Contract act contract of guarentee and indemnity
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An indemnity contract involves two parties, the indemnifier who promises to compensate the indemnity holder for any losses. A guarantee contract involves three parties, the creditor who lends money, the principal debtor who receives the loan, and the surety or guarantor who guarantees the loan. The key differences are that an indemnity contract only has two parties and one contract, while a guarantee contract has three parties and sub-contracts defining primary and secondary liability. The indemnifier bears full liability, while the surety can recover payments from the principal debtor in a guarantee contract.
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Contract act
The document discusses the differences between contracts and agreements. It defines contracts as legally enforceable agreements that contain elements like offer, acceptance, consideration and intention to create legal obligations. Agreements are not necessarily legally binding but can become contracts if they satisfy the requirements. The key difference is that all contracts are agreements but not all agreements are contracts as contracts must be enforceable by law. Examples are provided to illustrate an unenforceable agreement versus an enforceable contract.
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This document defines and provides examples of different types of contracts: voidable contracts can be avoided by one party; void contracts are invalid from the start; unenforceable contracts cannot be proven in court; executed contracts have been fully performed by both parties; executory contracts have obligations still to be performed; express contracts have written or spoken terms; implied contracts have inferred terms; quasi contracts resemble contracts; and contingent contracts depend on uncertain future events.
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The document discusses various legal remedies for breach of contract in Bangladeshi law:
1) Suit for rescission allows the non-breaching party to treat the contract as void and relieves them of obligations; suit for damages provides monetary compensation for losses from the breach.
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This document discusses breach of contract and the various ways a contract can be discharged or terminated, including performance, mutual agreement, impossibility of performance, breach of contract, operation of law, and lapse of time. It explains that breach of contract occurs when a party fails to perform their contractual obligations. There are two types of breach: anticipatory breach, which happens when a party demonstrates their intention to break the contract before performance is due, and actual breach, which occurs when a party fails to perform during or at the time performance is required. When a breach occurs, the aggrieved party has several potential remedies, including rescinding the contract, seeking specific performance, obtaining an injunction, receiving damages in compensation, or
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Do you understand what is a wagering agreement and a contingent agreement? Wagering Contracts and Contingent Contracts? If NO, then a must view slideshow for you.
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The document discusses the essential elements of a valid contract according to Indian contract law:
1. An agreement requires an offer and acceptance between two or more parties to constitute a valid contract.
2. Other essential elements are consideration, lawful object, capacity and free consent of the parties, and the agreement must not be expressly declared void.
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The document provides an overview of contract law in India according to the Indian Contract Act of 1872. It defines key terms like contract, agreement, and promise. A contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law, containing an offer, acceptance, and consideration. The document outlines the essential elements of a valid contract and classifications of contracts based on enforceability, formation, performance, and obligations. It provides examples to illustrate different types of contracts.
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1) Suit for rescission allows the non-breaching party to treat the contract as void and relieves them of obligations; suit for damages provides monetary compensation for losses from the breach.
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Unilateral contract
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This presentation is one of my assignment in Business Law Class in Sampoerna University. This presentation is about Termination of Contract.
Slide: PowerPoint 2013
Design by: Hedi Fauzi
Image: Google Image
If you want the original file for your reference, feel free to ask me via email: hedi.fauzi@hotmail.com with subject [SlideShare] (Your Subject)
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A contract can be discharged in several ways, including performance, mutual agreement between parties, operation of law, lapse of time, or breach. Breach of contract occurs when one party fails to fulfill their obligations under the contract without a valid legal excuse. Remedies for breach include damages, specific performance, or termination of the contract.
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This document discusses various ways in which a contract can be discharged or ended. It notes that a contract is discharged when the obligations created by it come to an end. The key modes of discharge discussed are:
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2. Discharge by agreement or consent, such as novation, rescission, alteration, remission or waiver.
3. Discharge by impossibility of performance, which can be initial or supervening.
4. Discharge by lapse of time if the contract is not performed within the limitation period.
5. Discharge by operation of law through death, merger,
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This document is a business law assignment submitted by Abdul azees, a student in Class II B.Com(SF) with Rollno 18UR25. The assignment discusses performance of contracts, including who must perform contracts according to Section 37 of the Indian Contract Act, tender of performance and its essentials, assignment of contracts by act of parties or operation of law, and discharge of contracts through performance, death, refusal to accept offer of performance, or breach of contract.
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This document summarizes various remedies available for breach of contract, including rescission, damages, quantum meruit, specific performance, and injunction. It defines each remedy and provides examples to illustrate when each would apply. Rescission cancels the contract, allowing the non-breaching party to be discharged from obligations. Damages compensate for losses from the breach. Quantum meruit pays for work completed if a contract is terminated before completion. Specific performance requires actual fulfillment of contractual obligations. An injunction restrains a breaching party from prohibited actions.
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This document defines and provides examples of different types of contracts: voidable (enforceable at the option of one party), void (unenforceable by law), unenforceable (valid but incapable of proof), executed (both parties performed obligations), executory (neither party performed yet), express (written or spoken terms), implied (inferred from conduct), quasi (resemble contracts but not actually contracts), and contingent (conditional on uncertain future event). Key differences include enforceability, whether obligations have been performed, and how the terms are established.
Consideration
Consideration is an essential element of a valid contract. It refers to something of value that is exchanged between parties to a contract in order to make the promise or promises in the contract legally enforceable. Consideration can be in the form of an act, forbearance, or a return promise. It must be something of value that is offered willingly. Common examples of consideration include payment of money, provision of goods or services, a promise to do or refrain from doing something. For a contract to be valid, consideration typically must be present and pass from one party to the other at the time the contract is formed.
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There are several ways a contractual obligation can terminate, including performance, agreement, breach, frustration, or operation of law. A contract can be discharged through full or attempted performance, novation, rescission, alteration, remission, waiver, or merger. Impossibility of performance can discharge a contract if the impossibility was unknown or unforeseen, or due to changes in law or outbreak of war. A contract's obligations can also end through lapse of time if no legal action is taken within the limitation period, or due to death, insolvency, unauthorized alterations or rights vesting in one person. Breach can be actual if at the due time or during performance, or anticipatory if declared before performance
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This document discusses various ways in which a contract can be discharged or terminated, including:
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2) By impossibility of performance, such as destruction of the subject matter.
3) By subsequent agreement through novation, remission, rescission, or accord and satisfaction.
4) By breach of contract, which can be actual or anticipatory.
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The document discusses the differences between indemnity contracts, guarantee contracts, contingent contracts, and wagering agreements.
An indemnity contract involves two parties where one promises to compensate the other for any losses. A guarantee contract involves three parties where a surety guarantees a loan between a creditor and principal debtor. Contingent contracts are broader and can include wagers, where performance depends on an uncertain future event. Wagering agreements specifically involve mutual promises to pay based solely on an uncertain outcome.
indeminty vs guarntee difference.pptx
Indemnity and guarantee are different types of contracts. Indemnity involves two parties, where one party promises to compensate the other for losses incurred due to their actions or a third party. Guarantee involves three parties, where one party promises to perform a contract or pay the debt of a third party if they default. The key differences are: indemnity involves two parties while guarantee involves three; indemnity compensates past losses while guarantee ensures future performance or payment of debt; and indemnity liability arises depending on a contingency while guarantee liability already exists.
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A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that intends to create legal obligations. Breach of contract occurs when a party fails to perform their obligations under the agreement. There are two types of breach - actual and anticipatory. In the case of anticipatory breach, one party indicates before the performance date that they will not fulfill their promise. The aggrieved party then has the right to immediately sue for damages or wait until the actual performance date. Remedies for breach include damages compensation, specific performance of the contract, injunctions, rescission of the contract, or quantum meruit.
Termination of Contract
This presentation is one of my assignment in Business Law Class in Sampoerna University. This presentation is about Termination of Contract.
Slide: PowerPoint 2013
Design by: Hedi Fauzi
Image: Google Image
If you want the original file for your reference, feel free to ask me via email: hedi.fauzi@hotmail.com with subject [SlideShare] (Your Subject)
Bl
A contract can be discharged in several ways, including performance, mutual agreement between parties, operation of law, lapse of time, or breach. Breach of contract occurs when one party fails to fulfill their obligations under the contract without a valid legal excuse. Remedies for breach include damages, specific performance, or termination of the contract.
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This document discusses various ways in which a contract can be discharged or ended. It notes that a contract is discharged when the obligations created by it come to an end. The key modes of discharge discussed are:
1. Discharge by performance, which occurs when parties fulfill their obligations under the contract.
2. Discharge by agreement or consent, such as novation, rescission, alteration, remission or waiver.
3. Discharge by impossibility of performance, which can be initial or supervening.
4. Discharge by lapse of time if the contract is not performed within the limitation period.
5. Discharge by operation of law through death, merger,
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This document is a business law assignment submitted by Abdul azees, a student in Class II B.Com(SF) with Rollno 18UR25. The assignment discusses performance of contracts, including who must perform contracts according to Section 37 of the Indian Contract Act, tender of performance and its essentials, assignment of contracts by act of parties or operation of law, and discharge of contracts through performance, death, refusal to accept offer of performance, or breach of contract.
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This document summarizes various remedies available for breach of contract, including rescission, damages, quantum meruit, specific performance, and injunction. It defines each remedy and provides examples to illustrate when each would apply. Rescission cancels the contract, allowing the non-breaching party to be discharged from obligations. Damages compensate for losses from the breach. Quantum meruit pays for work completed if a contract is terminated before completion. Specific performance requires actual fulfillment of contractual obligations. An injunction restrains a breaching party from prohibited actions.
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This document defines and provides examples of different types of contracts: voidable (enforceable at the option of one party), void (unenforceable by law), unenforceable (valid but incapable of proof), executed (both parties performed obligations), executory (neither party performed yet), express (written or spoken terms), implied (inferred from conduct), quasi (resemble contracts but not actually contracts), and contingent (conditional on uncertain future event). Key differences include enforceability, whether obligations have been performed, and how the terms are established.
Consideration
Consideration is an essential element of a valid contract. It refers to something of value that is exchanged between parties to a contract in order to make the promise or promises in the contract legally enforceable. Consideration can be in the form of an act, forbearance, or a return promise. It must be something of value that is offered willingly. Common examples of consideration include payment of money, provision of goods or services, a promise to do or refrain from doing something. For a contract to be valid, consideration typically must be present and pass from one party to the other at the time the contract is formed.
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There are several ways a contractual obligation can terminate, including performance, agreement, breach, frustration, or operation of law. A contract can be discharged through full or attempted performance, novation, rescission, alteration, remission, waiver, or merger. Impossibility of performance can discharge a contract if the impossibility was unknown or unforeseen, or due to changes in law or outbreak of war. A contract's obligations can also end through lapse of time if no legal action is taken within the limitation period, or due to death, insolvency, unauthorized alterations or rights vesting in one person. Breach can be actual if at the due time or during performance, or anticipatory if declared before performance
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Valid Contract – An agreement enforced by law is a valid contract. An agreement becomes a valid contract when it fulfills all the essentials of a contract as laid down in section 10.
Discharge of contract
Discharge of a contract means termination of contractual obligations between parties. A contract can be discharged in several ways including performance, agreement between parties, impossibility of performance, failure to provide facilities for performance, death, refusal of performance, unauthorized alterations, lapse of time, operation of law, and breach of contract. Some key ways are discharge by performance when both parties fulfill their obligations, and discharge by agreement/consent when parties mutually agree to novate, accept accord and satisfaction, remit obligations, or rescind the contract.
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This document summarizes the six elements of a valid contract: 1) offer, which is a proposal made with serious intent by an offeror to an offeree; 2) acceptance, which is an unqualified agreement to the offer's terms without modification; 3) genuine agreement between the parties to create a final contract; 4) consideration, which is the exchange of benefits and detriments by the parties; 5) contractual capacity of the parties to enter into an agreement; and 6) legality in accordance with civil and criminal law as well as public policy.
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This document discusses various ways in which a contract can be discharged or terminated, including:
1) By performance of contractual obligations.
2) By impossibility of performance, such as destruction of the subject matter.
3) By subsequent agreement through novation, remission, rescission, or accord and satisfaction.
4) By breach of contract, which can be actual or anticipatory.
5) By lapse of time if a creditor fails to file a lawsuit within the statute of limitations period.
6) By operation of law due to events such as insolvency, death, merger, or a court judgment.
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(Meaning with suitable example & explanation)
Introduction to Contract Law
A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates obligations that are enforceable in a court of law. There are several essential elements for a valid contract, including agreement between the parties, consideration or an exchange of promises, intention to create a legal relationship, capacity to contract, and absence of factors that could invalidate the contract like duress or illegality. Contracts can be written, oral, or partly written and oral, and they create rights and obligations for the contracting parties that define their relationship.
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This document compares and contrasts contracts of indemnity and guarantee. It notes that indemnity involves two parties, the indemnifier and indemnity holder, while guarantee involves three parties: the creditor, principal debtor, and surety. The liability of the indemnifier is primary, while the surety's liability is secondary and contingent on the principal debtor's default. Indemnity reimburses for losses, while guarantee ensures payment of a debt. The document outlines the key elements and examples of both contract types.
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Similar to Contract act contract of guarentee and indemnity
Contract of guarentee and indemnity
The document discusses the differences between indemnity contracts, guarantee contracts, contingent contracts, and wagering agreements.
An indemnity contract involves two parties where one promises to compensate the other for any losses. A guarantee contract involves three parties where a surety guarantees a loan between a creditor and principal debtor. Contingent contracts are broader and can include wagers, where performance depends on an uncertain future event. Wagering agreements specifically involve mutual promises to pay based solely on an uncertain outcome.
indeminty vs guarntee difference.pptx
Indemnity and guarantee are different types of contracts. Indemnity involves two parties, where one party promises to compensate the other for losses incurred due to their actions or a third party. Guarantee involves three parties, where one party promises to perform a contract or pay the debt of a third party if they default. The key differences are: indemnity involves two parties while guarantee involves three; indemnity compensates past losses while guarantee ensures future performance or payment of debt; and indemnity liability arises depending on a contingency while guarantee liability already exists.
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The document outlines key concepts related to commercial law and contracts in India across 5 units. It discusses contracts of indemnity, guarantee, bailment and pledge. A contract of indemnity involves two parties - the indemnifier who promises to protect the indemnity holder from losses. A contract of guarantee involves three parties - the principal debtor, creditor, and surety. The surety guarantees the debt of the principal debtor. Bailment involves the delivery of movable goods by the bailor to the bailee.
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This document provides an introduction to contracts of indemnity and guarantee under Indian contract law. It defines a contract of indemnity as one where one party promises to save another from loss caused by the conduct of the promisor or a third party. A contract of guarantee is defined as a promise to perform or discharge the liability of a third party in case of their default. The key parties in each are identified. Essentials and rights under each contract are outlined, along with differences between the two types of contracts.
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This document discusses contracts of indemnity and guarantee under Indian contract law. It defines a contract of indemnity as one where one party promises to save the other from loss caused by the conduct of the promisor or a third party. A contract of guarantee involves three parties - a principal debtor, a creditor, and a surety who guarantees to perform or discharge the liability of the debtor in case of default. The document outlines the rights and obligations of parties under these contracts and circumstances under which a surety may be discharged.
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This document discusses contracts of indemnity and guarantee under Indian contract law. It defines a contract of indemnity as one where one party promises to save the other from loss caused by the conduct of the promisor or a third party. A contract of guarantee involves three parties - a principal debtor, a creditor, and a surety who guarantees to perform or discharge the liability of the debtor in case of default. The document outlines the rights and obligations of parties under these contracts and circumstances under which a surety may be discharged.
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The document discusses the key differences between contracts of indemnity and guarantee. It explains that indemnity involves two parties - the indemnifier who promises to compensate the indemnity holder for losses. Guarantee involves three parties, where the surety guarantees a debt owed by the principal debtor to the creditor. The surety is only secondarily liable if the principal debtor defaults. The document outlines the rights and obligations of each party in both types of contracts.
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This document provides an overview of fire insurance. It defines fire insurance as a form of property insurance that covers damage and losses caused by fire. The key points covered include:
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1. A contract of indemnity involves two parties, where one party promises to compensate the other for any loss or liability incurred. A contract of guarantee involves three parties, where a guarantor promises the creditor to compensate for the debt if the principal debtor defaults.
2. The key differences are: in indemnity the indemnifier's liability is primary while in guarantee the surety's liability is secondary; indemnity covers future losses while guarantee covers existing debts; and the surety can recover from the principal debtor, while the indemnifier can only recover from the indemnity holder.
3. For a guarantee to be valid, it must satisfy the requirements of a contract and
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A contract of indemnity and a contract of guarantee are both contingent contracts under contract law. However, they differ in key ways. In a contract of guarantee, there are three parties involved: a creditor, debtor, and surety. The surety guarantees to pay the creditor if the debtor defaults. In contrast, a contract of indemnity involves only two parties: an indemnifier who promises to compensate losses incurred by the indemnified. Additionally, in a guarantee the debtor is primarily liable while the surety is secondarily liable, but in an indemnity the indemnifier assumes primary liability for losses caused.
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The document discusses various types of special contracts under Indian contract law, including indemnity, guarantee, bailment, and pledge. It provides definitions and essential elements of each contract. For indemnity, the indemnifier is liable for losses caused by themselves or others to the indemnified. For guarantee, there are three parties - creditor, principal debtor, and surety, with the surety guaranteeing payment if the debtor defaults. Bailment involves delivery of goods for a purpose, while pledge is a bailment where goods are security for a debt.
Contract act 1972
The document discusses the key aspects of contract law in India including the definition of a contract, essential elements of a valid contract, types of contracts, remedies for breach of contract, discharge of contracts, indemnity agreements, guarantees, partnership law, negotiable instruments, sale of goods act, and company law. It provides definitions, explanations, and examples related to these various legal topics under Indian contract and commercial law.
Contract of guarantee
This document provides an overview of the law of contracts as it relates to guarantees. It defines a guarantee as a tripartite agreement involving a principal debtor, creditor, and surety where the surety assumes secondary liability for the debt if the principal debtor defaults. The document outlines the essential elements of a valid guarantee contract and distinguishes guarantees from indemnity agreements. It also discusses different types of guarantees like continuing guarantees and how continuing guarantees can be revoked. Overall, the document provides a high-level introduction to key concepts regarding guarantees under contract law in 3 sentences or less.
Contingent contracts
This document discusses contingent contracts under Indian law. It defines a contingent contract as one where performance depends on an uncertain future event. Insurance, indemnity, and guarantee contracts are provided as examples. Key requirements of contingent contracts are outlined, including that the future event be uncertain and collateral to the contract. The document also discusses differences between contingent contracts and void wagering agreements, and conditions for enforcement and voidness of contingent contracts. Commercial applications of contingent contracts including insurance, guarantees, negotiations, and mergers & acquisitions are also mentioned.
CONTRACT 2 PRESENTATION ON IMPORTANCE OF SPECIFIC CONTRACT
This document discusses specific contracts under Indian law, including bailment, pledge, indemnity, guarantee, and agency. It provides definitions and examples of each type of specific contract. Bailment involves the delivery of goods by one person to another for a specific purpose. Pledge is a type of bailment where goods are delivered as security for a debt. Indemnity involves one party promising to compensate another for losses. Guarantee involves a third party promising to fulfill another's obligations if they default. Agency involves one person acting on behalf of another in dealings with third parties. The document explains the importance and objectives of these specific contracts under Indian contract law.
TOPIC 6.pptx
The document discusses key terms and concepts related to insurance contracts. It covers topics such as:
- The elements required for a valid contract, including offer/acceptance, consideration, capacity, and legal purpose.
- Distinguishing characteristics of insurance contracts, such as the principle of indemnity, subrogation, contracts of adhesion, representation, concealment, and entire contracts.
- Other insurance contract clauses and concepts like incontestable clauses, the aleatory feature, recession, and reformation.
Contract of Indemnity
A contract of indemnity is defined as one where one party promises to compensate the other for any losses caused either by the promisor's actions or those of others. The person making the promise is the indemnifier and the person receiving the promise is the indemnified. For a contract of indemnity to be enforceable, it must meet all the requirements of a valid contract. If the purpose or consideration of the indemnity is unlawful, such as promising to indemnify someone for assaulting another person, the contract cannot be enforced. Contracts of insurance, excluding life insurance, as well as implied contracts between auctioneers and those requesting an auction are also considered contracts of indemnity.
Indemnity and guarantee
The slides discuss in detail the concept of Indemnity and Guarantee under the Indian Contract Act, 1878. Useful for Law Students and professionals.
Contract of indemnity contract of guarantee
An indemnity contract involves two parties, where one party (the indemnifier) promises to compensate the other (the indemnified) for losses caused by the indemnifier or a third party. A guarantee contract involves three parties, where one (the surety) guarantees to perform a promise made by a second (the principal debtor) if the second defaults, to benefit a third (the creditor). The principal debtor is primarily liable, while the surety is secondarily liable. The surety's rights include subrogation to the creditor's rights against the debtor, benefit of securities held by the creditor, and reimbursement from the debtor for amounts paid. The surety is discharged by changes to
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More from Moazzam Habib
Punjab indutrial relations act 2010
The document outlines key aspects of the Punjab Industrial Relation Act 2010, including definitions, requirements for trade union registration, workers' participation rights, and dispute resolution procedures. It defines terms like employer, worker, trade union, lockout, strike, and industrial dispute. Registration of trade unions requires an application with documents like a member list and constitution. A union's constitution must address matters like leadership election process, financial audits, and dissolution procedure. The act enables collective bargaining and sets up labor courts to resolve industrial disputes.
Partnership nature of partnership
This document discusses different types of partnerships under Indian partnership law, including:
- General partnerships where liability is unlimited
- Limited partnerships where some partners' liability is limited to their contributions
- Partnerships at will which have no defined period and can be dissolved by any partner
- Particular partnerships formed for a specific time period or purpose
It also outlines the rights and responsibilities of different types of partners such as active, sleeping, secret, and limited partners.
Partnership duties of partners
Partners have duties of loyalty, obedience, and reasonable care towards the partnership. They must act in good faith, not take secret profits, share management rights, inspect books, and share profits equally unless otherwise agreed. Partners are jointly and severally liable for partnership debts and torts. They can be reimbursed for payments on partnership behalf and receive their share of capital after creditors are paid upon dissolution.
Partnership by status
The document discusses the requirements for establishing a legal partnership under Indian law. It states that partnership arises from a voluntary contract between two or more people, not from status alone. Members of a Hindu undivided family or a Burmese Buddhist husband and wife carrying on a family business do not automatically constitute a partnership. A partnership requires an agreement to share profits, with the acts of one partner usually binding the others, though in a joint family firm only the manager has this authority.
Partnership act
This document discusses various types of partnerships under Indian law, including general partnerships, limited partnerships, partnership at will, and partnership for a particular undertaking. It explains the key characteristics of each type, such as unlimited liability for general partners versus limited liability for limited partners. The document also covers topics like duties of partners, rights of minor partners, and rights and obligations of partners generally as laid out in partnership agreements or statutes.
Partnership act
The document discusses key concepts around partnerships under Indian law, including:
1. The essential elements of a partnership include an association of two or more persons, an agreement to carry on business together, and a sharing of profits.
2. The rights and duties of partners are outlined, with rights including participation in management, inspection of books, and sharing of profits, and duties including acting for the common advantage and not claiming remuneration.
3. Dissolution of a partnership can occur through compulsory, agreement-based, or court-ordered means, and winding up is the process of settling partnership affairs after dissolution.
Papers
1. The document contains solutions to 3 questions on business law topics - promissory notes, bills of exchange, contracts of sale, and free consent.
2. Key details are provided on the essential elements of promissory notes and bills of exchange, as well as comparisons between the two instruments. Rights of unpaid sellers are also outlined.
3. Free consent is defined and the document elaborates on what can invalidate consent, such as coercion, undue influence, fraud, and misrepresentation. Examples are given for each case.
Papers dad
This document contains summaries of 3 questions from a Business Law paper.
1) It defines a promissory note and bill of exchange, highlighting the essential elements of each. Key differences include promissory notes having two parties while bills of exchange have three, and liability being primary for makers of promissory notes but secondary for makers of bills of exchange.
2) It defines a contract of sale and unpaid seller. An unpaid seller is one who has not received full payment for goods. Rights of an unpaid seller include lien on goods and right of stoppage in transit or resale.
3) It explains free consent in a contract requires lack of coercion, undue influence, fraud or misrepresentation.
Paper 2
This document contains 3 questions related to business law concepts. Question 1 asks about the steps of incorporating a company, defining various types of companies, and enumerating modes of winding up a company. Question 2 defines what makes a contract valid and remedies for breaching a contract. Question 3 defines negotiable instruments, lists various types, and highlights forms of endorsements.
Negotiable instrument types of negotiable instruments
This document discusses types of negotiable instruments. It defines a negotiable instrument as a written order promising to pay a sum of money that is transferable between parties. The main types discussed are cheques, promissory notes, and bills of exchange. Cheques are drawn on a bank and payable on demand, while promissory notes contain an unconditional promise to pay and bills of exchange contain an order to pay. All negotiable instruments must be in writing, signed, state a fixed amount, and be freely transferable. The document provides definitions and essential features of each type of instrument.
Negotiable instrument negotiable instrument act
This document discusses key concepts related to negotiable instruments under Indian law. It defines negotiable instruments as written documents that create or transfer certain rights to payment. The three main types of negotiable instruments are promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It outlines essential elements, characteristics, parties involved, types of endorsement and more for each instrument. The document also discusses concepts like holder, holder in due course, crossing and more.
Negotiable instrument negotiable instrumentsact1881
This document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881. It defines key terms like promissory note, bill of exchange, cheque, inland and foreign instruments. It describes the essential elements and parties involved in promissory notes, bills of exchange and cheques. It also discusses negotiation, crossing of cheques, presumptions related to negotiable instruments and endorsement.
Midterm paper
This document appears to be a sample final exam for business and labor law courses, containing 5 questions per section. Each section covers a different semester (4th, 6th, 8th) for degrees in M.Com and BBA. The questions address topics such as contracts, companies, manufacturing processes, social security/employment injury benefits, trade unions, and negotiable instruments. Health and safety provisions for factories are also discussed.
Labour laws in pakistan punjab ira 2010
The document summarizes key labour laws in Pakistan. It outlines laws regarding working hours and conditions, leaves and holidays, children's employment, labour disputes processes, and equal employment practices. Key points include laws prohibiting slavery, child labour and discrimination. It also discusses laws governing maximum work hours, minimum leaves, maternity benefits, holidays, and health/safety conditions. The document outlines processes for labour disputes including conciliation, arbitration and strikes/lockouts, and the roles of labour courts, trade unions and collective bargaining agreements.
Kinds of partnership
The document discusses different types of partnerships under Indian law. It describes general partnerships where all partners have unlimited liability. Limited partnerships consist of general partners with unlimited liability and limited partners whose liability is limited to their capital contribution. The document also outlines rights and obligations of various types of partners such as active, sleeping, limited, and minor partners. It discusses rights that partners have such as rights to profits, management participation, and accessing firm records.
Joint stock company
This document defines and classifies joint-stock companies according to their incorporation, liability, and number of members. Joint-stock companies issue shares to owners in return for financial contributions, allowing shareholders to transfer ownership by selling shares. Companies are classified as chartered, statutory, or registered based on how they are formed. They are classified as limited by shares, limited by guarantee, or unlimited based on shareholder liability. Finally, companies are private or public based on membership numbers and share ownership.
Incorporation of companies
This document discusses the key aspects of forming a company under the Companies Ordinance 1984 in Pakistan. It defines subsidiary and holding companies, outlines the requirements for forming a public or private company according to Section 17, and describes the steps in company formation including preparing the memorandum of association and articles of association, executing pre-incorporation contracts, and registering the company. It also explains the registration process and requirements and provides details on the content that must be included in the memorandum of association for companies limited by shares, limited by guarantee, or unlimited companies.
Factories act 1934
This document summarizes the key aspects of the Factories Act of 1934 in Pakistan. It defines important terms like adult, child, factory, and occupier. It outlines provisions around inspectors and their powers to ensure health, safety, and proper working conditions. It specifies restrictions on working hours for different groups like adults, children, and women. It also covers requirements around holidays, overtime pay, and penalties for violations of the act. In summary, the Factories Act establishes occupational health and safety standards and regulates the working hours and conditions of employees in factories across Pakistan.
Factories act 1934.l
The Factories Act of 1934 establishes requirements for worker health, safety, and welfare in factories across Pakistan. Key aspects of the act include provisions for cleanliness, ventilation, lighting, drinking water, sanitation facilities, restrictions on working hours for children and adults, and appointment of inspectors to enforce the regulations. The act defines terms like factory, worker, adult, and child. It also specifies standards for issues like temperature, humidity, overcrowding, disposal of waste, and prevention of diseases in factories. The health and safety section covers requirements for facilities, cleanliness, and precautions regarding issues that could affect worker well-being.
Essential elements of a valid contract
The document discusses the essential elements of a valid contract under Indian law. It states that a contract requires an offer and acceptance which constitutes a promise, along with consideration between the parties to create a legal agreement. Not all agreements are contracts, as social or domestic agreements are not enforceable by law. The key elements outlined are: offer and acceptance, lawful purpose, consent of parties, capacity to contract, certainty of terms, possibility of performance, lawful consideration, and compliance with required formalities.
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
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留信网认证的作用:
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
THE CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO DEFAULT BAIL.pptx
The presentation deals with the concept of Right to Default Bail laid down under Section 167 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 and Section 187 of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023.
一比一原版(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版新加坡国立大学毕业证(本硕）nus学位证书如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【新加坡国立大学毕业证(本硕）nus学位证书成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理新加坡国立大学毕业证(本硕）nus学位证书【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理新加坡国立大学毕业证(本硕）nus学位证书【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理新加坡国立大学毕业证(本硕）nus学位证书【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理新加坡国立大学毕业证(本硕）nus学位证书【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Capital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptx
This PowerPoint presentation, titled "Capital Punishment in India: Constitutionality and Rarest of Rare Principle," is a comprehensive exploration of the death penalty within the Indian criminal justice system. Authored by Saif Javed, an LL.M student specializing in Criminal Law and Criminology at Kazi Nazrul University, the presentation delves into the constitutional aspects and ethical debates surrounding capital punishment. It examines key legal provisions, significant case laws, and the specific categories of offenders excluded from the death penalty. The presentation also discusses recent recommendations by the Law Commission of India regarding the gradual abolishment of capital punishment, except for terrorism-related offenses. This detailed analysis aims to foster informed discussions on the future of the death penalty in India.
一比一原版(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版多伦多都会大学毕业证(TMU毕业证书)学历如何办理
原版办【微信号:95270640】【多伦多都会大学毕业证(TMU毕业证书)】【微信号:95270640】《成绩单、外壳、雅思、offer、真实留信官方学历认证（永久存档/真实可查）》采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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Comparative analysis of ipc and bharitye Naya sahinta
Comparative analysis of ipc and bharitye Naya sahinta
Contract act contract of guarentee and indemnity
- 1. Indemnity and Guarantee Contract BRIG(R) MUHAMMAD SALEEM,SI(M)
- 2. Indemnity Contract • A contract where one party promises to save the other from any loss caused to him by the conduct of promisor himself or any other person is called contract of indemnity, (Section 124) . • Indemnity contract includes two parties namely; Indemnifier and Indemnity holder. The person who is promising to pay compensation is called Indemnifier and the person who`s loss is compensated is called Indemnity holder. • * Example: There is a contract between X and Y according to which X • has to Sell a tape recorder (which is selected) to Y after three • months. On the next day of their contract Z has come to X and has • insisted on selling the same tape recorder to him (Z). Here Z is • promising to compensate X for any loss faced by X, due to selling • the tape recorder to Z. X has agreed. Now the contract which has got • formed between X and Z is called indemnity contract, where Z is • indemnifier and X is indemnity holder.
- 3. Guarantee Contract • A contract to perform the obligation or to discharge the liability of a third party in case of its default is called contract of guarantee, (Section 126) . • Guarantee contract includes three parties namely; Creditor, Principal Debtor and Surety. The person who is granting the loan is creditor, the person who is utilizing the amount of loan is principal debtor and the person who is giving guarantee is called surety or guarantor or favored debtor. In case of guarantee contract there will be two types of liabilities namely; Primary liability and secondary liability. Primary liability will be with principal debtor and Secondary liability goes to surety. • * Example: Y is in need of Rs. 10000/-. Upon guarantee by Z, Y has got the amount from X. Here X, Y and Z are creditor, principal debtor and surety respectively.
- 4. Difference between Indemnity Contract and Guarantee Contract • Number of Parties:* Indemnity contract includes two parties namely, indemnifier and indemnity holder. But guarantee contract includes three parties namely creditor, Principal debtor and surety. • Number of Contracts:* In case of indemnity contract, as there are only two parties, there is possibility for existence of one contract only. But a contract of guarantee includes three sub- contracts. • Nature: *As indemnity contract includes two parties and one contract, it can be said that indemnity contract is simple in nature. But guarantee contract includes three parties and three sub-contracts and hence be said that guarantee contract is complex in nature. • Liability:* In contract of guarantee there will be two types of liabilities namely; primary and secondary liabilities which will be with principal debtor and surety respectively. But in contract of indemnity there is no classification and sharing of liability where the absolute liability rests with indemnifier. • Recovery:* In case of indemnity contract the indemnifier, after compensating indemnity holder`s loss, cannot recover that amount from any person. But in contract of guarantee, if surety makes payment to creditor, he (surety) can recover that amount from principal debtor. • Interest of parties: *Indemnity contract gets formed upon indemnifier`s interest and guarantee contract gets formed upon principal debtor`s • Interest of parties: *Indemnity contract gets formed upon indemnifier`s interest and guarantee contract gets formed upon principal debtor`s interest.