1. The study aimed to identify the coping strategies of mothers with children who have special needs and determine if coping strategies relate to mothers' demographics.
2. The study found relationships between age and coping strategies of reframing and passive appraisal. Birth order related to mobilizing family help acceptance.
3. The study recommended further research with larger populations and exploring coping strategies of other family members like siblings and extended family.
Coping strategies of mothers having children with special needsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on coping strategies of mothers with children who have special needs. The study assessed 146 mothers' coping strategies using the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale (F-COPES). The study found that acquiring social support and reframing were the most commonly used coping strategies. Over 40% of mothers used multiple coping strategies, with seeking spiritual support and friend support being less common. The study also found relationships between certain demographic factors (age, birth order, income) and specific coping strategies (reframing, mobilizing family support). Overall, the study provides insight into how mothers of children with special needs cope and the relationship between coping strategies and personal characteristics.
Health professionals construct adolescent motherhood in ways that position young mothers as problematic. They draw on "Developmental" and "Motherhood" discourses. The Developmental discourse views adolescent mothers as naive, distracted, and self-centered, unable to mother correctly due to their adolescent characteristics. The Motherhood discourse attributes certain behaviors to "good" mothers, implying adolescent mothers do not possess these attributes. These constructions influence how health care is provided to adolescent mothers in New Zealand and mean adolescent mothers feel surveilled and patronized by health professionals.
How does Cross-cultural Psychology Influence or Contribute Applications in He...rachelhch
This document summarizes research on how cross-cultural psychology influences health care applications. It discusses how illness and mental disorders vary across cultures due to differences in beliefs and practices. Two theoretical frameworks are described that examine the cultural contexts of child development - the ecocultural niche framework and developmental niche framework. Research examples are provided that use these frameworks to study topics like temperament, attention deficit disorder, and child health and analyze how culture impacts concepts like these.
The document summarizes research on the impact of childhood disabilities on families. It finds that while disabilities can increase demands on families' time and resources, families also experience personal and spiritual growth. While some differences exist based on specific diagnoses, caregivers of children with various conditions experience similar impacts. Research shows that childhood disabilities are associated with increased stress and depression for parents. However, factors like child behavior problems and care needs, rather than just the diagnosis, are better predictors of negative family outcomes. Marital adjustment and overall family functioning also influence stress levels, and many families of children with disabilities function well. Parental self-efficacy and coping styles further impact outcomes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses the impact of poverty on mental health in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It notes that 36% of children in Kalamazoo live below the poverty line, as do 19.2% in Kalamazoo County, which is above the national average of 14.4%. Living in poverty can lead to increased rates of anxiety and depression in children. The document proposes creating a low-cost psychological treatment program for children in Kalamazoo living in poverty to address these mental health issues. It outlines existing social services and healthcare resources in Kalamazoo that could support such a program.
Effect of Mothers Working and Non Working Status on the Nutritional Status of...YogeshIJTSRD
Health and nutritional status are two crucial and interlinked aspects of human development, which in to interact with demographic variables Malnutrition a condition that occurs due to intake of inadequate amount of nutrients leading to insufficient nourishment continues to be a problem of considerable magnitude in most of the developing countries in the world. Preschool children are one of the most nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population. Nutrition during the first 5 years has not only an impact on growth and morbidity during childhood, but also acts as a determinant of nutritional status in adolescent and adult life. Global comparative data indicate that contrary to common perception, prevalence of under nutrition is highest in South Asian children. India has the highest occurrence of childhood malnutrition in the world. Malnutrition is responsible for 55 percent of all deaths of children younger than 5 years of age globally. Malnutrition makes a child susceptible to infections and delayed recovery, thus increasing mortality and morbidity. It is therefore logical to direct attention to the quality of life of the survivors Bose and Das, 2010 . Joyeeta Bhattacharyya "Effect of Mothers Working and Non-Working Status on the Nutritional Status of Pre School Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41167.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhome-science/food-and-nutrition/41167/effect-of-mothers-working-and-nonworking-status-on-the-nutritional-status-of-pre-school-children/joyeeta-bhattacharyya
Duncan, early childhood poverty and adult attainmenttenicaw
Early childhood poverty has detrimental effects on several adult attainment outcomes like earnings and work hours according to a study using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The study found statistically significant negative impacts of poverty between birth and age 5 on later adult earnings and work hours, but not on behavioral outcomes like criminal arrests. Most effects were indirect, operating through impacts on adult work hours rather than direct effects. The study controls for later childhood income and demographic factors to obtain relatively unbiased estimates of early childhood poverty's total effects on adult outcomes.
Coping strategies of mothers having children with special needsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on coping strategies of mothers with children who have special needs. The study assessed 146 mothers' coping strategies using the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale (F-COPES). The study found that acquiring social support and reframing were the most commonly used coping strategies. Over 40% of mothers used multiple coping strategies, with seeking spiritual support and friend support being less common. The study also found relationships between certain demographic factors (age, birth order, income) and specific coping strategies (reframing, mobilizing family support). Overall, the study provides insight into how mothers of children with special needs cope and the relationship between coping strategies and personal characteristics.
Health professionals construct adolescent motherhood in ways that position young mothers as problematic. They draw on "Developmental" and "Motherhood" discourses. The Developmental discourse views adolescent mothers as naive, distracted, and self-centered, unable to mother correctly due to their adolescent characteristics. The Motherhood discourse attributes certain behaviors to "good" mothers, implying adolescent mothers do not possess these attributes. These constructions influence how health care is provided to adolescent mothers in New Zealand and mean adolescent mothers feel surveilled and patronized by health professionals.
How does Cross-cultural Psychology Influence or Contribute Applications in He...rachelhch
This document summarizes research on how cross-cultural psychology influences health care applications. It discusses how illness and mental disorders vary across cultures due to differences in beliefs and practices. Two theoretical frameworks are described that examine the cultural contexts of child development - the ecocultural niche framework and developmental niche framework. Research examples are provided that use these frameworks to study topics like temperament, attention deficit disorder, and child health and analyze how culture impacts concepts like these.
The document summarizes research on the impact of childhood disabilities on families. It finds that while disabilities can increase demands on families' time and resources, families also experience personal and spiritual growth. While some differences exist based on specific diagnoses, caregivers of children with various conditions experience similar impacts. Research shows that childhood disabilities are associated with increased stress and depression for parents. However, factors like child behavior problems and care needs, rather than just the diagnosis, are better predictors of negative family outcomes. Marital adjustment and overall family functioning also influence stress levels, and many families of children with disabilities function well. Parental self-efficacy and coping styles further impact outcomes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses the impact of poverty on mental health in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It notes that 36% of children in Kalamazoo live below the poverty line, as do 19.2% in Kalamazoo County, which is above the national average of 14.4%. Living in poverty can lead to increased rates of anxiety and depression in children. The document proposes creating a low-cost psychological treatment program for children in Kalamazoo living in poverty to address these mental health issues. It outlines existing social services and healthcare resources in Kalamazoo that could support such a program.
Effect of Mothers Working and Non Working Status on the Nutritional Status of...YogeshIJTSRD
Health and nutritional status are two crucial and interlinked aspects of human development, which in to interact with demographic variables Malnutrition a condition that occurs due to intake of inadequate amount of nutrients leading to insufficient nourishment continues to be a problem of considerable magnitude in most of the developing countries in the world. Preschool children are one of the most nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population. Nutrition during the first 5 years has not only an impact on growth and morbidity during childhood, but also acts as a determinant of nutritional status in adolescent and adult life. Global comparative data indicate that contrary to common perception, prevalence of under nutrition is highest in South Asian children. India has the highest occurrence of childhood malnutrition in the world. Malnutrition is responsible for 55 percent of all deaths of children younger than 5 years of age globally. Malnutrition makes a child susceptible to infections and delayed recovery, thus increasing mortality and morbidity. It is therefore logical to direct attention to the quality of life of the survivors Bose and Das, 2010 . Joyeeta Bhattacharyya "Effect of Mothers Working and Non-Working Status on the Nutritional Status of Pre School Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41167.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhome-science/food-and-nutrition/41167/effect-of-mothers-working-and-nonworking-status-on-the-nutritional-status-of-pre-school-children/joyeeta-bhattacharyya
Duncan, early childhood poverty and adult attainmenttenicaw
Early childhood poverty has detrimental effects on several adult attainment outcomes like earnings and work hours according to a study using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The study found statistically significant negative impacts of poverty between birth and age 5 on later adult earnings and work hours, but not on behavioral outcomes like criminal arrests. Most effects were indirect, operating through impacts on adult work hours rather than direct effects. The study controls for later childhood income and demographic factors to obtain relatively unbiased estimates of early childhood poverty's total effects on adult outcomes.
This document discusses the ethical issues surrounding treatment decisions for preterm infants. It notes that while infant mortality has declined, preterm infants often face lifelong disabilities. Treatment approaches vary globally, with some guidelines recommending only palliative care below certain gestational ages. There is no consensus on interventions for extremely preterm infants, who have high mortality rates. The document argues for comprehensive, multidisciplinary discussions involving medical staff and families to determine the approach that best serves the infant's interests.
The document summarizes a quantitative review of treatment outcomes for pediatric feeding disorders. 48 single-case research studies involving behavioral interventions for 96 participants were included. Most children had complex medical and developmental issues and were treated at multidisciplinary feeding programs. Results indicated behavioral interventions were associated with significant improvements in feeding behavior. Common effective treatments included differential reinforcement and escape extinction procedures. However, more research is needed to document outcomes beyond behavioral changes and to identify key behavioral factors influencing mealtime performance.
This document discusses a proposal for a new policy regarding education standards for children in hospitals. It notes that currently, home school coordinators work with hospitalized children but their education may not meet all of their developmental needs. The proposed policy would combine elements of the No Child Left Behind Act and the Family Medical Leave Act to improve education for hospitalized children. It analyzes the impact of current policies on families and children, finding that hospitalized children often fall behind academically due to lack of support from both hospitals and school districts.
The document summarizes a substance use disorder treatment program for families that implements trauma-informed and evidence-based practices. It finds that participants have extensive trauma histories, including high Adverse Childhood Experience scores and trauma symptoms. The program uses therapies like Celebrating Families!, Family Behavior Therapy, and Seeking Safety to treat co-occurring substance use and trauma and improve family outcomes. Post-treatment, families reported improved housing stability, permanency for children, and mental well-being.
Exploring Adventure Therapy as an Early Intervention for Struggling AdolescentsWill Dobud
This paper presents an account of a research project that explored the experiences of adolescents struggling with behavioural and emotional issues, who participated in a 14-day adventure therapy program in Australia referred to by the pseudonym, ”Onward Adventures.” All participants of this program over the age of 16 who completed within the last two years were asked to complete a survey. Additionally, the parents of these participants were invited to complete a similar survey. The qualitative surveys were designed to question participants’ and parents’ perceptions of the program (pre- and post-), the relationships (therapeutic alliance) built with program therapists, follow-up support, and outcomes of the program. Both participants and parents reported strong relationships with program leaders, stressed the importance of effective follow-up services, and perceived positive outcomes when it came to self-esteem and social skills, seeing comparable improvement in self-concept, overall behaviour, and coping skills.
This document summarizes a conference on maternal nutrition and infant feeding practices. The conference was organized to address gaps in understanding how maternal nutrition affects fetal growth, birth outcomes, and infant feeding practices. It covered 3 topics: 1) the effect of maternal nutrition and the placenta on fetal development and birth outcomes, 2) feeding preterm infants, and 3) feeding full-term infants. For topic 1, presentations showed the placenta's role in nutrient transport affects fetal growth and discussed the importance of nutrients like folate and calcium. Research priorities identified included studying nutrient interactions and their effects on different populations. Topic 2 noted a lack of evidence on best practices for preterm infant nutrition. Topic 3 discussed ensuring evidence on human milk
Pugos Nutrition for Protection of Malnutrition among Children IIJSRJournal
Malnutrition in early childhood is linked to deficits in the cognitive development of children. Stunting in children delays school enrolment and is found to be associated with grade repetition and a higher dropout in primary school children. Children who suffered from early malnutrition were also found to have greater behavioural problems. Deficiency of micronutrients such as iron, iodine and zinc is associated with a lower attention span, poor memory, mental retardation and poor school achievement.
Continuous low nutritional intake combined with poor access to healthcare is likely to impact on children’s psychological development in terms of attentiveness, emotional expression, motivation, learning ability and school performance. Nutrition is interconnected with the environment, psychological health, health and education. Considering these issues separately results in an incomplete understanding of poverty and a reduced ability to ameliorate problems.
Malnutrition must be considered alongside other factors in childhood development. Psychosocial stimulation received by the children seems to make a significant contribution in alleviating the effects of malnutrition. Several studies show that nutritional supplementation when combined with stimulation has substantial benefits for cognitive development.
Children who experience under nutrition are also likely to grow up in an under-stimulated social and psychological environment and it is the complex interaction between these factors that causes cognitive deficits. Since it is difficult to unravel the complexity of the mechanisms and sift out the effect of psycho-social stimulation, it is difficult to establish the existence of a causal relationship between under-nutrition alone and cognitive development of children. The present Article Reviews the role of Malnutrition among children in India & its impact on their cognitive development.
Speakers: Jenny Holladay, Regional Emergency Management Specialist, U.S. Department of Health –
Administration for Children & Families in Region 10
Lewissa Swanson, Regional Emergency Management Specialists, HHS/Administration for
Children and Families
Presenters will provide an overview of the final recommendations made by the National Commission on
Children and Disasters report submitted to the White House and Congress. The presentation will
highlight identified gaps in planning for children and recommendations that have already been
implemented, including developing and enhancing partnerships. The Commission was required to study
a broad range of domestic policy areas related to the needs of children affected by disasters, including: Child welfare, Child care, Housing (sheltering, intermediate, long-term), Evacuation and Transportation,
Elementary and Secondary Education, Juvenile Justice, and State and Local Emergency Management.
Effect Of An Educational Intervention About Breastfeeding On The Knowledge,Biblioteca Virtual
This study evaluated the impact of an educational intervention on pediatric residents' knowledge, confidence, and clinical behaviors regarding breastfeeding. The residents completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires to assess knowledge and confidence. Telephone interviews with breastfeeding mothers after clinic visits evaluated residents' clinical behaviors. The results showed that residents' knowledge scores increased significantly after the intervention. Their clinical behaviors when interacting with breastfeeding mothers also improved substantially. The educational intervention was effective in enhancing residents' support of breastfeeding patients.
Healing Together: Support for Family Members and Caregivers of Alzheimer's Pa...MaggieMiller41
Welcome everyone to the first Healing Together meeting. We are so glad you all could make it. My name is (name) and I will be one of the assistants helping to facilitate this program.
Does anyone want to start us off by introducing themselves and telling us a little bit about who you are caring for? Remember, this is a safe space for you all to share. We are all here going through similar experiences.
After a few members share, thank them for their vulnerability. Remind the group that confidentiality within the group is important. What is shared, stays within the group.
Now I'd like us to go around and have everyone introduce themselves and share one thing they hope to get out of participating in
This document discusses families and children in Australia. It provides census data showing that while family composition has changed little in recent years, there has been an increase in single-person households and same-sex couples. The document then examines what children need in terms of welfare and discusses the contested realities around defining children's rights versus needs. It also explores the authority of the welfare system and current approaches focused on early intervention, prevention and population health models. Key factors that work in child welfare are identified as role clarification, collaborative problem solving and the worker-client relationship.
Application of theories, models and conceptual frameworks into family health ...Arun Madanan
This document discusses several theories and conceptual frameworks that can be applied to family nursing care. It describes Neumann's systems model which views the family as a system impacted by stressors. Orem's self-care model examines how families learn roles and responsibilities. Roy's adaptation model analyzes how families cope with stressors through physiological, self-concept, and other modes. King's interacting systems model explores how individuals are socialized within families. The document also summarizes Rogers' life process model of families changing over time in response to the environment.
Maternal and child health issues can be influenced by several factors such as lifestyle, socio-cultural aspects, nutrition, psychology, gender, sexuality, and maternal age. Key issues include maternal age increasing risks of pregnancy complications; gender discrimination affecting care for female babies; and nutrition playing a critical role in pregnancy outcomes but being impacted by poverty and busy schedules. Socio-cultural factors like religious beliefs, views of pregnancy, and concerns for modesty also influence maternal health behaviors and utilization of prenatal care services.
This document presents a case study of an outreach program by Pure Souls Learning Foundation to provide support for families of children with special needs. A survey was conducted of 86 families that attended a 3-day outreach event. The results showed that most parents had low-income jobs and the most common disabilities were speech delays and cerebral palsy. Over 70% of families reported negative financial impacts and effects on relationships. Very few families received support or were part of support groups. The conclusion argues for a community support framework to help these families based on the needs identified in the study.
Take It 2 Make It: A public health campaign to address child obesityJamie Rauscher
"Take It 2 Make It" is a hypothetical public health campaign designed to reduce the incidence of overweight and obese school aged children in Massachusetts by improving family eating behavior.
Speaker presentation from U.S. News Healthcare of Tomorrow leadership summit, Nov. 17-19, 2019 in Washington, DC. Find out more about this forum at www.usnewshot.com.
Food insecurity refers to the lack of nutritious foods to maintain good health. It is a serious health problem that is related to other social difficulties such as poverty. Children from food insecure households have less consistent access to food. This may lead to behavioral problems and poor grades in school. Ensuring food security for young children should be a national priority because it greatly affects their current and future health. This paper provides a brief introduction to food insecurity in children. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa | Osama M. Musa ""Food Insecurity among Children"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd24056.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/food-engineering/24056/food-insecurity-among-children/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Nutritional Knowledge and Practices of Pre-School Teachers in Homa Bay Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate nutrition relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practice in Homa Bay County. The study investigated the following aspects of nutrition knowledge; balanced diet, source of nutrients, food preparation, food storage and preservation. The specific objectives were: to assess the nutritional knowledge and practices between pre-school teachers; Jerome Brunner’ (1978) theories on knowledge representation guided the study; his three modes on nutritional knowledge to the teachers and learners basically on cognitive development. The three models are enactive, iconic and symbolic. The study adopted a descriptive design to investigate the relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observation checklists were used as instruments of data collection. Data analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively methods. Findings showed that nutritional knowledge and practices among preschool teachers is very low in Homa Bay County. Most of the respondents knew about only three food groups type, a significant number of them were unable to categorise different food types in their respective groups. Proper nutrition was found to be positively correlated with preschool children academic performance. The study also established that the relationship between pre- school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices was not significant. The study recommends that strategies need to be put in place to improve nutritional knowledge and practices of preschool teachers in Homa Bay County and country at large, this will be through cooperation of Ministry of Education, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and other policy makers in the education sector.
TRAVAILS OF MOTHER WITH TERMINALLY ILL CHILD: A MULTIPLE CASE STUDYAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative multiple case study explored the experiences of five mothers with a terminally
ill child and their coping strategies while in the hospital for an extended period. The findings revealed that upon
their child’s illness, the mother’s world seemed to crumble, causing them to shower their children with love and
seek Divine intervention while trying to be strong for their child. The participants stressed the importance of
seeking refuge in the lord, seeking help from government agencies, and remaining positive and hopeful. The
study’s implication suggest that it could serve as a model for medical social workers handling challenging cases
and parents of terminally ill children who persevere through difficulties over several years. This study
contributes to the literature on social work and the struggles faced by mothers with terminally ill children
globally.
KEYWORDS: Social work, travails, mother w/ terminally ill child, multi-case study, Philippines
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses the ethical issues surrounding treatment decisions for preterm infants. It notes that while infant mortality has declined, preterm infants often face lifelong disabilities. Treatment approaches vary globally, with some guidelines recommending only palliative care below certain gestational ages. There is no consensus on interventions for extremely preterm infants, who have high mortality rates. The document argues for comprehensive, multidisciplinary discussions involving medical staff and families to determine the approach that best serves the infant's interests.
The document summarizes a quantitative review of treatment outcomes for pediatric feeding disorders. 48 single-case research studies involving behavioral interventions for 96 participants were included. Most children had complex medical and developmental issues and were treated at multidisciplinary feeding programs. Results indicated behavioral interventions were associated with significant improvements in feeding behavior. Common effective treatments included differential reinforcement and escape extinction procedures. However, more research is needed to document outcomes beyond behavioral changes and to identify key behavioral factors influencing mealtime performance.
This document discusses a proposal for a new policy regarding education standards for children in hospitals. It notes that currently, home school coordinators work with hospitalized children but their education may not meet all of their developmental needs. The proposed policy would combine elements of the No Child Left Behind Act and the Family Medical Leave Act to improve education for hospitalized children. It analyzes the impact of current policies on families and children, finding that hospitalized children often fall behind academically due to lack of support from both hospitals and school districts.
The document summarizes a substance use disorder treatment program for families that implements trauma-informed and evidence-based practices. It finds that participants have extensive trauma histories, including high Adverse Childhood Experience scores and trauma symptoms. The program uses therapies like Celebrating Families!, Family Behavior Therapy, and Seeking Safety to treat co-occurring substance use and trauma and improve family outcomes. Post-treatment, families reported improved housing stability, permanency for children, and mental well-being.
Exploring Adventure Therapy as an Early Intervention for Struggling AdolescentsWill Dobud
This paper presents an account of a research project that explored the experiences of adolescents struggling with behavioural and emotional issues, who participated in a 14-day adventure therapy program in Australia referred to by the pseudonym, ”Onward Adventures.” All participants of this program over the age of 16 who completed within the last two years were asked to complete a survey. Additionally, the parents of these participants were invited to complete a similar survey. The qualitative surveys were designed to question participants’ and parents’ perceptions of the program (pre- and post-), the relationships (therapeutic alliance) built with program therapists, follow-up support, and outcomes of the program. Both participants and parents reported strong relationships with program leaders, stressed the importance of effective follow-up services, and perceived positive outcomes when it came to self-esteem and social skills, seeing comparable improvement in self-concept, overall behaviour, and coping skills.
This document summarizes a conference on maternal nutrition and infant feeding practices. The conference was organized to address gaps in understanding how maternal nutrition affects fetal growth, birth outcomes, and infant feeding practices. It covered 3 topics: 1) the effect of maternal nutrition and the placenta on fetal development and birth outcomes, 2) feeding preterm infants, and 3) feeding full-term infants. For topic 1, presentations showed the placenta's role in nutrient transport affects fetal growth and discussed the importance of nutrients like folate and calcium. Research priorities identified included studying nutrient interactions and their effects on different populations. Topic 2 noted a lack of evidence on best practices for preterm infant nutrition. Topic 3 discussed ensuring evidence on human milk
Pugos Nutrition for Protection of Malnutrition among Children IIJSRJournal
Malnutrition in early childhood is linked to deficits in the cognitive development of children. Stunting in children delays school enrolment and is found to be associated with grade repetition and a higher dropout in primary school children. Children who suffered from early malnutrition were also found to have greater behavioural problems. Deficiency of micronutrients such as iron, iodine and zinc is associated with a lower attention span, poor memory, mental retardation and poor school achievement.
Continuous low nutritional intake combined with poor access to healthcare is likely to impact on children’s psychological development in terms of attentiveness, emotional expression, motivation, learning ability and school performance. Nutrition is interconnected with the environment, psychological health, health and education. Considering these issues separately results in an incomplete understanding of poverty and a reduced ability to ameliorate problems.
Malnutrition must be considered alongside other factors in childhood development. Psychosocial stimulation received by the children seems to make a significant contribution in alleviating the effects of malnutrition. Several studies show that nutritional supplementation when combined with stimulation has substantial benefits for cognitive development.
Children who experience under nutrition are also likely to grow up in an under-stimulated social and psychological environment and it is the complex interaction between these factors that causes cognitive deficits. Since it is difficult to unravel the complexity of the mechanisms and sift out the effect of psycho-social stimulation, it is difficult to establish the existence of a causal relationship between under-nutrition alone and cognitive development of children. The present Article Reviews the role of Malnutrition among children in India & its impact on their cognitive development.
Speakers: Jenny Holladay, Regional Emergency Management Specialist, U.S. Department of Health –
Administration for Children & Families in Region 10
Lewissa Swanson, Regional Emergency Management Specialists, HHS/Administration for
Children and Families
Presenters will provide an overview of the final recommendations made by the National Commission on
Children and Disasters report submitted to the White House and Congress. The presentation will
highlight identified gaps in planning for children and recommendations that have already been
implemented, including developing and enhancing partnerships. The Commission was required to study
a broad range of domestic policy areas related to the needs of children affected by disasters, including: Child welfare, Child care, Housing (sheltering, intermediate, long-term), Evacuation and Transportation,
Elementary and Secondary Education, Juvenile Justice, and State and Local Emergency Management.
Effect Of An Educational Intervention About Breastfeeding On The Knowledge,Biblioteca Virtual
This study evaluated the impact of an educational intervention on pediatric residents' knowledge, confidence, and clinical behaviors regarding breastfeeding. The residents completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires to assess knowledge and confidence. Telephone interviews with breastfeeding mothers after clinic visits evaluated residents' clinical behaviors. The results showed that residents' knowledge scores increased significantly after the intervention. Their clinical behaviors when interacting with breastfeeding mothers also improved substantially. The educational intervention was effective in enhancing residents' support of breastfeeding patients.
Healing Together: Support for Family Members and Caregivers of Alzheimer's Pa...MaggieMiller41
Welcome everyone to the first Healing Together meeting. We are so glad you all could make it. My name is (name) and I will be one of the assistants helping to facilitate this program.
Does anyone want to start us off by introducing themselves and telling us a little bit about who you are caring for? Remember, this is a safe space for you all to share. We are all here going through similar experiences.
After a few members share, thank them for their vulnerability. Remind the group that confidentiality within the group is important. What is shared, stays within the group.
Now I'd like us to go around and have everyone introduce themselves and share one thing they hope to get out of participating in
This document discusses families and children in Australia. It provides census data showing that while family composition has changed little in recent years, there has been an increase in single-person households and same-sex couples. The document then examines what children need in terms of welfare and discusses the contested realities around defining children's rights versus needs. It also explores the authority of the welfare system and current approaches focused on early intervention, prevention and population health models. Key factors that work in child welfare are identified as role clarification, collaborative problem solving and the worker-client relationship.
Application of theories, models and conceptual frameworks into family health ...Arun Madanan
This document discusses several theories and conceptual frameworks that can be applied to family nursing care. It describes Neumann's systems model which views the family as a system impacted by stressors. Orem's self-care model examines how families learn roles and responsibilities. Roy's adaptation model analyzes how families cope with stressors through physiological, self-concept, and other modes. King's interacting systems model explores how individuals are socialized within families. The document also summarizes Rogers' life process model of families changing over time in response to the environment.
Maternal and child health issues can be influenced by several factors such as lifestyle, socio-cultural aspects, nutrition, psychology, gender, sexuality, and maternal age. Key issues include maternal age increasing risks of pregnancy complications; gender discrimination affecting care for female babies; and nutrition playing a critical role in pregnancy outcomes but being impacted by poverty and busy schedules. Socio-cultural factors like religious beliefs, views of pregnancy, and concerns for modesty also influence maternal health behaviors and utilization of prenatal care services.
This document presents a case study of an outreach program by Pure Souls Learning Foundation to provide support for families of children with special needs. A survey was conducted of 86 families that attended a 3-day outreach event. The results showed that most parents had low-income jobs and the most common disabilities were speech delays and cerebral palsy. Over 70% of families reported negative financial impacts and effects on relationships. Very few families received support or were part of support groups. The conclusion argues for a community support framework to help these families based on the needs identified in the study.
Take It 2 Make It: A public health campaign to address child obesityJamie Rauscher
"Take It 2 Make It" is a hypothetical public health campaign designed to reduce the incidence of overweight and obese school aged children in Massachusetts by improving family eating behavior.
Speaker presentation from U.S. News Healthcare of Tomorrow leadership summit, Nov. 17-19, 2019 in Washington, DC. Find out more about this forum at www.usnewshot.com.
Food insecurity refers to the lack of nutritious foods to maintain good health. It is a serious health problem that is related to other social difficulties such as poverty. Children from food insecure households have less consistent access to food. This may lead to behavioral problems and poor grades in school. Ensuring food security for young children should be a national priority because it greatly affects their current and future health. This paper provides a brief introduction to food insecurity in children. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa | Osama M. Musa ""Food Insecurity among Children"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd24056.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/food-engineering/24056/food-insecurity-among-children/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Nutritional Knowledge and Practices of Pre-School Teachers in Homa Bay Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate nutrition relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practice in Homa Bay County. The study investigated the following aspects of nutrition knowledge; balanced diet, source of nutrients, food preparation, food storage and preservation. The specific objectives were: to assess the nutritional knowledge and practices between pre-school teachers; Jerome Brunner’ (1978) theories on knowledge representation guided the study; his three modes on nutritional knowledge to the teachers and learners basically on cognitive development. The three models are enactive, iconic and symbolic. The study adopted a descriptive design to investigate the relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observation checklists were used as instruments of data collection. Data analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively methods. Findings showed that nutritional knowledge and practices among preschool teachers is very low in Homa Bay County. Most of the respondents knew about only three food groups type, a significant number of them were unable to categorise different food types in their respective groups. Proper nutrition was found to be positively correlated with preschool children academic performance. The study also established that the relationship between pre- school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices was not significant. The study recommends that strategies need to be put in place to improve nutritional knowledge and practices of preschool teachers in Homa Bay County and country at large, this will be through cooperation of Ministry of Education, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and other policy makers in the education sector.
TRAVAILS OF MOTHER WITH TERMINALLY ILL CHILD: A MULTIPLE CASE STUDYAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative multiple case study explored the experiences of five mothers with a terminally
ill child and their coping strategies while in the hospital for an extended period. The findings revealed that upon
their child’s illness, the mother’s world seemed to crumble, causing them to shower their children with love and
seek Divine intervention while trying to be strong for their child. The participants stressed the importance of
seeking refuge in the lord, seeking help from government agencies, and remaining positive and hopeful. The
study’s implication suggest that it could serve as a model for medical social workers handling challenging cases
and parents of terminally ill children who persevere through difficulties over several years. This study
contributes to the literature on social work and the struggles faced by mothers with terminally ill children
globally.
KEYWORDS: Social work, travails, mother w/ terminally ill child, multi-case study, Philippines
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Critique the following research article.pdfsdfghj21
This study evaluated the impact of a home-based intervention on the health of 529 female grandmothers raising grandchildren. The intervention involved home visits from nurses and social workers providing services. Health was assessed before and after using the SF-36 questionnaire. Results showed significantly improved scores in vitality, physical role functioning, emotional role functioning, and mental health after the intervention. The findings suggest grandmother caregivers may benefit from home-based interventions to improve health.
Child-health practitioners in Iowa must find better ways to address family, neighborhood and economic factors that shape children' health and well being, according to CFPC executive director Charles Bruner and Debra Waldron, director and chief medical officer of the Child Health Specialty Clinics at the University of Iowa. They presented at the Iowa Governor's Conference on Public Health in Ames on April 5.
· In the methodology you should not say that you are going to look.docxLynellBull52
· In the methodology you should not say that you are going to look for the data, but only identify them, name them and establish how you are going to use them and why.
· In the methodology there is a lack of explanation about what method is going to be used for the research and development (objective 2, hip n°1 and 3).
· Furthermore you don ‘t explain how you are going to study and analyze the economic growth and its relation with the ethanol and which data are going to be used for the research .
· If you mention an interview, you need to insert a copy of the list of question that will be ask and how you will use them in you investigation.
38 ADOPTION & FOSTERING VOLUME 31 NUMBER 4 2007
The Hope Connection A therapeutic summer day
camp for adopted and at-risk children with special
socio-emotional needs
Large numbers of North American and Western
European families are adopting children with serious
socio-emotional needs. Other children experience
similar deficits as a result of neglect and abuse by
carers. Often these children are diagnosed with
psychopathology and receive drug treatments that
can be ineffective and even detrimental. Karyn B
Purvis, David R Cross, Ron Federici, Dana
Johnson and L Brooks McKenzie report on The
Hope Connection, a project designed to meet the
needs of these at-risk children and their families. The
core of this project is a theoretically integrated
summer day camp offering activities that are attach-
ment rich, sensory stimulating and behaviourally
structured. Pre-test and post-test data indicate that
summer camp had a significant impact on the
children’s behaviour (n = 19), as indicated by parent-
report measures of child behaviour problems and
attachment. These findings are discussed with
regard to possible future directions of programme
implementation and evaluation.
Introduction
The purpose of this article is to explore a
camp structure that was developed to
address the enduring effects of early
deprivation upon the development of
adopted and other at-risk children.
Originally, internationally adopted child-
ren with histories of severe deprivation
and commensurate behavioural diff icul-
ties were the target population for this
intervention. However, a small number of
domestically adopted children were
included due to the urgent needs of these
families and the background similarities
of deprivation (Purvis, Cross and
Sunshine, 2007).
Although most adopted children do
not present serious problems in these
areas, many children from deprived
backgrounds do, and there is an undeter-
mined number of families who need
support addressing them. As noted in two
recent meta-analyses by Juffer and van
IJzendoorn (2005) and Meese (2005),
there is a scarcity of research on interven-
tions in these areas.
Specifically, three areas of psycholo-
gical development are likely to be
affected when inadequate care is pro-
vided: attachment, pro-social behaviour
and sensory processing. By integrating
these three as.
This document summarizes a research paper about outpatient children with cancer and their experiences with peer interaction and bullying at school. It provides background on childhood cancer rates and treatments that allow many children to spend less time hospitalized. It reviews literature finding that children with cancer face greater risks of psychosocial and social issues, including bullying. The document examines the physical, psychosocial, social and emotional effects of cancer and treatments on children and how this influences peer relationships. Studies cited found that childhood cancer patients commonly experienced bullying and social anxiety. However, more research is needed on the experiences of outpatient children with cancer specifically regarding peer interaction and bullying at school.
Kinship care, where children are raised by extended family instead of parents, is a growing practice. Kinship caregivers face challenges including lack of financial support, legal ambiguity, and stress. They have greater needs for parenting skills, health resources, and emotional support compared to non-kinship foster care. Children raised in kinship care are at risk for behavioral, academic, and emotional issues stemming from their family situations, but may benefit from greater family connection and stability compared to non-kin foster care. Effective support strategies include support groups, education programs, and ensuring kinship caregivers' needs are met separately from children's supervision needs.
This document outlines an assignment for a student named Awing Mukat to complete a study on the challenges of raising autistic children in families in Malaysia. The study will employ qualitative research methods, including interviews with 8 mothers of autistic children. The student will explore the experiences of mothers in raising autistic children and adapting within their families, as well as factors that contribute to well-being. The literature review discusses research on the impact of autism on families globally and in Asia, including common challenges like stress, as well as protective factors like social support. The methodology section provides details of the interpretative phenomenological analysis approach that will be used to analyze interview data.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirectChildren and YoutAlleneMcclendon878
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Children and Youth Services Review
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/childyouth
Service needs of children exposed to domestic violence: Qualitative findings
from a statewide survey of domestic violence agencies☆
Kristen A. Berg1, Anna E. Bender, Kylie E. Evans, Megan R. Holmes⁎, Alexis P. Davis2,
Alyssa L. Scaggs, Jennifer A. King
Center on Trauma and Adversity at the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Intimate partner violence
Child maltreatment
Family violence
Intervention
Trauma-informed care
A B S T R A C T
Objective: Each year, more than 6% of all U.S. children are exposed to domestic violence and require inter-
vention services from agencies that serve affected families. Previous research has examined detrimental biop-
sychosocial consequences of domestic violence exposure during childhood and the importance of effective
prevention and intervention services for this population. However, less research has explored diverse inter-
vention professionals’ own perspectives on the needs of the domestic violence-exposed children they serve.
Method: This study employed an inductive approach to thematic analysis to investigate intervention profes-
sionals’ reflections and advice regarding the service, policy, and research needs as well as overall strategies to
better protect children exposed to domestic violence.
Results: Respondents articulated four primary themes of (a) building general education and awareness of the
effects of domestic violence exposure on children; (b) the need for trauma-informed care; (c) the salience of
cultural humility in serving affected families; and (d) essential collaboration across service domains.
Respondents discussed these themes in the context of four key systems of care: the clinical or therapy, family,
school, and judicial systems.
Conclusions: Future research should integrate the voices of affected children and families as well as examine
models for effectively implementing these recommendations into practice settings.
1. Introduction
More than a quarter of children are projected to witness domestic
violence (also known as intimate partner violence) in the United States
by the time they reach age 18, with an estimated 6.4% of all children
exposed each year (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby, & Kracke,
2009). Domestic violence exposure induces substantial economic
burden nationwide, incurring over $55 billion in aggregate lifetime
costs, including increased healthcare spending, increased crime, and
reduced labor market productivity (Holmes, Richter, Votruba, Berg, &
Bender, 2018). Children who have been exposed to domestic violence
are at higher risk for a range of behavioral and mental health problems
compared with non-exposed children (e.g., Fong, Hawes, & Allen, 2019;
Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003; Vu, Jouriles, McDonald, &
Rosenfi ...
2Quote Log Health and WealthStudents NameInst.docxrobert345678
2
Quote Log Health and Wealth
Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Instructors Name
Social Issue: Health & Wealth
Topic:
Health & Wealth
Thesis:
The stressors of finance can have adverse effects because they can affect the development of children, create an unsafe psychological state and contribute to poor physical health.
Reasons:
1. It has been shown that a family's socioeconomic standing has a substantial bearing on the educational, vocational, and social opportunities that are made accessible to the children of that family. These factors, in turn, influence the children's long-term physical and mental health.
2. Children from families with lower earnings are less likely to be insured or have access to medications and treatments that may assist in managing chronic health conditions. This is particularly true for individuals who reside in households where there is only one parent present.
3. Children who are worse on the socioeconomic ladder are more prone to deal in a destructive way, such as by smoking or drinking excessively when they grow up, which may inflict significant harm to one's health if done to an extreme.
Entry #1
Source:
Sapolsky, R.M. (2018). The health-wealth gap.
Scientific American, 319(5), pp. 62- 67.
http://ezproxy.umgc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=edb&AN=132271091&site=eds-live&scope=site
Quote:
"One of the consequences of the growing poor is worsening health, and the reasons are not as obvious as you might think. Yes, lower socioeconomic status (SES) means less access to health care and living in more disease-prone neighbourhoods. And, yes, as the SES ladder's lower rungs have become more populated, the number of people with medical problems has climbed. This is not merely an issue of poor health for the poor and some version of better health for everyone else. Starting with Jeff Bezos at the top, every step down the ladder is associated with worse health.” (Sapolsky, 2018, p. 62-67).
Paraphrase:
The welfare of children will deteriorate as a consequence of people falling into poverty. Children from families with lower socioeconomic positions have a lower chance of accessing medical treatment and tend to reside in locations with a higher incidence of disease (Sapolsky, 2018).
Explanation of quote selection and connection:
Children who are not perfect and battling to live in a healthy environment are likely to get ill and have difficulty affording medical treatment due to their low socioeconomic position. This is because their living conditions are not ideal. Children who come from families with a low socioeconomic status, which is often the result of financial disparity, are more likely to have physical and mental health issues.
Entry #2
Source:
Purnell, J. Q. (2015). Financial health is public health. In L. Choi, D. Erickson, K. Griffin, A. Levere, & E. Seidman (Eds.),
What it’s Worth: Strengthening the financial futures .
‘Keeping families and children in mind’ an evaluation ofa w.docxodiliagilby
This study evaluated a web-based training resource called "Keeping Families and Children in Mind" designed to train clinicians working with families where a parent has a mental illness. Focus groups and questionnaires with training participants found that the resource increased participants' knowledge, skills, and confidence working with these families. It emphasized the importance of collaborative, family-focused care. Facilitators noted some technical issues but found the interactive elements and family narratives to be effective. Overall, the evaluation found the resource successfully conveyed key information and positively impacted participants' practice.
‘Keeping families and children in mind’ an evaluation ofa w.docxanhlodge
This study evaluated a web-based training resource called "Keeping Families and Children in Mind" designed to train clinicians working with families where a parent has a mental illness. Focus groups and questionnaires with participants from urban and rural training sites found that the training increased participants' knowledge, skills, and confidence working with these families. It emphasized the importance of collaborative, family-focused care. Participants responded positively to the interactive design of the resource, including video narratives, but noted that using the extensive materials would require time and commitment. The facilitators highlighted both benefits and challenges to delivering the training using the web-based resource.
This document discusses the challenges faced by children who have a parent with mental illness, especially when coupled with poverty. It explores how building resilience can help combat the negative effects. Resilience involves developing coping skills and strengths to recover from hardships. The document recommends interventions that provide family support, parenting education, and increased resources to support these vulnerable children and families.
3Assignment Three Purpose of the study and Research Questions.docxlorainedeserre
3
Assignment Three: Purpose of the study and Research Questions
RES 9300
Recently, Autism has become a serious health concern to parents. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), about one in fifty nine United States children has been identified with autism spectrum disorder with one in six children developing developmental disability ranging from mild disabilities such as speech and language impairments to serious developmental disabilities, such as intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, and autism (CDC,2018). World Health Organization (2019) estimates that 1 in 160 children globally has autism making it one of the most prevalent diseases. Despite the disease prevalence, most population has little knowledge about the disease. Many health practitioners have proposed early care as a means to control the disease effects.
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this study is to determine whether early intervention services can help improve the development of children suffering from autism. This study also aims to explore the general public awareness and perception about autism disorder.
Research Questions
(1) How should service delivery for autistic patients be improved to promote their health? (2) What impact does early intervention services have on development of children suffering from autism? (3) How can public knowledge on autism improve support and care for autistic patients? (4) What effect will early intervention have on patient’s social skills?
References
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Data & Statistics. Retrieved From https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
World Health Organization. (2019). Autism Spectrum Disorders. Fact Sheet. Retrieved From https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders
3
Assignment Two: Theoretical Perspective and Literature Review
RES 9300
Literature Map
Parenting an Autism Child
(Dependent Variable)
9
Mothers/Father Role
Education
Religious Beliefs
Gender/Age
Financial Resources
Maternal Relationship
Region
Public Awareness
Support
Ethnicity
Independent Variables
Secondary Source I Will Be Using In My Literature Review
Mother/Father Roles
Glynn, K. A. (2015). Predictors of parenting practices in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.
Religious Beliefs
Huang, C. Y., Yen, H. C., Tseng, M. H., Tung, L. C., Chen, Y. D., & Chen, K. L. (2014). Impacts of autistic behaviors, emotional and behavioral problems on parenting stress in caregivers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(6), 1383-1390.
Education
Brezis, R. S., Weisner, T. S., Daley, T. C., Singhal, N., Barua, M., & Chollera, S. P. (2015). Parenting a child with autism in India: Narratives before and after a parent–child intervention program. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 39(2), 277-298.
Financial Resources
Zaidm ...
Critical Review of Research Evidence Part 3 FDRobert Cope
This document discusses trauma experienced by children in foster care and the potential for EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) therapy to help address it. Children in foster care often experience trauma from being removed from their biological homes as well as potential abuse or neglect. They also face issues from multiple placements and aging out of the system unprepared. EMDR is presented as a promising 8-step therapy that could help youth resolve memories from traumatic experiences. The document examines the scope of problems faced by the foster care population and why addressing trauma is important to help youth as they transition into adulthood.
REVIEW ARTICLETreatment of severe problem behaviour in chi.docxaudeleypearl
REVIEW ARTICLE
Treatment of severe problem behaviour in children with autism spectrum
disorder and intellectual disabilities
Eli T. Newcomba and Louis P. Hagopianb,c
aThe Faison Center, Richmond, VA, USA; bDepartment of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA;
cDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
ABSTRACT
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disabilities (ID) present with prob-
lem behaviour at rates disproportionately higher than their typically-developing peers. Problem
behaviour, such as self-injury, aggression, pica, disruption, and elopement result in a diminished
quality-of-life for the individual and family. Applied behaviour analysis has a well-established
research base, detailing a number of assessment and treatment methods designed to address
behaviour problems in children with ASD and ID. Although the variables that lead to the emer-
gence of problem behaviour are not precisely known, those that are currently responsible for
the maintenance of these problems can be identified via functional behaviour assessment, which
is designed to identify events that occasion problem behaviour, consequences that maintain it,
as well as other environmental factors that exert influence on the behaviour. Corresponding
function-based treatment is implemented when environmental determinants are identified, with
the aim of decreasing or eliminating problem behaviour, as well as teaching the individual to
engage in more appropriate, alternative behaviour. In some cases, when problem behaviour is
under the control of both environmental and biological variables, including psychiatric condi-
tions, combining behavioural and pharmacological interventions is viewed as optimal, although
there is limited empirical support for integrating these approaches.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 25 October 2017
Accepted 26 January 2018
KEYWORDS
Applied behaviour analysis;
autism spectrum disorder;
severe problem behaviour;
functional behaviour
assessment; intellectual
disability; neurobehavioural
model
Overview of problem behaviour and
prevalence
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and
intellectual disabilities (ID) present with problem
behaviour at rates disproportionately higher than their
typically-developing peers (Gurney, McPheeters, &
Davis, 2006). Here, we use the term problem behav-
iour to refer to behaviour that poses risks to self or
others and is disruptive to functioning; examples
include self-injurious behaviour (SIB; e.g. head bang-
ing, skin picking, self-biting, and head hitting),
aggression towards others (e.g. hitting, kicking, biting,
and scratching others), pica (i.e. the ingestion of non-
nutritive substances), disruptive behaviour (e.g.
destroying property and throwing items), and elope-
ment (i.e. leaving the presence of a caregiver outside
of appropriate contexts). Problem behaviour among
individuals wit ...
1) Rural women play a key role in ensuring child nutrition as primary caregivers, but face numerous challenges including lack of access to resources, education, and social support.
2) Proper nutrition is critical for children in the first 1000 days of life to support growth and development. Empowering women through education and access to healthcare, nutrition information, and social services can help improve child nutrition outcomes.
3) Cultural beliefs and food taboos also impact child feeding practices in some communities, preventing children from receiving essential nutrients. Overcoming social and economic barriers that limit rural women's ability to care for children is important for combating malnutrition.
This study examined whether prenatal maternal psychosocial resources (conceptualized as "felt security") moderate the association between neonatal medical problems and infant fussing and crying at 12 months postpartum. The study assessed maternal felt security during pregnancy using measures of attachment, relationship quality, self-esteem, and social support. At birth, infants were classified as healthy or having a medical problem. Experience sampling was used to assess infant fussing and crying in mothers of healthy infants and those with medical problems at 12 months. Results showed that prenatal maternal felt security interacts with infant health at birth to predict later infant fussing and crying, with higher prenatal felt security associated with less fussing and crying among infants with
Similar to Coping strategies of mothers having children with special needs (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Coping strategies of mothers having children with special needs
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.8, 2012
Coping Strategies of Mothers having Children with Special Needs
Gehan EL Nabawy Ahmed Moawad ( PhD )
Lecturer of Pediatric Nursing , Faculty of Nursing Mansoura University , Egypt
Abstract
Families with a child who has special health care needs experience life differently than other families. Mothers
appear to carry the larger burden of care and may feel a need to be with their child at all times and experience
stress related to coping with the heavy load of care giving. the current descriptive research design is aimed to
identify existing coping strategies of mothers who have children with special needs and determine whether there
is a relationship between the coping strategies and the mothers’ demographic variables. Mother's coping
strategies were assessed using the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale (F-COPES). The study
concluded that there is significance relationship between age and both reframing and passive appraisal, as well as
between birth order and mobilizing family to acquire and accept help. The study recommended that future
research should be done on larger populations and additional research might address the coping strategies of
other family members, such as siblings and the extended family.
Key Wards : Coping strategies, mothers, children, special needs, Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation
Scale (F-COPES).
1. Introduction
For most parents, the birth of their child is a joyous time. However, nearly 4% of parents receive distressing
news about their child’s health. In fact, about every 3.5 minutes a parent is told that their child has a serious
chronic medical illness, health defect, disability, sensory impairment, or mental retardation . For these parents,
the time of their child’s birth may become mixed with stress and despair (Barnett &et al , 2003). Parenting is a
highly stressful job, and becoming a parent of a child with disability is one of the most stressful life events that
can occur. Families with a child who has special health care needs experience life differently than other families.
Mothers are usually the primary caregivers of these children because most of them remain in the family
environment during their treatment and they appear to carry the larger burden of care and they may feel a need to
be with their child at all times so they experience stress related to coping with the heavy load of care giving
(Thompson, 2000 & James & Ashwill, 2007 & Peters & Jackson, 2009 ).
Child with special needs is difficult to define, because there is no single definition or classification system
that is used .For many years a number of terms have been used to classify and describe children with special
health care needs. These terms include chronic illness, congenital disability, developmental delay, developmental
disability, disability, handicap, impairment, and technology-dependent child(Stein, Shenkman &Wegener,
2003).More recently there has been impetus to develop a definition of children with special health care needs to
be used .To date, children with special health care needs, as defined by the federal Maternal and Child Health
Bureau are "children who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, behavioral, developmental, or
emotional condition and who also require health related services of a type or beyond that required by children in
general. The terms “child with special needs” and "disability” are utilized interchangeably"( Hockenberry &
Wilson, 2007 & Miller, Recsky & Armstrong, 2004 & Msall, Avery & Tremont, 2003 & Beers, Kemeny
&Sherritt, 2003) .
Disability is described as any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a manner or within a
range considered normal for human beings. There is a large and growing number of persons with physical,
mental, or sensory disabilities in the world today. However, the incidence and causes of disabilities vary
throughout the world according to age ,level of economic developmental, access to health care, educational,
environmental, and other factors( Harwood, Sayer &Hirscfeld, 2004).The estimated ratio of disabled persons
ranges between 5.2-18.2% in the world populations. In developing countries, up to 5% of the children are born
disabled or became disabled during their childhood .Disability is related to the population's health quality as well
as the individual's health problem. The type and causes of disabilities should be determined to detect the
precautions which prevent disability and planning approaches for rehabilitation for the disabled . Many factors
are responsible for the rising numbers of disabled children .Lack of oxygen in the fetus during birth due to
torsion of the umbilical and dystocia, various diseases in the postnatal period, heredity and genetic defects are
the most common factors of disabilities (Donbak & et al, 2006 & Cooke , 2005).
Mothers can never fully prepare themselves for the news that their child is different. Whether the diagnosis
of a disability is shortly after birth or later on in life, family dreams and expectations suddenly change. Mothers
may have to face immediate decisions about their child’s medical care and treatment (Case-Smith, 2004). More
ever, mothers of children with disabilities cope with the same responsibilities and pressures that other mothers
face; however, these mothers reported higher amounts of stress and they experience greater demands made by
77
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.8, 2012
caring for a child with special needs. This sense of stress may be associated with a child’s characteristics, greater
financial and care-giving demands, feelings of being unprepared for the tasks of parenting, and a sense of
loneliness and isolation (Sullivan-Bolyai, Sadler & Knafl, 2003 & Oruche & et al, 2012).
Coping involves psychological resources and coping strategies that help to eliminate, modify, or manage a
stressful event or crisis situation . Having a child with special needs creates a crisis event, how mothers respond
to the stresses of raising their child with special needs depends on a wide variety of factors influencing their
ability to cope, such as their interpretation of the crisis event, the family’s sources of support, community
resources, and family structure .The personality characteristics of the family members, their financial status,
educational level, problem-solving skills, and spirituality all influence a family’s ability to cope. Strong marital
relationship and social support also help determine mother adjustment (Emerson, 2003 & Fazil, Wallace & Singh,
2004). The goal of coping strategies is to strengthen or maintain family resources , reduce the source of stress or
negative emotions , and achieve a balance in family functioning . Strategies directly aimed at coping with the
source of stress, such as problem solving and seeking information are more adaptive strategies than those efforts
to deny or minimize the situation (Bailey & Smith, 2000).
More ever ,the literature on the adaptation of families of children with special needs repeatedly indicates
that it is important for service providers to understand family belief systems, both in a general sense and entity.
Researchers document the importance of understanding families’ worldviews , values and spiritual beliefs and
day-to-day priorities and concerns (King & et al , 2009).
Because each family system is unique, each family may have different coping strategies. So, professionals
need to know that what coping strategies are helping each family. One should not assume that any one specific
strategy works well for all families. Professionals should identify family sources of support and promote the
utilization of both formal and informal support systems. Furthermore ,nurses who work with mothers who have
children with special needs must understand how to assist the mothers in coping with their stressors. In order to
accomplish this, nurses can help mothers realize their abilities and strengths, identify problems, develop
problem-solving strategies, and identify new coping strategies (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2007 & Woodgate,
Aleah & Seccol,2008).The professional-parent relationship is also very important. While professionals may
suggest ways to help a child with disabilities and offer information regarding the child’s disability, mothers are
the real experts on their child’s like/dislikes and how they communicate .Mothers and professionals need to work
together concerning their child’s level of care, as well as individual and family needs. Professionals should also
direct their attention towards what is helping the mothers cope with the added stressors of raising a child with
special needs (Sivberg, 2002& King,et al, 2009).
2. Significance of the problem
The statistical reports of Ministry of Health in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ( 2011) stated that, the total number of
handicap was 720000 and this number account for 4% of total population of Saudi Arabia. In relation to children
it was reported that , birth rate is 400000 - 500000 per year , about 400 - 500 of them is handicap and they
account about 6.3% of all children in Saudi Arabia .
3. Aim of the Study
The aims of this descriptive study were to identify the coping strategies of mothers who have children with
special needs and determine whether there is a relationship between the coping strategies and the mothers’
demographic variables.
4. Methodology
4.1 Research design:
The current research design was a descriptive design aimed to identify the coping strategies of mothers who have
children with special needs and determine whether there is a relationship between the coping strategies and the
mothers’ demographic variables.
4.2 Setting:
The study was conducted at Out-Patient Clinics in Asser Central Hospital, Abha , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
4.3 Subjects:
The study involved 146 mothers having children with different types of disabilities or special needs. The data
collected during three months started from February to April 2012. The mothers with their children was
attending out-patient clinics in two days only per week (Monday – Tuesday) for follow up .
4.4 Instrument
The data was collected using the following tools:-
(A) -The structured questionnaire sheet was developed by the researcher. It was written in simple Arabic
language. The questionnaire was concerned with gathering data related to:
1- Mothers’ demographic characteristics that include age, marital status, educational level, number of
children, sex and birth order of the child with special needs, family monthly income, and the nature of
the child’s disability.
78
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.8, 2012
2- An additional open-ended question was added to ask the mothers to further state what was most helpful
in coping with their child’s disability (i.e., seeking spiritual support, maintaining a positive attitude,
seeking help from family members, seeking help from friends, community resources, acquiring
additional information, professionals support and others things ).
(B) - Mother's coping strategies were assessed using the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale
(F-COPES) developed by (McCubbin, Olson, and Larsen ,1981). This 5-point likert, self-report scale was
designed to indicate the point at which a person agrees or disagrees with each statement (1= strongly disagree
and 5= strongly agree). The F-COPES contains 30-items that been divided into five coping pattern subscales:
acquiring social support, reframing, seeking spiritual support, mobilizing family to acquire and accept help, and
passive appraisal (McCubbin et al., 1991). Researchers have used the F-COPES in a variety of circumstances,
some of which include: parents coping with children who have learning disabilities, mental retardation, or
physical disabilities. F-COPES has been shown to have high construct validity and reliability.
4.5 Definition of variables:-
Acquiring social support is the family’s ability to actively engage in acquiring support from relatives, friends,
neighbors, and extended family (e.g., sharing our difficulties with relative).
Reframing assesses the family’s capability to redefine stressful events in order to make them more manageable
(e.g., knowing that we have the strength within our family to solve our problems).
Seeking spiritual support is finding comfort in a higher belief system (e.g., participating in religious or spiritual
activities).
Mobilizing family to acquire and accept help is the family’s ability to seek out community resources and
accept help from others (e.g., seeking assistance from community agencies and programs designed to help
families in situation).
Passive appraisal is the family’s ability to accept problematic issues that minimizes reactivity (e.g., believing if
we wait long enough, the problem will go away).
4.6 Methods:
Official permission to conduct the study was taken from the hospitals responsible authorities after explanation of
the aims of the study. Self-administered structured questionnaire sheet was developed and Family Crisis Oriented
Personal Evaluation Scale (F-COPES), was translated into Arabic by researcher.
A jury of 5 experts in the field of nursing was done to ascertain the content validity of the tool, necessary
modifications were carried out accordingly. A pilot study was carried out on 10 mothers having children with
special needs to ensure the clarity and applicability of the tools. Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation
Scale (F-COPES), was tested for its reliability. Test and retest reliability was computed using a small sample of
mothers having children with special needs (10) and it was satisfactory for research purposes (r = 0.90).
Data was collected during actual visits to the previously mentioned setting. A self-report questionnaire takes
15-20 minute to be completed. The researcher take verbal consent from the participants after explanation of the
purpose of the study. The data was revised, coded, tabulated, and presented using descriptive statistics in the
form of frequencies and percentage for qualitative variables, and means and standard deviations for quantitative
variables. Qualitative variables were compared using 2-tailed test. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 and
0.01 level. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS (Version 17.0) software.
5. Results
Frequencies and percentages of the demographic variables will be presented. Descriptive statistics will be
reported on each of the five subscales, as well as the results of the open-ended question. In addition, this section
will also discuss any significance found between demographic variables and coping strategies .
Table 1 shows that, more than one third (31.5%) of studied mothers ,their age were more than forty years and the
highest percent (47.9%) of them had middle level of education. In relation to marital status, the majority(91.15%)
of studied mothers were married. Concerning number of children , more than two thirds (68.5%) of mothers had
four or more children and (5.5%) of them had one child. In relation to birth order of the child with special needs,
the ranking of (40.4%) of them were the fourth or more . As regards the sex of the child with special needs, more
than half of them (51.4%) were male. Regarding monthly income, more than half (52.7% ) of studied mothers ,
their income were sufficient while the income of ( 47.3%) were not sufficient.
Table 2 indicates that , 40.4% of studied mothers, the nature of their children disability were cognitive disability
(mainly Down's syndrome) while (2.1%) of them had psychological disability. In addition, (32.2%) of them had
physical disability and the rest (25.3%) of them had both physical and cognitive disability.
Table 3, it is observed from this table that, the most subscale coping strategies used by mothers was acquiring
social support followed by reframing.
Table 4 shows that, the most of mothers (43.2%) reported using more than one way in coping with the child's
disability is the most beneficial way in coping with the child's disability followed by seeking spiritual support
(14.4%) and the least way was seeking help and support from their friends (0.7%).
79
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.8, 2012
Table 5 clarifies that, there is significance relationship between age and reframing and passive appraisal, as well
as between birth order and mobilizing family to acquire and accept help. Moreover, there is significance
relationship between income and reframing and mobilizing family to acquire and accept help. Meanwhile, there
is no significance relationship between marital status, level of education, number of children, sex of the child and
five subscales of coping strategies.
6. Discussion
When one becomes a parent it is always necessary to adjust to a new way of life and all parents wish for a
healthy baby, but some parents though not by their choice are gifted with child with special needs. Some are able
to cope up with such a situation and some experience psychological stress. Parenting those child is not an easy
task. Having a child with special needs places strain on the whole family (Nissel &et al , 2003). Parents having a
child with special needs experience a variety of ‘psychological stress’ related to the child’s disability. Parents
especially mothers need every help and encouragement possible in their difficult task, which is, indeed, easier for
them while the child is still a baby. An anxious love, on the part of the mother, may do much to exacerbate the
defective’s disability (Kumar,2008). Following the diagnosis of a chronic health condition in a child, changes
occur in the family's day to day routines, plans for the future, feelings and meaning about self ( Kuster & et al ,
2004). The child with special needs and his or her family are both affected by the child's condition and way of
living. Each member of the family experiences effects related to the child's special needs. Family members'
experiences and their responses to the child's illness influence each other directly (Kyle, 2008). Mothers who
have children with special needs report higher amounts of stress compared to mothers who do not have
children with special needs. A mother’s ability to adapt to stressful situations depends upon a number of
variables, including an individual’s psychological strengths, individual and family resources, and the type of
coping strategies utilized (Ahmann, 2006).The aims of this study were to identify the coping strategies of
mothers who have children with special needs and determine whether there is a relationship between the coping
strategies and the mothers’ demographic variables.
In relation to characteristics of the studied mothers, the findings of the present study showed that, more than
two thirds (63.7%) of studied mothers ,their age were more than thirty years and more than two thirds (68.5%)
of mothers had four or more children, the ranking of (40.4 %) of the child with special needs were the fourth or
more. In addition, (40.4%) of studied mothers, the nature of their children disability were cognitive disability
(mainly Down's syndrome).These results supported by Niazi &et al,(1995) who conducted a study in Riyadh to
determine the incidence and distribution of Down’s syndrome births during a 9-year period from July 1982 to
June 1991, found that an incidence of Down’s syndrome was 1 in 554 live births (1.8 per 1,000). A trend towards
an increased incidence of Down’s syndrome with advanced maternal age or increased maternal parity was found.
Similarly, this result is in agreement with Faud,(2006) who stated that, Down syndrome (DS) is a common
disorder that occurs in approximately 1:600 newborns; however, this incidence greatly increases among children
born to mothers over 35 years of age. Affected children almost always have mental retardation . Moreover, Riper,
(2007) who reported that Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal cause of intellectual disabilities
and the incidence of it remains steady, occurring once in every 800– 1,000 live births.
As regarding level of education, the results of the present study revealed that, the majority of the mother
( 71.2%) were educated .No significance was found regarding mother's coping strategies and their level of
education. These results are contradicted with Kumar, (2008) who stated that, mothers with higher educational
status had low psychological stress and high coping strategy scores. Most of the mothers who are educated seek
professional help for coping. Educated mothers are also able to provide appropriate and timely treatment for
various problems of the child. The mothers were aware of attending seminars and workshops to enhance their
coping strategies and to deal with the problems of the child successfully. Further, the educated mothers are more
exposed to the prevailing facilities that will improve their child’s condition and enhance the strategies that they
can adopt to cope effectively with the psychological stress and they have frequent contacts with the experts and
professionals.
Furthermore, more than half of mothers( 52.7%%) who had sufficient income. However, a significant
relationship was found between family income and reframing as well as family income and seeking spiritual
support and mobilizing family to acquire and accept help . Mothers who had a higher income utilized reframing
and seeking spiritual support coping strategies to a greater extent than those who had insufficient income. One
possible reason for this may be that mothers who have a higher income may also have more resources available
to them, which helps make the situation less stressful.
In the open-ended question, mothers had listed a variety of helpful coping strategies. The results found
that the majority of mothers (43.2%) listed that using more than one coping methods is more beneficial in
dealing with their children's disability. This result supported by Barentt,et al,(2003) who stated that having a
wide variety of strategies is more helpful than having only one or two. The results of the current study revealed
that, the most coping strategies used by mothers was acquiring social support followed by reframing. This
80
5. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.8, 2012
finding is congruent with Totiska & et al , (2011) who reported that when caregivers are supported, they are
better able to cope with the challenges of providing care for a child with special needs. In addition, this result is
agreement with Pritzlaff,(2001) who conducted a study to examine the coping strategies of the parents who
have children with disabilities, found that, the two most frequently utilized coping strategies were acquiring
social support and reframing. Seeking spiritual support was the least utilized. This result is not correspondent
with Ayrault, (2001) who stated that some mothers avoid their relatives and friends, fearing that they may not
understand their children’s needs and spend much of their time caring for their children, taking them for
assessment, therapy or medical treatment . As a result, their social life is interrupted and their quality of life in
this domain decreases. Similarly, this is confirmed by Li-Tsang & Leung ,(2003) who reported that while it takes
time for mothers to accept their children, as the children grow, mothers might feel pressure from society,
especially on the occasions when their children exhibit unpredictable misbehavior in public, such as screaming.
In order to avoid these embarrassments, mothers sometimes refrain from social activities. Thus, they limit their
social networks. Moreover, this result was supported with Churchill & et al,(2010) who conducted a study on129
parents of children with special health care needs (CSHCN) to describe and quantify coping skills and
prevalence of depressive symptoms in those parents and describe the association of coping skills with parental
depressive symptoms, severity of child’s condition and family demographic characteristics, they found that ,the
most coping strategy used by parents was reframing followed by acquiring social support and the least one was
seeking spiritual support.
In general, parents of children with disabilities are more withdrawn from society. However, previous reports
have observed that some parents actively participate in parental self-help support groups. These parents tend to
be educated, with higher intellectual function, stable family backgrounds, no financial difficulties, outgoing,
confident, efficient, and motivated. Parents’ attitudes, rather than their children’s level of disabilities, seem to be
the main determinant for active social participation (Atkin, 2000; Li-Tsang, Yau & Yuen, 2001).
7. Conclusion and Recommendations
The present study concluded that, the most of mothers reported that , using more than one coping methods is
more beneficial in dealing with their children with special needs. The most used coping strategies was acquiring
social support followed by reframing. Furthermore, there is significance relationship between age and both
reframing and passive appraisal, as well as between birth order and mobilizing family to acquire and accept help.
Moreover, there is significance relationship between income and both reframing and mobilizing family to
acquire and accept help. Meanwhile, there is no significance relationship between marital status, level of
education, number of children, sex of the child and five subscales of coping strategies. This study recommended
that, future research should be done on larger populations , additional research might address the coping
strategies of other family members, such as siblings and the extended family. Examining parental coping
strategies at different stages of development, further research should focus on comparative study between coping
strategies used by mothers versus those used by fathers and personal interviews could be conducted to avoid
subjectivity.
References
James,S.R. & Ashwill,J.W.(2007): Nursing Care of Children.3rd .ed. Saunders: Elsevier. Chapter 12. PP:
306-371.
Case-Smith,J.(2004): Parenting a child with a chronic medical condition. American Journal of Occupational
Therapy. 58: 551-560.
Stein.R.E.K., Shenkman.E. &Wegener.D.H.(2003) : Health of children in Title XXI: should we worry?
Pediatrics.112(2): e 112- 118, available at http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/112/2/e112.
Hockenberry, M. & Wilson, D. (2007): Wong's nursing care of infants and children. 8th. ed. Elsevier Mosby
company: Canada. Chapter 22.PP: 921-956.
Miller.A.R.,Recsky,M.A. & Armstrong.R.W. (2004) : Responding to the needs of children with chronic health
conditions in an era of health services reform. CMAJ. 17(11): 1366-1367.
Msall.M.A.,Avery.R.C. & Tremont.M.R. (2003) : Functional disability and school activity limitations in 41,300
school-age children : relationships to medical impairments. Pediatrics. 111(3):548-553.
Beers.N.S., Kemeny.A. & Sherritt. (2003) : Variations in state-level definitions: children with special health
care needs. Public Health Res. 118(5): 434-447.
Sullivan-Bolyai,S., Sadler,L.& Knafl.K.A.(2003) : Great expectations: a position description for parents as
caregivers: Part I, Pediatr Nurs . 30(1): 52-56.
Emerson.E. (2003) : Mothers of children and adolescents with intellectual disability : social and economic
situation, mental health status, and the self- assessed social and psychological impact of the child's
difficulties. Intellect Disabil Res.47 (pt 4/5):385-399.
Fazil.Q.,Wallace.L.M & Singh.G.(2004): Empowerment and advocacy: reflection on action research with
81
7. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.8, 2012
Peters, K., & Jackson, D. (2009): Mothers' experiences of parenting a child with attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65, 62–71.
Riper,V.M.( 2007): Families of Children with Down Syndrome: Responding to "A Change in Plans" with
Resilience. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 22, ( 2) :116-128.
Nisell, M., Ojmyr-Joelsson, M., Frenckner, B., Rydelius, P.& Christensson, K.(2003): How a Family Is Affected
When a Child Is Born With Anorectal Malformation. Interviews With Three Patients and Their Parents.
Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 18, (6) :423-432.
Kuster, P.A., Badr, L.K., Chang,B.L., Wuerker, A.K &Benjamin,A.E. (2004): Factors Influencing Health
Promoting Activities of Mothers Caring for Ventilator-Assisted Children. Journal of Pediatric Nursing,
19( 4) :276-287.
Tables
Table 1: Percentage distribution of mothers according to their characteristics.
Demographic variables Frequency Percent
Age
23 15.8
Less than 20 years
From 20 years to 24 years 11 7.5
From 25 years to 29 years 19 13.0
From 30 years to 34 years 24 16.4
From 35 years to 39 years 23 15.8
More than 40 years 46 31.5
X ± SD 4.03 ± 1.81
Marital status
133 91.1
Married
Divorced 6 4.1
Widow 7 4.8
Level of education
42 28.8
Illiterate
Middle level of education 70 47.9
High level of education 34 23.3
Number of children
8 5.5
One
Two 20 13.7
Three 18 12.3
Four or more 100 68.5
Birth order of the child with special needs
34 23.3
First
Second 34 23.3
Third 19 13.0
Fourth or more 59 40.4
Sex of the child with special needs
71 48.6
Male
Female 75 51.4
Income
29 19.9
Extremely not sufficient
Not sufficient 40 27.4
Sufficient 66 45.2
Extremely sufficient 11 7.5
Total 146 100.0
Table 2: Percentage distribution of type of special needs.
Type of disability Frequency Percent
- Physical 47 32.2
- Cognitive 59 40.4
- Psychological or emotional 3 2.1
- Combination 37 25.3
Total 146 100.0
83
8. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.8, 2012
Table 3 : Descriptive statistics of five subscales of coping strategies.
Five subscales of coping strategies Mean Std. Deviation Maximum Minimum
Acquiring social support 33.0 9.4 85.00 15.00
Reframing 30.5 6.1 40.00 12.00
Seeking spiritual support 16.9 3.0 20.00 5.00
Mobilizing family to acquire and accept
15.8 3.6 20.00 7.00
help
Passive appraisal 12.3 3.2 20.00 4.00
Table 4: Percentage distribution of the most beneficial way in coping with the child's disability (open end
question ).
Items Frequency Percent
- Seeking spiritual support 21 14.4
- Maintaining a positive attitude 9 6.2
- Seeking help and support from family 16 11.0
- Seeking help and support from friends 1 0.7
- Professionals support 17 11.6
- Acquiring additional information 5 3.4
- Community resources 14 9.6
- Others ( more than one way ) 63 43.2
Total 146 100.0
Table (5) Relationship between demographic characteristics and five subscales of coping strategies
Acquiring Reframing Seeking spiritual Mobilizing family Passive
Characteristics social support support to acquire and appraisal
accept help
Age .182*
-.053 .522 164* .048 .155 .062 -.055 .510
028
Marital status 146 -.135 146 -.155 .038 .647 -.052 .535 .010 .905
Level of
-.028 .737 .155 .061 .077 .353 -.017 .840 -.037 .661
education
Number of
-.017 .834 .044 .599 -.050 .552 -.118 .156 -.018 .825
children
Birth order -.089 .284 .044 .599 -.050 .552 -.188* .023 -.018 .825
Sex of the
-.069 .405 .087 .295 .045 .587 -.107 .197 -.110 .185
child
Income .114 .170 .190* .022 .046 .579 .286** .000 -.025 .76
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
84