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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTIONS
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The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas. In the mouth, teeth break down food into smaller pieces. The esophagus then transports the food to the stomach where digestion continues. Enzymes from the pancreas and liver further break down food in the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed. Undigested waste moves to the large intestine where water is absorbed before elimination.
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. There are two stages of digestion: physical/mechanical digestion which breaks food into smaller pieces using teeth and peristalsis, and chemical digestion where enzymes break down food further. Digestion begins in the mouth and stomach and is completed in the small intestine, where enzymes from the pancreas and liver break proteins, fats and carbohydrates into amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars. The digested nutrients are then absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells to be used for energy, building molecules, or stored. Undigested matter then moves to the large intestine where water
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THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. The human digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells in the body.
2. Digestion begins in the mouth and involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. It continues through the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines.
3. The final products of digestion - amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids and glycerol - are absorbed in the small intestine and transported throughout the body. Undigested waste is eliminated as feces.
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The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas. In the mouth, teeth break down food into smaller pieces. The esophagus then transports the food to the stomach where digestion continues. Enzymes from the pancreas and liver further break down food in the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed. Undigested waste moves to the large intestine where water is absorbed before elimination.
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Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. There are two stages of digestion: physical/mechanical digestion which breaks food into smaller pieces using teeth and peristalsis, and chemical digestion where enzymes break down food further. Digestion begins in the mouth and stomach and is completed in the small intestine, where enzymes from the pancreas and liver break proteins, fats and carbohydrates into amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars. The digested nutrients are then absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells to be used for energy, building molecules, or stored. Undigested matter then moves to the large intestine where water
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THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. The human digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells in the body.
2. Digestion begins in the mouth and involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. It continues through the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines.
3. The final products of digestion - amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids and glycerol - are absorbed in the small intestine and transported throughout the body. Undigested waste is eliminated as feces.
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A secretes bile which helps in emulsification of fats.
B is the hepatic portal vein.
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The document provides an overview of the digestive system and digestion process. It covers:
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- The organs of the alimentary canal and their roles in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
- How digestion breaks down large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules through enzymes.
- The role of the stomach in protein digestion through secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin.
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The document summarizes the key components and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the major organs including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. It also discusses accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food, reduces it to smaller molecules, and absorbs nutrients for the body. Each organ plays an important role through mechanical and chemical digestion as well as nutrient absorption.
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The document summarizes the writing process for an essay on the topic of digestion. It includes an outline of the essay structure with an introduction, three body paragraphs on ingestion, digestion and absorption, and a conclusion paragraph. It provides examples of how to write topic and concluding sentences. It also includes sample paragraphs on ingestion and digestion. Key details are emphasized on structuring topic sentences around the thesis and ordering body paragraphs based on the steps listed in the thesis.
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The document summarizes the writing process for an essay on the topic of digestion. It includes an outline of the essay's introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The introduction provides background on digestion and states the thesis that ingestion, digestion, and absorption are the three major steps. The body paragraphs describe each step in detail. The conclusion restates the thesis and summarizes the key points.
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This document discusses digestion and metabolism of nutrients. It describes the process of digestion which begins in the mouth and progresses through the stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas. The three main steps are digestion, absorption, and assimilation. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down into simpler forms and absorbed into the bloodstream where they are used for energy, tissue repair, and other metabolic processes before being excreted as waste. Proper digestion and utilization of nutrients from food is essential for health and bodily functions.
Human digestive system
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that aid in digestion include the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food enters the mouth and is mechanically and chemically broken down as it moves through each component of the GI tract. Enzymes and acids in each organ further break down food into molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Human digestive system
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANS The Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itself Why ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
Nutritional deficiency disorder in Child
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. More Related Content
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The document discusses the role of enzymes in the digestive system. It describes the main organs of the digestive system and explains how digestive enzymes break down large insoluble molecules of food, such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, into smaller soluble molecules. Specifically, it states that carbohydrates are broken down into sugars by carbohydrase enzymes, proteins into amino acids by protease enzymes, and lipids into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase enzymes.
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A secretes bile which helps in emulsification of fats.
B is the hepatic portal vein.
C (i) Urea.
(ii) Urea is formed from the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver. The amino acids are deaminated and the ammonia produced is converted to urea.
D The liver plays an important role in assimilation. It receives nutrients like glucose and amino acids from the hepatic portal vein after digestion and absorption in the small intestine. It converts excess glucose to glycogen for storage. It also converts excess amino acids into urea which is excreted in urine. This prevents toxic build up of ammonia in the body.
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The document discusses the human digestive system. It begins by explaining why we need food and the main food groups of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It then describes the different parts of the digestive system, including the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It explains the roles of these organs in breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. The document also discusses digestion through enzymatic breakdown and peristalsis, the wave-like muscle movements that propel food through the system.
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The document provides an overview of the human digestive system and the process of digestion. It begins by explaining the importance of the digestive system in breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It then describes the main parts of the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. It details the physical and chemical digestion that occurs in each part, including the roles of enzymes from the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas and liver. The end products of digestion, such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids, are then absorbed and used to power cellular processes.
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The document discusses the key life processes including nutrition, respiration, transportation, growth and reproduction. It describes the different modes of nutrition like photosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition and human nutrition. The passage also explains the process of respiration through aerobic and anaerobic pathways and gas exchange in humans via the respiratory and circulatory systems.
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The document provides an overview of the digestive system and digestion process. It covers:
- The five main food groups and basic units that make up carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
- The organs of the alimentary canal and their roles in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
- How digestion breaks down large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules through enzymes.
- The role of the stomach in protein digestion through secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin.
- How the small intestine absorbs nutrients through villi and blood or lymphatic vessels.
- The liver's role in regulating nutrients and the fates of excess nutrients and molecules.
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The document provides an overview of gastrointestinal physiology:
1. The GI tract breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed, moving contents along through motility and mixing with secretions.
2. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food by enzymes from the mouth, stomach, pancreas and intestines.
3. Absorption then occurs as nutrients, water and electrolytes pass from the GI tract into blood vessels and lymphatics.
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2. Key points covered include the roles of enzymes like amylase, pepsin and lipase in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The importance of conditions like acidity for proper enzyme function is also explained.
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The document summarizes the key components and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the major organs including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. It also discusses accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food, reduces it to smaller molecules, and absorbs nutrients for the body. Each organ plays an important role through mechanical and chemical digestion as well as nutrient absorption.
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The document summarizes the writing process for an essay on the topic of digestion. It includes an outline of the essay structure with an introduction, three body paragraphs on ingestion, digestion and absorption, and a conclusion paragraph. It provides examples of how to write topic and concluding sentences. It also includes sample paragraphs on ingestion and digestion. Key details are emphasized on structuring topic sentences around the thesis and ordering body paragraphs based on the steps listed in the thesis.
IBO Writing
The document summarizes the writing process for an essay on the topic of digestion. It includes an outline of the essay's introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The introduction provides background on digestion and states the thesis that ingestion, digestion, and absorption are the three major steps. The body paragraphs describe each step in detail. The conclusion restates the thesis and summarizes the key points.
Digestion process
This document discusses digestion and metabolism of nutrients. It describes the process of digestion which begins in the mouth and progresses through the stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas. The three main steps are digestion, absorption, and assimilation. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down into simpler forms and absorbed into the bloodstream where they are used for energy, tissue repair, and other metabolic processes before being excreted as waste. Proper digestion and utilization of nutrients from food is essential for health and bodily functions.
Human digestive system
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that aid in digestion include the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food enters the mouth and is mechanically and chemically broken down as it moves through each component of the GI tract. Enzymes and acids in each organ further break down food into molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Human digestive system
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANS The Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itself Why ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
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GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
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FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
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Pharmacological actions-
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2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
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**Causes:**
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Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
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Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
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Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
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Treatment Adjustment:
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Clinical Implications:
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Copy of Digestive System.ppt DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTIONS
- 1. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PREPARED BY: TYPE YOUR NAME HERE
- 4. LESSON 1 WHAT HAPPENS DURING DIGESTION? THE ORGANS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS
- 5. The Cell WHAT HAPPENS IN DIGESTION?
- 6. 5 STAGES OF DIGESTION Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Egestion http://www.learning-is- fun.co.uk/biology/nutriti on.html In Down Around And Eject
- 7. Ingestion: Food taken into mouth Digestion: Food broken down by teeth and digestive enzymes Absorption: into bloodstream Egestion: Undigested material egested through anus
- 9. IMPORTANCE OF DIGESTION Digestion: Break down of large food molecules into small molecules Types of digestion: Physical Chemical
- 10. THE MOUTH Function: Chew food to break down into smaller molecules Teeth
- 11. TEETH Four types of teeth: 1. Incisors 2. Canines 3. Pre – Molars 4. Molars Incisors Canines Premolar Molar
- 13. DIGESTIVE ORGANS Oesophagus Stomach Small Intestines Large Intestines Pancreas Liver Name some digestive organs…..
- 14. THE PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The mouth The oesophagus The stomach The small intestine The large intestine
- 15. THE OESOPHAGUS Function: to take food from mouth to stomach by muscular action called peristalsis = Food particle Oesophagus
- 16. STOMACH Store food Mix food with juice Kill bacteria in food
- 17. SMALL INTESTINE Complete digestion of food Absorb digested food into bloodstream
- 18. LARGE INTESTINE To absorb water from the waste food, solidifying the faeces
- 19. LIVER The liver makes bile Function of bile to dissolve fats neutralise acid from the stomach
- 20. THE PANCREAS Sends a liquid into the small intestine digestive enzymes to digest starch, proteins and fats
- 22. ENZYMES Biological catalysts that break down food
- 23. TO INVESTIGATE THE ACTION OF AMYLASE ON STARCH Starch sol. Starch sol. & amalyse A B A B 37° 10mins Iodine
- 24. THE ACTION OF AMYLASE ON STARCH Use the set up above to investigate!
- 25. END PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION Carbohydrate Protein Fats Simple sugars Amino acids Fatty acids and glycerol
- 26. ASSESSMENT Students must attempt all questions!
- 27. QUESTION 1 (a) What are the functions of the digestive system (b) Name the chemicals that digest food
- 28. QUESTION 2 Name the part labelled A to E. Name the parts labelled F and G
- 29. QUESTION 4 Follow the food as it passes through the digestive tract and explain the process of digestion.
- 30. Identify type of teeth marked A,B and C. Give the function of each. A B C
- 31. Chapter Assessment 1. An enzyme is a biological _____________ 2) Taking food into the mouth is known as ____________ 3) Explain the difference between physical and chemical digestion. Give one example of each type. 4) What is the name given to the process whereby food is pushed along the alimentary canal 5) List the two major functions of the large intestine ?. 6) The oesophagus carries the food from the ________ to the __________
- 32. Content, images, text, etc. used belong to the rightful owner. No copyright infringement intended.