This document discusses the principles of flight, including Bernoulli's principle, air density, humidity, lift, drag, thrust, weight, controls and surfaces like flaps, ailerons, elevators, rudders, and axes of rotation like pitch, roll, and yaw. It provides an overview of these key aerodynamic concepts with the goal of having the reader identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.

1. Flight Control Systems (Conventional &
Digital) & Enhanced Diagnostic Aid (EDNA)
2a. Identify principles of flight with
at least 80% accuracy.

2. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Overview of Principles of Flight
– Basic Facts and Terms
– Controls and Surfaces
– Axes of Rotation

3. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Principles of Flight
– Bernoulli’s Principle
• As air velocity increases,
pressure decreases
• As air velocity decreases,
pressure increases
• Venturi tube

4. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Density
•
•
•
•
As air is compressed, it becomes more dense
Air has less density at high altitude
Air expands as it is heated – occupies more space
Changes in air density affect flight
– Climate is cold, altitude is low = dense air
» Aircraft achieves takeoff speed more quickly
» Takes off with less runway
– High Altitude = low density (airplane flies faster)

5. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Humidity
• Higher temperature of air – the more water it can
absorb
• Temperature the same – density of air varies with
humidity
• Damp days
– Density is less than it is on dry days
– Airplane requires longer runway for takeoff

6. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Relative Wind – the direction of the airflow with
respect to the wing

7. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Angle of Attack – angle between the wing chord
line and the direction of the relative wind

8. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Airfoils
• Any object designed to obtain a reaction upon itself
from the air through which it passes

9. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Wing Chord Line
• Distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge
• Represented by a straight line called the chord line

10. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Camber
• The curve or departure from the chord line
• Positive – Convex Surface
• Negative – Concave Surface

11. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Camber
• Upper Surface – Always positive
• Lower Surface
– Positive (usually)
– Zero
– Negative

12. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Producing Lift
– High-speed flow is associated with low pressure
– Low-speed flow is associated with high pressure

13. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
– Airfoil is designed to increase the velocity of the
airflow above the surface – decreases pressure
above the airfoil
– Impact of air on lower surface increases pressure
below
– Pressure differential causes lift

14. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Weight – the force of gravity
acting downward upon
anything that goes into the
aircraft
– Reduced as fuel is burned
– Reduced as missles and
bombs are released
– Reduced the aircraft will
climb

15. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Lift – acts vertically, by doing so counteracts
weight
– Increases to a certain point with
• AOA
• Air Density
• Airspeed
– Lift is increased – aircraft will climb
– Lift is reduced – aircraft will descend

16. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Drag – forward deterrent force (caused by the disruption
of the airflow by the wings, fuselage and protruding
objects)
– Increases with
• Airspeed
• AOA (drag increases much more rapidly than lift as AOA
increases)
– Decreases with increased altitude due to decrease in air density

17. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Thrust – the forward force produced by the jet engine
that overcomes the force of drag
– Increased thrust increases airspeed
– Decreased thrust is needed at higher altitude to achieve the
same airspeed due to less air density and drag
– Thrust is decreased, airspeed will decrease

18. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Controls and Surfaces
– Stick

19. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Controls and Surfaces
– Mechanical/Electronic
Controls

20. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Controls and Surfaces
– Electronic Controls

21. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Controls and Surfaces
– Rudder Pedals

22. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Controls and Surfaces
– Flap Controls

23. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Control/Surface Connection
– Direct Mechanical

24. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Control/Surface Connection
– Power Assisted Mechanical

25. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Control/Surface Connection
– Powered, Electronically Controlled

26. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Flight Control Surfaces
– Wings
• Primary means of providing lift for the aircraft

27. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Flaps
– Attached to wings
– Moveable surfaces that provide increased lift

28. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Flaps
– Trailing Edge Flaps

29. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Flaps
– Leading Edge Flaps

30. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Ailerons
– Moveable surfaces to provide roll control

31. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Horizontal Stabilizers
– Provides stabilization against uncontrolled pitching of the
aircraft
– Attached to aft section of aircraft

32. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Elevators
– Moveable surfaces to provide pitch control
– Attached to trailing edge of horizontal stabs

33. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Moveable Horizontal Stabilizers
– Entire Surface pivots to provide pitch control
– Does not require elevators

34. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Vertical Stabilizers
– Provides stabilization against uncontrolled yawing
of the aircraft

35. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.
• Rudder
– Moveable surfaces to provide yaw control
– Move symmetrically

36. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Combined Surfaces
– Flaperon

37. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Elevons

38. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Speedbrake

39. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Axes of Rotation
– Surfaces are normally “streamline” for straight
and level flight

40. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Roll
– The longitudal axis is an imaginary line through
center of straight and level flight

41. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Roll
– Movement about the axis is roll

42. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Roll
– Roll is initiated by applying lateral pressure to the
side stick controller

43. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Pitch
– The lateral axis is an imaginary line from the wing
tip to wing tip

44. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Pitch
– Movement about about the axis is pitch

45. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Pitch
– Pitch is initiated by applying fore and aft pressure
on the side stick controller

46. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Yaw
– The vertical axis is an imaginary line through the
center of the aircraft from top to bottom

47. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Yaw
– Movement about the axis is yaw

48. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Yaw
– Yaw initiated using rudder pedals

49. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Trim

50. 2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%
accuracy.
• Summary of Principles of Flight
– Defined Basic Facts and Terms
– Covered Controls and Surfaces
– Axes of Rotation