autoimmune disorders, and stress. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and black stools from bleeding.
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Esophageal motor disorders
1. Esophageal motor disorders are alterations in the peristaltic activity of the esophageal body and/or functioning of the sphincters. There are primary motor disorders that affect the esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter including achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, and hypercontractile disorders.
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Dyspepsia
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Disease of the rectum and anus
This document discusses diseases of the rectum and anus. It begins with definitions and explains that these diseases are commonly seen in primary care. It describes some of the main diseases including their causes, symptoms, and risk factors. Some of the diseases covered include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, abscesses, and anal cancer. The document discusses how these diseases are diagnosed, often through examination with an anoscope or sigmoidoscope. It also outlines treatments for some conditions like surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy for anal cancer. Lastly, it discusses some ways to prevent diseases like avoiding risk factors, screening high risk patients, and vaccinations to prevent HPV infections.
Disease of the mouth cavity
The document discusses diseases of the mouth cavity. It defines the mouth and its functions, and describes common mouth problems like cold sores, canker sores, and infections. Diagnosis involves examination by a dentist, and treatment depends on the specific problem but may include cleaning, surgery, or maintenance visits. Prevention strategies include avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol, eating fruits and vegetables, protecting lips from sun, and regular dental exams.
Digestive hemorrhage
The document discusses digestive hemorrhage, also known as gastrointestinal bleeding. It defines high and low hemorrhages based on their origin in the digestive tract. Some common causes of digestive hemorrhage include anal fissures, hemorrhoids, ulcers, and cancers of the digestive system. Symptoms include vomiting blood or black tarry stools. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, imaging tests, or surgery depending on the location of bleeding. Treatment focuses on stabilization, determining the cause through endoscopy, and addressing the specific condition causing the hemorrhage. Prevention strategies target those with risk factors like ulcers, cirrhosis, or who take anti-inflammatory drugs.
Diarrhea
1. Diarrhea is defined as more frequent bowel movements with soft and liquid stools. It is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, certain foods, medications, and other digestive disorders.
2. Symptoms of diarrhea include soft, watery stools, abdominal cramps, pain, fever, blood in stool, swelling, and urgency. It can cause dehydration, especially in children.
3. Doctors may perform blood tests, stool analysis, and imaging tests to diagnose the cause. Treatment depends on the cause but often involves replacing fluids and electrolytes, antibiotics if bacteria is involved, and managing any underlying conditions.
Constipation
Constipation is defined as having less than three bowel movements per week or hard stools that are difficult to pass. Common causes include low-fiber diets, lack of physical activity, certain medications, and ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, and imaging tests of the colon and rectum. Treatment begins with lifestyle changes like increasing fiber intake and exercise. If those don't help, doctors may prescribe laxatives, stool softeners, or suppositories to relieve constipation symptoms.
Sleep apnea
Sleep apnea is a potentially serious sleep disorder where breathing stops and starts repeatedly during sleep. There are three main types - obstructive, central, and complex. Risk factors include being overweight, having a narrow throat, and certain facial structures. Symptoms include loud snoring, waking with shortness of breath, and daytime sleepiness. Diagnosis involves a physical exam and polysomnogram sleep test. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, CPAP devices, dental devices, and sometimes surgery. Losing weight and avoiding alcohol can help prevent sleep apnea.
Pulmonary tuberculosis
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who are sick with TB cough, sneeze or speak.
2. Symptoms include a persistent cough lasting more than two weeks, coughing up blood, weight loss, fever, night sweats and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exams, chest x-rays, sputum tests and tuberculosis skin tests.
3. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered by a tuberculosis specialist to prevent drug resistance. Patients are advised to rest at home and cover their mouth when coughing to prevent spreading the disease until treatment has reduced their contagious
Pulmonary tromboembolia
1. Pulmonary embolism is caused by a blood clot in the lung, usually formed in the deep veins of the lower limbs. It is a leading cause of preventable death in hospitalized patients.
2. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, increased heart rate, coughing up blood, and fainting. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors and test like D-dimer and CT scan.
3. Treatment involves anticoagulant drugs to dissolve clots initially by injection and then orally for 3-6 months. Prevention focuses on continuing anticoagulants, lifestyle changes like exercise and diet, wearing compression stockings, and early movement after surgery.
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