This document is the table of contents for the 22nd edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. It contains over 100 chapters organized into sections on introduction/quality assurance, physical/aggregate properties, metals, inorganic nonmetals, and sludge/digester gas analysis. Each chapter provides standardized methods for testing and analyzing various water quality parameters.
This document is a thesis submitted by Balwinder Singh to Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology in partial fulfillment of a Master of Engineering degree in Environmental Engineering. The thesis, supervised by Dr. Anita Rajor and Dr. A.S. Reddy, examines the determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) kinetic parameters and evaluation of alternate methods. It includes chapters on literature review, materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusions. The study evaluates six common methods for estimating BOD kinetic parameters using results from serial BOD testing of various water and wastewater samples.
Study of the folding and unfolding of proteins adsorbed to a fused silica sur...guestee6b24
This document summarizes a study on the folding and unfolding of cytochrome c proteins adsorbed to a fused silica surface. It introduces cytochrome c, describes solution and surface spectroscopy experiments, and compares experiments using horse and yeast cytochrome c. Specifically, it examines how horse cytochrome c unfolds with increasing alcohol concentration in solution versus on the surface, finding proteins are more protected from denaturation when adsorbed. Similar experiments with yeast cytochrome c show it takes longer to unfold on the surface than in solution.
Ftir and xrd evaluation of carbonated hydroxyapatite powders synthesized by w...Chienbinhrong Bj
This document summarizes a study that evaluated carbonated hydroxyapatite powders synthesized by wet methods using FTIR and XRD analysis. The following key points were made:
1) Carbonated hydroxyapatite powders were produced using various calcium and phosphate reagents with NH4HCO3 or NaHCO3 additions to incorporate carbonate ions.
2) FTIR and XRD analysis showed the powders contained carbonate substitutions and were classified as type B or AB apatites.
3) The amount and type of carbonate additive, as well as calcination temperature, influenced the level of carbonate substitution and thermal stability of the hydroxyapatite structure. Higher amounts and
This document summarizes research on the impacts of aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) on groundwater quality. Key findings include:
1) ATES can increase the leaching of substances like arsenic and boron due to temperature-dependent desorption from iron oxides.
2) Sulfate reduction rates follow an Arrhenius equation with a Q10 value of 1.7-2, but also show two temperature optima around 40°C and 70°C.
3) Dissolved organic carbon increases linearly with temperature from microbial degradation, but methane production peaks at lower temperatures than sulfate reduction.
The research concludes that ATES is generally acceptable if not in vulnerable pumping station
This document summarizes the synthesis, isolation, characterization, and electrochemical behavior of some calcium-containing metallofullerenes. Specifically, it describes the first isolation of Ca@C76, Ca@C88, and two isomers of Ca@C90 using an improved arc discharge method and multi-stage HPLC separation. UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy was used to analyze the electronic structures and possible symmetries. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry provided information on the electrochemical properties and reversible reduction behaviors compared to other metallofullerenes. The features of the calcium metallofullerenes' electronic structures are also discussed.
Spectroscopic pH Measurement Using Phenol Red Dyetedoado
This document describes a thesis presented by Tewodros Adaro to Addis Ababa University for a Master of Science degree in Physics. The thesis investigates using spectroscopic pH measurement with the dye phenol red. It provides background on absorption spectroscopy and Beer's law. The experimental section details preparing buffer solutions, phenol red solutions, and measuring absorption spectra of phenol red in buffers and samples. Results show the color response of phenol red to pH and absorption spectra in buffers and spring waters. The dissociation constant of phenol red is determined and used to calculate pH values, which are compared to stated values with an error of 0.005 pH units.
This document provides an overview of plant mineral analysis techniques. It discusses the essential and toxic elements analyzed in plants, sample pretreatment including sampling, decontamination, drying and grinding. Sample preparation techniques like dry ashing and wet ashing are described. The instrumentation used for analysis including XRF, AAS, flame emission spectrometry, ICP-AES, UV-VIS spectrophotometry and elemental analyzers are outlined. Key concepts like qualitative and quantitative analysis, calibration curves, limits of detection and quantitation, accuracy and precision are also summarized.
There are three sources of alkalinity in water samples: hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity. The alkalinity method involves titrating a water sample from its original pH down to pH 8.3 to determine hydroxide and carbonate alkalinity. The sample is then titrated down to pH 4.5 to determine total alkalinity. Calculations are performed based on the volumes of acid added and normality to quantify each alkalinity type in units of mg/L as CaCO3. The source and amount of each alkalinity present depends on the initial pH and volume of acid needed to reach pH 8.3 versus the total volume to pH 4.
This document is a thesis submitted by Balwinder Singh to Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology in partial fulfillment of a Master of Engineering degree in Environmental Engineering. The thesis, supervised by Dr. Anita Rajor and Dr. A.S. Reddy, examines the determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) kinetic parameters and evaluation of alternate methods. It includes chapters on literature review, materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusions. The study evaluates six common methods for estimating BOD kinetic parameters using results from serial BOD testing of various water and wastewater samples.
Study of the folding and unfolding of proteins adsorbed to a fused silica sur...guestee6b24
This document summarizes a study on the folding and unfolding of cytochrome c proteins adsorbed to a fused silica surface. It introduces cytochrome c, describes solution and surface spectroscopy experiments, and compares experiments using horse and yeast cytochrome c. Specifically, it examines how horse cytochrome c unfolds with increasing alcohol concentration in solution versus on the surface, finding proteins are more protected from denaturation when adsorbed. Similar experiments with yeast cytochrome c show it takes longer to unfold on the surface than in solution.
Ftir and xrd evaluation of carbonated hydroxyapatite powders synthesized by w...Chienbinhrong Bj
This document summarizes a study that evaluated carbonated hydroxyapatite powders synthesized by wet methods using FTIR and XRD analysis. The following key points were made:
1) Carbonated hydroxyapatite powders were produced using various calcium and phosphate reagents with NH4HCO3 or NaHCO3 additions to incorporate carbonate ions.
2) FTIR and XRD analysis showed the powders contained carbonate substitutions and were classified as type B or AB apatites.
3) The amount and type of carbonate additive, as well as calcination temperature, influenced the level of carbonate substitution and thermal stability of the hydroxyapatite structure. Higher amounts and
This document summarizes research on the impacts of aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) on groundwater quality. Key findings include:
1) ATES can increase the leaching of substances like arsenic and boron due to temperature-dependent desorption from iron oxides.
2) Sulfate reduction rates follow an Arrhenius equation with a Q10 value of 1.7-2, but also show two temperature optima around 40°C and 70°C.
3) Dissolved organic carbon increases linearly with temperature from microbial degradation, but methane production peaks at lower temperatures than sulfate reduction.
The research concludes that ATES is generally acceptable if not in vulnerable pumping station
This document summarizes the synthesis, isolation, characterization, and electrochemical behavior of some calcium-containing metallofullerenes. Specifically, it describes the first isolation of Ca@C76, Ca@C88, and two isomers of Ca@C90 using an improved arc discharge method and multi-stage HPLC separation. UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy was used to analyze the electronic structures and possible symmetries. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry provided information on the electrochemical properties and reversible reduction behaviors compared to other metallofullerenes. The features of the calcium metallofullerenes' electronic structures are also discussed.
Spectroscopic pH Measurement Using Phenol Red Dyetedoado
This document describes a thesis presented by Tewodros Adaro to Addis Ababa University for a Master of Science degree in Physics. The thesis investigates using spectroscopic pH measurement with the dye phenol red. It provides background on absorption spectroscopy and Beer's law. The experimental section details preparing buffer solutions, phenol red solutions, and measuring absorption spectra of phenol red in buffers and samples. Results show the color response of phenol red to pH and absorption spectra in buffers and spring waters. The dissociation constant of phenol red is determined and used to calculate pH values, which are compared to stated values with an error of 0.005 pH units.
This document provides an overview of plant mineral analysis techniques. It discusses the essential and toxic elements analyzed in plants, sample pretreatment including sampling, decontamination, drying and grinding. Sample preparation techniques like dry ashing and wet ashing are described. The instrumentation used for analysis including XRF, AAS, flame emission spectrometry, ICP-AES, UV-VIS spectrophotometry and elemental analyzers are outlined. Key concepts like qualitative and quantitative analysis, calibration curves, limits of detection and quantitation, accuracy and precision are also summarized.
There are three sources of alkalinity in water samples: hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity. The alkalinity method involves titrating a water sample from its original pH down to pH 8.3 to determine hydroxide and carbonate alkalinity. The sample is then titrated down to pH 4.5 to determine total alkalinity. Calculations are performed based on the volumes of acid added and normality to quantify each alkalinity type in units of mg/L as CaCO3. The source and amount of each alkalinity present depends on the initial pH and volume of acid needed to reach pH 8.3 versus the total volume to pH 4.
Analytical techniques. An overview of chromatography and spectroscopy Adjoa Amponfi
This document provides an overview of instrumental analytical techniques, focusing on chromatography and spectroscopy. It describes various chromatographic techniques including thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. It also outlines several spectroscopic techniques, such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, colorimetry, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The document explains the basic principles, applications, and procedures for these analytical methods.
Characterization of Structural and Surface Properties of Nanocrystalline TiO2...Shingo Watanabe (渡邊真悟)
This document characterizes the structural and surface properties of TiO2-CeO2 mixed oxides synthesized using a urea coprecipitation method. Key findings include:
1) The mixed oxides have unimodal nanoporous structures with pore sizes ranging from 3.7 to 5.3 nm and higher surface areas than single TiO2 and CeO2 oxides.
2) XRD and XPS analysis show the mixed oxides have nanocrystalline structures between 4.0-5.4 nm, with distorted lattice structures indicating reduction of Ti4+ and Ce4+ ions at the surface.
3) H2-TPR and NH3-TPD reveal the mixed oxides
Doran and Zander 2005 - An improved method for measuring soil microbial activ...Alek Zander
This document describes an improved method for measuring soil microbial activity by analyzing carbon dioxide (CO2) production using gas phase flow injection analysis (GPFIA). The traditional method involves trapping CO2 in an alkali solution and then determining concentration indirectly by titration, which is time-consuming and operator-dependent. The new GPFIA method allows CO2 trapped in alkali to be released into a sampling chamber and collected in a syringe for injection into the GPFIA system. A comparison of GPFIA and titration results found no significant difference, but GPFIA uses only a tenth of the sample volume and does not require expensive equipment. The GPFIA method was validated and then applied to analyze CO2
This document discusses the extraction of uranium from aqueous solutions using ionic liquids and supercritical carbon dioxide. Specifically, it finds that:
1) Uranyl ions in aqueous nitric acid can be extracted into supercritical CO2 by using an imidazolium-based ionic liquid with tri-n-butyl phosphate as a complexing agent.
2) The uranyl complex extracted into the supercritical CO2 phase was identified as [UO2(NO3)2(TBP)2] based on UV/Vis spectroscopy.
3) Extraction results were confirmed using fluorescence spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis, demonstrating the potential of this technique for nuclear waste management applications.
The document summarizes research conducted on an Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) chemical sensor. The sensor was constructed and tested at Northern Illinois University to detect differences between alcohols like isopropyl and methanol by measuring electrical impedance responses. Tests measured the adsorption and desorption rates of chemicals on the sensor surface. Results showed the sensor could distinguish between chemicals and further testing could provide more understanding of sensor interactions and responses.
This document describes new methods for determining reactive bromine and chlorine species in water. It presents methods to analyze hypobromous acid (HOBr) and bromamines as a sum parameter, and to selectively determine hypochlorous acid (HOCl), monochloramine (NH2Cl), and chlorine dioxide (ClO2). The methods use 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) which reacts with the bromine and chlorine species to form a stable, green colored product that can be measured photometrically. The methods allow distinguishing between chlorine and chlorine dioxide without interference from chlorites, and
This document summarizes a study that synthesized nanocrystalline bismuth phosphate materials using the hot injection method. The study found that a concentration of 2-4M HCl produced single-phase bismuth phosphate materials with particle sizes of 5-7 nm. Different acid types produced similar materials but with different particle shapes. Further research is needed to improve crystallinity, control the phosphorus precursor, and optimize synthesis parameters such as temperature, precursor ratios, and solvents.
Introduction
Ohm’s law.
Conductometric measurements.
Factor affecting conductivity.
Application of conductometry.
2.Conductometric titration-:
Introduction.
Types of conductometric tiration.
Advantages of conductometric tiration.
3.Recent devlopement
Conductometry:
is the simplest of the electroanalytical techniques; by Kolthoff in 1929.
Conductors are:
either metallic (flow of electrons) or electrolytic (movemenmt of ions).
Conductance of electricity:
migration of positively charged ions towards the cathode and negatively charged ones towards the anode
(i.e.) current is carried by all ions present in solution.
Conductance depends on the number of ions in solun.
Factors affecting conductance:
1- Temperature:
(1C increase in temperature causes 2 % increase in conductance).
2- Nature of ions
Size, molecular weight and number of charges.
3- Concentration of ions:
As the number of ions increases, the conductance increases.
4- Size of electrodes
Conductance is directly proportional to the cross sectional area (A).
67551071 au-gold cementation with zinc powder at low cyanidesalarislideshare
The document summarizes an electrochemical study of gold cementation with zinc powder at low cyanide concentrations in alkaline solutions. Key findings include:
1) Gold reduction in low cyanide concentration solutions is greatly influenced by strong adsorptive processes rather than diffusion of Au(CN)2- complexes as in high cyanide solutions.
2) Zinc oxidation is controlled by the formation of different passivating layers on the zinc surface depending on pH.
3) Mixed potentials and currents determined from Evans' diagrams do not adequately describe the global cementation reaction due to the strong influence of adsorption at low cyanide concentrations. Direct monitoring of the mixed potential using zinc powder electrodes was proposed instead.
CE8512- WATER & WASTE WATER ANALYSIS LAB MANUVALLokesh Kalliz
This document provides the procedure for determining the acidity of water samples through titration. It begins with an introduction on the principle of acidity determination, which is measuring a sample's capacity to react with a strong base. The procedure involves titrating the sample with a standard sodium hydroxide solution using a phenolphthalein indicator until the solution turns pink. The volume of base required is then used to calculate the acidity level in terms of milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate. Precautions mentioned include using carbon dioxide-free reagents and indicators to ensure an accurate result. In summary, this document outlines the titrimetric method for quantitatively analyzing a water sample's acidity level.
Madkour 1985-journal of-chemical_technology_and_biotechnology._chemical_techn...Al Baha University
Recommended Flowsheets for the Electrolytic Extraction of Lead and Zinc from Red Sea Polymetal Ore
The polymetal complex ore Umm-Gheig considered in Egypt as a rather rich source of lead and zinc is subjected to mineralogical, chemical, spectral, X-ray and differential thermal analyses. Hydrometallurgical treatments based on leaching, precipitation and electrodeposition of metal from the ore are established. The influences of current density, temperature and metal ion concentration on the Faradic current efficiency are discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of flow- sheets and various approaches depending on convenient baths for the electro- deposition of metals are investigated. The results of electron microscopic investiga- tion confirmed by metal value data given in the A.S.T.M. cards coincide well with those given by chemical analysis.
This document summarizes a study investigating the speciation of technetium peroxo complexes formed from the reaction of Tc(VII) with hydrogen peroxide in sulfuric acid solutions. UV-visible and 99-Tc NMR spectroscopy show that in sulfuric acid concentrations of 9 M or higher, blue Tc(VII) peroxo species form immediately upon addition of hydrogen peroxide. In 6 M sulfuric acid, red Tc(VII) complexes are observed for hydrogen peroxide concentrations of 2.12 M or higher. The spectra of the red species match those of TcO(O2)2(H2O)(OH) formed in nitric acid. The blue species decompose over time, likely forming
This document provides information about qualitative organic analysis procedures at Tumkur University in India. It discusses preliminary tests, determination of physical properties, elemental detection using sodium fusion, solubility testing, and characteristic reactions to identify functional groups of compounds. The document is from the university's Department of Studies and Research in Organic Chemistry and is part of their practical manual for organic chemistry students, covering topics like separation of mixtures, systematic analysis steps, and specific reactions to identify compounds like alcohols and amides.
This lecture is based on previously read lecture "Plant Mineral Analysis", 2012. Some new points were added, especially in LOD/LOQ section. The internal standard calculation was explained. The lecture was presented in the frame of International Course "Crop Production under Saline Stress As A Result Of Climatic Changes", The Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Separation of calcium carbonate and barium sulphate from a mixed sludge prduc...Timothy Rukuni
South Africa is one of the first countries to implement full-scale mine water reclamation to drinking water quality. Reverse osmosis is already being used on full scale for desalination of mine water. However, with increased recycling of mine water, the result has been the increased generation of sludge. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has developed the Alkali-Barium-Carbonate (CSIR-ABC) process that can be used for neutralization and desalination of sulphate-rich effluents while recovering valuable by-products from the mixed sludges produced. A mixture of BaSO4 and CaCO3 sludge is produced as one of the by-products, which preferably needs to be separated into its components prior to thermal treatment. The aim of this study was to separate CaCO3 and BaSO4 from a CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge through dissolution of CaCO3 as Ca(HCO3)2 in contact with CO2. Measured quantities of a simulated CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge from the CSIR-ABC process were fed into a reactor vessel containing deionized water and pressurized CO2 was introduced. The effects of temperature and pressure with time were investigated while monitoring alkalinity, pH and calcium concentration. The findings of this study were: (1) The dissolution rate of CaCO3 was rapid i.e. from 0 to 2000mg/L in the first 20 minutes; (2) Ca(HCO3)2 had a high solubility of about 2 600 mg/L when in contact with CO2 at 1 atm., while BaSO4 was almost completely insoluble; (3) The solubility of Ca(HCO3)2 increased with decreasing temperature and increasing pressure; (4) CaCO3, after conversion to Ca(HCO3)2, was separated from BaSO4 in a CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge; (5) Visual MINTEQ model is a powerful tool that can be used to predict the solubilities of CaCO3 and BaSO4 when contacted with CO2.
This document summarizes Dr. V. A. Chatpalliwar's lecture on separation techniques. It discusses various chromatographic and physical separation methods that can be used to separate binary mixtures and chiral compounds. These include TLC, HPLC, GC, and techniques based on differences in solubility such as extraction with acidic or basic solutions. The document provides guidance on properly selecting and applying separation methods, including considering the properties of the compounds involved and avoiding approaches that could damage or contaminate the samples.
A new technique to measure oxygen reduction kinetics underneath coatings using hydrogen permeation from the back side. Huge step towards characterising buried interface reactivity.
Separation of mercury from VOC’s and selective detection using gold film ama...Jennifer Maclachlan
Presented at the Spring 2015 National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Denver, CO on March 23, 2015 on the Analytical Chemistry Division program track.
Presentation overview:
We used a sensitive but nonspecific photoionization detector (PID) with a 10.6eV lamp to measure mercury, which has an ionization potential of 10.43eV.
The PID responds to both mercury and VOC’s so the VOC’s have to be removed to make the technique specific for mercury.
The chemistry of the gold/mercury amalgam makes this method specific for mercury and eliminates interferences from VOC’s.
This technique also concentrates the sample making the method sensitive to sub ppb levels.
Prediction of Hydrogen Production from Imperata cylindrica Using Stoichiometr...Bemgba Nyakuma
This document summarizes a study that used stoichiometric and thermodynamic modeling to predict hydrogen production from the biomass Imperata cylindrica. The study found that steam reforming of bio-oils derived from I. cylindrica pyrolysis can produce hydrogen. Optimization analysis identified the optimal conditions as 1 atm pressure, 450-750°C temperature range, and a steam-to-feed ratio of 10, under which hydrogen yield varied between 0.6-0.7 by mass fraction. The effects of temperature, pressure, and steam-to-feed ratio on product composition were also examined.
The document summarizes Amy McCusker's approach and findings for the CoSMoS Method Development Olympics 2014 challenge. Using various analytical techniques, she identified the API as hydrocortisone and quantified minor constituents. She used LC/MS, HRMS, NMR and chromatography to confirm hydrocortisone and detect formate, sodium, ethanol, acetaldehyde and polyethylene glycol in the sample. Her multi-technique strategy allowed successful identification of the API and other components within the time constraints of the challenge.
This document summarizes a new method for detecting mercury (Hg) at parts-per-billion (ppb) levels in air and water samples using photoionization detection (PID). Hg is collected from air samples using a Hopcalite tube and dissolved in acid. Water samples are treated with acid and a reducing agent to convert Hg salts to elemental Hg. Both sample types are purged with nitrogen and injected into a gas chromatograph coupled to a PID. The PID uses a 10.6 eV lamp to ionize Hg, which has an ionization potential of 10.4 eV. This allows for specific detection of Hg without interferences. The method was able to detect Hg standards down to 10 ppb and showed potential
Analytical techniques. An overview of chromatography and spectroscopy Adjoa Amponfi
This document provides an overview of instrumental analytical techniques, focusing on chromatography and spectroscopy. It describes various chromatographic techniques including thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. It also outlines several spectroscopic techniques, such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, colorimetry, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The document explains the basic principles, applications, and procedures for these analytical methods.
Characterization of Structural and Surface Properties of Nanocrystalline TiO2...Shingo Watanabe (渡邊真悟)
This document characterizes the structural and surface properties of TiO2-CeO2 mixed oxides synthesized using a urea coprecipitation method. Key findings include:
1) The mixed oxides have unimodal nanoporous structures with pore sizes ranging from 3.7 to 5.3 nm and higher surface areas than single TiO2 and CeO2 oxides.
2) XRD and XPS analysis show the mixed oxides have nanocrystalline structures between 4.0-5.4 nm, with distorted lattice structures indicating reduction of Ti4+ and Ce4+ ions at the surface.
3) H2-TPR and NH3-TPD reveal the mixed oxides
Doran and Zander 2005 - An improved method for measuring soil microbial activ...Alek Zander
This document describes an improved method for measuring soil microbial activity by analyzing carbon dioxide (CO2) production using gas phase flow injection analysis (GPFIA). The traditional method involves trapping CO2 in an alkali solution and then determining concentration indirectly by titration, which is time-consuming and operator-dependent. The new GPFIA method allows CO2 trapped in alkali to be released into a sampling chamber and collected in a syringe for injection into the GPFIA system. A comparison of GPFIA and titration results found no significant difference, but GPFIA uses only a tenth of the sample volume and does not require expensive equipment. The GPFIA method was validated and then applied to analyze CO2
This document discusses the extraction of uranium from aqueous solutions using ionic liquids and supercritical carbon dioxide. Specifically, it finds that:
1) Uranyl ions in aqueous nitric acid can be extracted into supercritical CO2 by using an imidazolium-based ionic liquid with tri-n-butyl phosphate as a complexing agent.
2) The uranyl complex extracted into the supercritical CO2 phase was identified as [UO2(NO3)2(TBP)2] based on UV/Vis spectroscopy.
3) Extraction results were confirmed using fluorescence spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis, demonstrating the potential of this technique for nuclear waste management applications.
The document summarizes research conducted on an Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) chemical sensor. The sensor was constructed and tested at Northern Illinois University to detect differences between alcohols like isopropyl and methanol by measuring electrical impedance responses. Tests measured the adsorption and desorption rates of chemicals on the sensor surface. Results showed the sensor could distinguish between chemicals and further testing could provide more understanding of sensor interactions and responses.
This document describes new methods for determining reactive bromine and chlorine species in water. It presents methods to analyze hypobromous acid (HOBr) and bromamines as a sum parameter, and to selectively determine hypochlorous acid (HOCl), monochloramine (NH2Cl), and chlorine dioxide (ClO2). The methods use 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) which reacts with the bromine and chlorine species to form a stable, green colored product that can be measured photometrically. The methods allow distinguishing between chlorine and chlorine dioxide without interference from chlorites, and
This document summarizes a study that synthesized nanocrystalline bismuth phosphate materials using the hot injection method. The study found that a concentration of 2-4M HCl produced single-phase bismuth phosphate materials with particle sizes of 5-7 nm. Different acid types produced similar materials but with different particle shapes. Further research is needed to improve crystallinity, control the phosphorus precursor, and optimize synthesis parameters such as temperature, precursor ratios, and solvents.
Introduction
Ohm’s law.
Conductometric measurements.
Factor affecting conductivity.
Application of conductometry.
2.Conductometric titration-:
Introduction.
Types of conductometric tiration.
Advantages of conductometric tiration.
3.Recent devlopement
Conductometry:
is the simplest of the electroanalytical techniques; by Kolthoff in 1929.
Conductors are:
either metallic (flow of electrons) or electrolytic (movemenmt of ions).
Conductance of electricity:
migration of positively charged ions towards the cathode and negatively charged ones towards the anode
(i.e.) current is carried by all ions present in solution.
Conductance depends on the number of ions in solun.
Factors affecting conductance:
1- Temperature:
(1C increase in temperature causes 2 % increase in conductance).
2- Nature of ions
Size, molecular weight and number of charges.
3- Concentration of ions:
As the number of ions increases, the conductance increases.
4- Size of electrodes
Conductance is directly proportional to the cross sectional area (A).
67551071 au-gold cementation with zinc powder at low cyanidesalarislideshare
The document summarizes an electrochemical study of gold cementation with zinc powder at low cyanide concentrations in alkaline solutions. Key findings include:
1) Gold reduction in low cyanide concentration solutions is greatly influenced by strong adsorptive processes rather than diffusion of Au(CN)2- complexes as in high cyanide solutions.
2) Zinc oxidation is controlled by the formation of different passivating layers on the zinc surface depending on pH.
3) Mixed potentials and currents determined from Evans' diagrams do not adequately describe the global cementation reaction due to the strong influence of adsorption at low cyanide concentrations. Direct monitoring of the mixed potential using zinc powder electrodes was proposed instead.
CE8512- WATER & WASTE WATER ANALYSIS LAB MANUVALLokesh Kalliz
This document provides the procedure for determining the acidity of water samples through titration. It begins with an introduction on the principle of acidity determination, which is measuring a sample's capacity to react with a strong base. The procedure involves titrating the sample with a standard sodium hydroxide solution using a phenolphthalein indicator until the solution turns pink. The volume of base required is then used to calculate the acidity level in terms of milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate. Precautions mentioned include using carbon dioxide-free reagents and indicators to ensure an accurate result. In summary, this document outlines the titrimetric method for quantitatively analyzing a water sample's acidity level.
Madkour 1985-journal of-chemical_technology_and_biotechnology._chemical_techn...Al Baha University
Recommended Flowsheets for the Electrolytic Extraction of Lead and Zinc from Red Sea Polymetal Ore
The polymetal complex ore Umm-Gheig considered in Egypt as a rather rich source of lead and zinc is subjected to mineralogical, chemical, spectral, X-ray and differential thermal analyses. Hydrometallurgical treatments based on leaching, precipitation and electrodeposition of metal from the ore are established. The influences of current density, temperature and metal ion concentration on the Faradic current efficiency are discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of flow- sheets and various approaches depending on convenient baths for the electro- deposition of metals are investigated. The results of electron microscopic investiga- tion confirmed by metal value data given in the A.S.T.M. cards coincide well with those given by chemical analysis.
This document summarizes a study investigating the speciation of technetium peroxo complexes formed from the reaction of Tc(VII) with hydrogen peroxide in sulfuric acid solutions. UV-visible and 99-Tc NMR spectroscopy show that in sulfuric acid concentrations of 9 M or higher, blue Tc(VII) peroxo species form immediately upon addition of hydrogen peroxide. In 6 M sulfuric acid, red Tc(VII) complexes are observed for hydrogen peroxide concentrations of 2.12 M or higher. The spectra of the red species match those of TcO(O2)2(H2O)(OH) formed in nitric acid. The blue species decompose over time, likely forming
This document provides information about qualitative organic analysis procedures at Tumkur University in India. It discusses preliminary tests, determination of physical properties, elemental detection using sodium fusion, solubility testing, and characteristic reactions to identify functional groups of compounds. The document is from the university's Department of Studies and Research in Organic Chemistry and is part of their practical manual for organic chemistry students, covering topics like separation of mixtures, systematic analysis steps, and specific reactions to identify compounds like alcohols and amides.
This lecture is based on previously read lecture "Plant Mineral Analysis", 2012. Some new points were added, especially in LOD/LOQ section. The internal standard calculation was explained. The lecture was presented in the frame of International Course "Crop Production under Saline Stress As A Result Of Climatic Changes", The Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Separation of calcium carbonate and barium sulphate from a mixed sludge prduc...Timothy Rukuni
South Africa is one of the first countries to implement full-scale mine water reclamation to drinking water quality. Reverse osmosis is already being used on full scale for desalination of mine water. However, with increased recycling of mine water, the result has been the increased generation of sludge. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has developed the Alkali-Barium-Carbonate (CSIR-ABC) process that can be used for neutralization and desalination of sulphate-rich effluents while recovering valuable by-products from the mixed sludges produced. A mixture of BaSO4 and CaCO3 sludge is produced as one of the by-products, which preferably needs to be separated into its components prior to thermal treatment. The aim of this study was to separate CaCO3 and BaSO4 from a CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge through dissolution of CaCO3 as Ca(HCO3)2 in contact with CO2. Measured quantities of a simulated CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge from the CSIR-ABC process were fed into a reactor vessel containing deionized water and pressurized CO2 was introduced. The effects of temperature and pressure with time were investigated while monitoring alkalinity, pH and calcium concentration. The findings of this study were: (1) The dissolution rate of CaCO3 was rapid i.e. from 0 to 2000mg/L in the first 20 minutes; (2) Ca(HCO3)2 had a high solubility of about 2 600 mg/L when in contact with CO2 at 1 atm., while BaSO4 was almost completely insoluble; (3) The solubility of Ca(HCO3)2 increased with decreasing temperature and increasing pressure; (4) CaCO3, after conversion to Ca(HCO3)2, was separated from BaSO4 in a CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge; (5) Visual MINTEQ model is a powerful tool that can be used to predict the solubilities of CaCO3 and BaSO4 when contacted with CO2.
This document summarizes Dr. V. A. Chatpalliwar's lecture on separation techniques. It discusses various chromatographic and physical separation methods that can be used to separate binary mixtures and chiral compounds. These include TLC, HPLC, GC, and techniques based on differences in solubility such as extraction with acidic or basic solutions. The document provides guidance on properly selecting and applying separation methods, including considering the properties of the compounds involved and avoiding approaches that could damage or contaminate the samples.
A new technique to measure oxygen reduction kinetics underneath coatings using hydrogen permeation from the back side. Huge step towards characterising buried interface reactivity.
Separation of mercury from VOC’s and selective detection using gold film ama...Jennifer Maclachlan
Presented at the Spring 2015 National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Denver, CO on March 23, 2015 on the Analytical Chemistry Division program track.
Presentation overview:
We used a sensitive but nonspecific photoionization detector (PID) with a 10.6eV lamp to measure mercury, which has an ionization potential of 10.43eV.
The PID responds to both mercury and VOC’s so the VOC’s have to be removed to make the technique specific for mercury.
The chemistry of the gold/mercury amalgam makes this method specific for mercury and eliminates interferences from VOC’s.
This technique also concentrates the sample making the method sensitive to sub ppb levels.
Prediction of Hydrogen Production from Imperata cylindrica Using Stoichiometr...Bemgba Nyakuma
This document summarizes a study that used stoichiometric and thermodynamic modeling to predict hydrogen production from the biomass Imperata cylindrica. The study found that steam reforming of bio-oils derived from I. cylindrica pyrolysis can produce hydrogen. Optimization analysis identified the optimal conditions as 1 atm pressure, 450-750°C temperature range, and a steam-to-feed ratio of 10, under which hydrogen yield varied between 0.6-0.7 by mass fraction. The effects of temperature, pressure, and steam-to-feed ratio on product composition were also examined.
The document summarizes Amy McCusker's approach and findings for the CoSMoS Method Development Olympics 2014 challenge. Using various analytical techniques, she identified the API as hydrocortisone and quantified minor constituents. She used LC/MS, HRMS, NMR and chromatography to confirm hydrocortisone and detect formate, sodium, ethanol, acetaldehyde and polyethylene glycol in the sample. Her multi-technique strategy allowed successful identification of the API and other components within the time constraints of the challenge.
This document summarizes a new method for detecting mercury (Hg) at parts-per-billion (ppb) levels in air and water samples using photoionization detection (PID). Hg is collected from air samples using a Hopcalite tube and dissolved in acid. Water samples are treated with acid and a reducing agent to convert Hg salts to elemental Hg. Both sample types are purged with nitrogen and injected into a gas chromatograph coupled to a PID. The PID uses a 10.6 eV lamp to ionize Hg, which has an ionization potential of 10.4 eV. This allows for specific detection of Hg without interferences. The method was able to detect Hg standards down to 10 ppb and showed potential
This patent describes an improved electrochemical detection cell comprising a palladium reference electrode. Specifically, it discloses an amperometric detection cell with a three-electrode system, including a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a solid state palladium reference electrode. Using a palladium reference electrode allows the cell to better compensate for pH gradient shifts when using different mobile phases, overcoming limitations of prior art detectors. It provides details on the construction of the cell housing and placement of the electrodes.
1) The document discusses the preparation and characterization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on a Co-Mo substrate using chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
2) CNTs were grown using different concentration ratios of Co-Mo catalyst at temperatures of 400°C, 500°C and 600°C.
3) Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the CNT diameters and lengths varied depending on the catalyst concentration ratio and temperature used, with the best results obtained at a 2:1 Co-Mo ratio and 400°C temperature.
(originally aired 03-29-12)
Initially U.S. EPA 300.1 (Ion Chromatography with conductivity detection) sufficed for bromate regulatory requirements. As bromate toxicity concerns increased, lower regulatory limits (and lower MDLs) were imposed, leading to use of EPA 317’s and 326’s postcolumn derivatization and visible detection methods, although they sacrifice robustness and ease of use. Simultaneously, enhancements in column chemistry improved the MDLs possible with EPA 300.1. And since it is still impossible to overcome matrix effects with certain drinking water samples, EPA 302’s 2-D IC method was approved to maintain testing ease-of-use and robustness. Here, experts detail the bromate analysis methods and necessary validation steps.
This document discusses analytical chemistry methods for the identification and quantitation of compounds in complex mixtures. It focuses on the analysis of flavonoids using mass spectrometry and chromatography. Key points covered include sample preparation techniques, spectroscopic methods like UV-Vis, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry for structural analysis, and calibration curves for quantitative analysis. As an example, the document describes the specific analytical workflow used to analyze and quantify the flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol in kale extracts using LC-MS/MS.
Nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides determinationIshfaq Ahmad
The document discusses several methods for the detection and determination of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), and carbon dioxide (CO2). It describes the chemiluminescence method for measuring NO using the reaction of NO with ozone to emit light, and the infrared absorption and ultraviolet absorption methods for measuring NO, NO2, and other gases. It also discusses determining CO using non-dispersive infrared analysis, resonance fluorescence, chemical absorption with cuprous salts, catalytic combustion on platinum, and various redox reactions.
Precipitation titrations
Fundamentals of Precipitation titrations
Distinguished between mohar,vohalard and vacant method
Advantages of Precipitation titrations
Derive the precipitation titrations curve
Evaluate the precipitation titrations
Disadvantage of Precipitation titrations
This document provides an introduction to carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies. It discusses the problem of rising CO2 emissions and defines CCS. It then describes various carbon capture technologies including post-combustion, pre-combustion, oxyfuel combustion, and chemical looping combustion. Finally, it outlines carbon sequestration/storage technologies such as ocean, geological, terrestrial, and mineral carbonation sequestration. The key technologies and concepts are introduced at a high level.
Modification & Application of Borate Zirconia CatalystRanjeet Kumar
Solid catalysts are of great advantages in alkylation reaction due to heterogenous reaction which makes separation of catalysts very easy and environment friendly. Here, sulfated and borate zirconia catalysts are used to search for ortho-xylene with Toluene & methanol. To find a new path to get o-xylene, catalysts surface was studied and a new mesoporous borate zirconia catalyst was prepared. Mesoporous Borate Zirconia had showed a very efficient path to manufature o-xylene.
Researchers are studying methods to purify metallurgical grade silicon for use in solar cells. One method is to alloy silicon with copper, which forms Cu3Si phases that absorb impurities like iron. Acids are then used to dissolve the Cu-Si alloy and remove the impurities. This study tested nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and mixtures on samples of 97% silicon-3% copper. Inductively coupled plasma analysis showed nitric acid was most effective at dissolving the alloy and removing copper, extracting over 40% of the copper. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy confirmed nitric acid successfully leached out most of the Cu3Si phases from the silicon particles.
In this presentation I have mentioned whatever the possible relevant content is required for this method
Citation Is done at the end of slide.
Content is up to date & true to my belief.
Thanks & Best Regards.
Anurag Pandey
B.Pharm (FACULTY OF PHARMACY, INVERTIS UNIVERSITY)
M.Pharm (INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY)
Email :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com
The test report summarizes the results of testing various components of a lithium-ion polymer battery submitted by Shenzhen Honcell Energy Co., Ltd. for restricted substances. Several samples were found to contain levels of lead, cadmium, chromium, and chromium VI above the specified limits. The report provides test results and measurements for each sample part analyzed.
This document summarizes a webinar about oxygen analysis using the rapid OXY cube. It discusses the advantages of high temperature oxygen determination at 1500°C compared to lower temperature methods. The rapid OXY cube allows matrix-independent oxygen analysis using glassy carbon tubes. It also features backflush chromatography to remove interfering gases and ensure accurate results. Examples are given showing the instrument's use for coal, fuels, liquids and other samples.
This document discusses the qualification and calibration of analytical instruments and glassware. It describes the components of analytical data quality including qualification, calibration protocols, and the need for calibration. It then provides details on calibrating specific instruments like electronic balances, pH meters, UV-visible spectrophotometers, FTIR, GC, HPLC, and HPTLC. It also covers calibrating various glassware items like volumetric flasks, pipettes, measuring cylinders, and beakers. The calibration procedures and acceptance criteria are outlined for ensuring the accuracy of measurements from analytical equipment.
- The test report summarizes the results of various analyses conducted on a bamboo fiber tableware sample submitted by a client.
- Tests were conducted for overall migration, sensorial examination of odor and taste, specific migration of formaldehyde, primary aromatic amines, heavy metals, pentachlorophenol, and total bisphenol A content.
- The results indicated that the sample passed all tests and was compliant with relevant EU regulations for food contact materials.
Chemical lab report:Analysis of anions(in toothpaste Berocca and an unknown s...Awad Albalwi
The aims of the experiment are to calculate the amount of fluoride and chloride in a range of samples including toothpaste Berocca and an unknown solution using Ion Chromatography (IC) and ion selective electrodes (ISE). The experiment also aims to estimate to limits of detection of each method.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Contenio de estandar metodos agua
1. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
22nd
Edition
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 1000 INTRODUCTION
1010 INTRODUCTION
A. Scope and Application of Methods
B. Statistics
C. Glossary
D. Dilution/Concentration Options
1020 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Introduction
B. Quality Control
C. Quality Assessment
1030 DATA QUALITY
A. Introduction
B. Measurement Uncertainty
C. Method Detection Level
D. Data Quality Objectives
E. Checking Analyses’ Correctness
1040 METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION
A. Introduction
B. Method Validation
C. Collaborative Testing
1050 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS
A. Units
B. Significant Figures
1060 COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF SAMPLES
A. Introduction
B. Collection of Samples
C. Sample Storage and Preservation
2. 1080 REAGENT WATER
A. Introduction
B. Methods for Preparing Reagent-Grade Water
C. Reagent Water Quality
1090 LABORATORY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
A. Introduction
B. Safe Laboratory Practices
C. Laboratory Facility/Fixed Equipment
D. Hazard Evaluation
E. Personal Protective Equipment
F. Worker Protection Medical Program
G. Provisions for Work with Particularly Hazardous Substances
H. Biological Safety
I. Radiological Safety
J. Chemical Hygiene Plan
1100 WASTE MINIMIZATION AND DISPOSAL
A. Introduction
B. Waste Minimization
C. Waste Treatment and Disposal
Part 2000 PHYSICAL AND AGGREGATE PROPERTIES
2010 INTRODUCTION
2020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL
A. Introduction
B. Quality Control Practices
2110 APPEARANCE
2120 COLOR
A. Introduction
B. Visual Comparison Method
C. Spectrophotometric—Single-Wavelength Method (Proposed)
D. Spectrophotometric—Multi-Wavelength Method
E. Tristimulus Spectrophotometric Method
F. ADMI Weighted-Ordinate Spectrophotometric Method
2130 TURBIDITY
A. Introduction
B. Nephelometric Method
2150 ODOR
A. Introduction
B. Threshold Odor Test
2160 TASTE
A. Introduction
B. Flavor Threshold Test (FTT)
C. Flavor Rating Assessment (FRA)
2170 FLAVOR PROFILE ANALYSIS
A. Introduction
B. Flavor Profile Analysis
3. 2310 ACIDITY
A. Introduction
B. Titration Method
2320 ALKALINITY
A. Introduction
B. Titration Method
2330 CALCIUM CARBONATE SATURATION
A. Introduction
B. Indices Indicating Tendency of a Water to Precipitate or Dissolve CaCO3
C. Indices Predicting the Quantity of CaCO3 That Can Be Precipitated or Dissolved
D. Graphical and Computer Methods for CaCO3 Indices
2340 HARDNESS
A. Introduction
B. Hardness by Calculation
C. EDTA Titrimetric Method
2350 OXIDANT DEMAND/REQUIREMENT
A. Introduction
B. Chlorine Demand/Requirement
C. Chlorine Dioxide Demand/Requirement
D. Ozone Demand/Requirement—Batch Method
E. Ozone Demand/Requirement—Semi-Batch Method
2510 CONDUCTIVITY
A. Introduction
B. Laboratory Method
2520 SALINITY
A. Introduction
B. Electrical Conductivity Method
C. Density Method
D. Algorithm of Practical Salinity
2530 FLOATABLES
A. Introduction
B. Particulate Floatables
C. Trichlorotrifluoroethane-Soluble Floatable Oil and Grease
2540 SOLIDS
A. Introduction
B. Total Solids Dried at 103–105°C
C. Total Dissolved Solids Dried at 180°C
D. Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103–105°C
E. Fixed and Volatile Solids Ignited at 550°C
F. Settleable Solids
G. Total, Fixed, and Volatile Solids in Solid and Semisolid Samples
2550 TEMPERATURE
A. Introduction
B. Laboratory and Field Methods
2560 PARTICLE COUNTING AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION
A. Introduction
4. B. Electrical Sensing Zone Method
C. Light-Blockage Methods
D. Light-Scattering Method
2570 ASBESTOS
A. Introduction
B. Transmission Electron Microscopy Method
2580 OXIDATION–REDUCTION POTENTIAL (ORP)
A. Introduction
B. Oxidation–Reduction Potential Measurement in Clean Water
2710 TESTS ON SLUDGES
A. Introduction
B. Oxygen-Consumption Rate
C. Settled Sludge Volume
D. Sludge Volume Index
E. Zone Settling Rate
F. Specific Gravity
G. Capillary Suction Time
H. Time-to-Filter
I. Modified Settled Sludge Volume
2720 ANAEROBIC SLUDGE DIGESTER GAS ANALYSIS
A. Introduction
B. Volumetric Method
C. Gas Chromatographic Method
2810 DISSOLVED GAS SUPERSATURATION
A. Introduction
B. Direct-Sensing Membrane-Diffusion Method
Part 3000 METALS
3010 INTRODUCTION
A. General Discussion
B. Sampling and Sample Preservation
C. General Precautions
3020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL
A. Introduction
B. Quality Control Practices
3030 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF SAMPLES
A. Introduction
B. Filtration for Dissolved and Suspended Metals
C. Treatment for Acid-Extractable Metals
D. Digestion for Metals
E. Nitric Acid Digestion
F. Nitric Acid-Hydrochloric Acid Digestion
G. Nitric Acid-Sulfuric Acid Digestion
H. Nitric Acid-Perchloric Acid Digestion
I. Nitric Acid-Perchloric Acid-Hydrofluoric Acid Digestion
J. Dry Ashing
5. K. Microwave-Assisted Digestion
3110 METALS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
3111 METALS BY FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
A. Introduction
B. Direct Air-Acetylene Flame Method
C. Extraction/Air-Acetylene Flame Method
D. Direct Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame Method
E. Extraction/Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame Method
3112 METALS BY COLD-VAPOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
A. Introduction
B. Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method
3113 METALS BY ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
A. Introduction
B. Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method
3114 ARSENIC AND SELENIUM BY HYDRIDE GENERATION/ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
A. Introduction
B. Manual Hydride Generation/Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method
C. Continuous Hydride Generation/Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method
3120 METALS BY PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
A. Introduction
B. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Method
3125 METALS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA/MASS SPECTROMETRY
A. Introduction
B. Inductively-Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS) Method
3130 METALS BY ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY
A. Introduction
B. Determination of Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc
3500-Al ALUMINUM
A. Introduction
B. Eriochrome Cyanine R Method
3500-As ARSENIC
A. Introduction
B. Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate Method
3500-Ca CALCIUM
A. Introduction
B. EDTA Titrimetric Method
3500-Cr CHROMIUM
A. Introduction
B. Colorimetric Method
C. Ion Chromatographic Method
3500-Cu COPPER
A. Introduction
B. Neocuproine Method
C. Bathocuproine Method
3500-Fe IRON
A. Introduction
6. B. Phenanthroline Method
3500-Pb LEAD
A. Introduction
B. Dithizone Method
3500-Li LITHIUM
A. Introduction
B. Flame Emission Photometric Method
3500-Mg MAGNESIUM
A. Introduction
B. Calculation Method
3500-Mn MANGANESE
A. Introduction
B. Persulfate Method
3500-K POTASSIUM
A. Introduction
B. Flame Photometric Method
C. Potassium-Selective Electrode Method
3500-Se SELENIUM
A. Introduction
B. Sample Preparation
C. Colorimetric Method
D. Determination of Volatile Selenium
E. Determination of Nonvolatile Organic Selenium Compounds
3500-Na SODIUM
A. Introduction
B. Flame Emission Photometric Method
3500-Sr STRONTIUM
A. Introduction
B. Flame Emission Photometric Method
3500-V VANADIUM
A. Introduction
B. Gallic Acid Method
3500-Zn ZINC
A. Introduction
B. Zincon Method
3500 OTHER METALS
3500-Sb Antimony
3500-Ba Barium
3500-Be Beryllium
3500-Bi Bismuth
3500-B Boron
3500-Cd Cadmium
3500-Cs Cesium
3500-Co Cobalt
3500-Ga Gallium
3500-Ge Germanium
7. 3500-Au Gold
3500-In Indium
3500-Ir Iridium
3500-Hg Mercury
3500-Mo Molybdenum
3500-Ni Nickel
3500-Os Osmium
3500-Pd Palladium
3500-Pt Platinum
3500-Re Rhenium
3500-Rh Rhodium
3500-Ru Ruthenium
3500-Ag Silver
3500-Te Tellurium
3500-Tl Thallium
3500-Th Thorium
3500-Sn Tin
3500-Ti Titanium
3500-U Uranium
Part 4000 INORGANIC NONMETALLIC CONSTITUENTS
4010 INTRODUCTION
4020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL
A. Introduction
B. Quality Control Practices
4110 DETERMINATION OF ANIONS BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY
A. Introduction
B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Eluent Conductivity
C. Single-Column Ion Chromatography with Direct Conductivity Detection
D. Ion Chromatographic Determination of Oxyhalides and Bromide
4120 SEGMENTED CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYSIS
A. Introduction
B. Segmented Flow Analysis Method
4130 INORGANIC NONMETALS BY FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS
A. Introduction
B. Quality Control
4140 INORGANIC ANIONS BY CAPILLARY ION ELECTROPHORESIS
A. Introduction
B. Capillary Ion Electrophoresis with Indirect UV Detection
4500-B BORON
A. Introduction
B. Curcumin Method
C. Carmine Method
4500-Br‾ BROMIDE
A. Introduction
B. Phenol Red Colorimetric Method
8. C. (Reserved)
D. Flow Injection Analysis
4500-CO2 CARBON DIOXIDE
A. Introduction
B. Nomographic Determination of Free Carbon Dioxide and the Three Forms of
Alkalinity
C. Titrimetric Method for Free Carbon Dioxide
D. Carbon Dioxide and Forms of Alkalinity by Calculation
4500-CN‾ CYANIDE
A. Introduction
B. Preliminary Treatment of Samples
C. Total Cyanide after Distillation
D. Titrimetric Method
E. Colorimetric Method
F. Cyanide-Selective Electrode Method
G. Cyanides Amenable to Chlorination after Distillation
H. Cyanides Amenable to Chlorination without Distillation (Short-Cut Method)
I. Weak Acid Dissociable Chloride
J. Cyanogen Chloride
K. Spot Testing for Sample Screening
L. Cyanates
M. Thiocyanate
N. Total Cyanide after Distillation, by Flow Injection Analysis
O. Total Cyanide and Weak Acid Dissociable Cyanide by Flow Injection Analysis
4500-ClCHLORINE (RESIDUAL)
A. Introduction
B. Iodometric Method I
C. Iodometric Method II
D. Amperometric Titration Method
E. Low-Level Amperometric Titration Method
F. DPD Ferrous Titrimetric Method
G. DPD Colorimetric Method
H. Syringaldazine (FACTS) Method
I. Iodometric Electrode Technique
4500-Cl‾ CHLORIDE
A. Introduction
B. Argentometric Method
C. Mercuric Nitrate Method
D. Potentiometric Method
E. Automated Ferricyanide Method
F. (Reserved)
G. Mercuric Thiocyanate Flow Injection Analysis
4500-ClO2 CHLORINE DIOXIDE
A. Introduction
B. Iodometric Method
9. C. Amperometric Method I
D. (Reserved)
E. Amperometric Method II
4500-F‾ FLUORIDE
A. Introduction
B. Preliminary Distillation Step
C. Ion-Selective Electrode Method
D. SPADNS Method
E. Complexone Method
F. (Reserved)
G. Ion-Selective Electrode Flow Injection Analysis
4500-H+
PH VALUE
A. Introduction
B. Electrometric Method
4500-I IODINE
A. Introduction
B. Leuco Crystal Violet Method
C. Amperometric Titration Method
4500-I‾ IODIDE
A. Introduction
B. Leuco Crystal Violet Method
C. Catalytic Reduction Method
D. Voltammetric Method
4500-IO3‾ IODATE
A. Introduction
B. Polarographic Method
4500-N NITROGEN
A. Introduction
B. In-Line UV/Persulfate Digestion and Oxidation with Flow Injection Analysis
C. Persulfate Method
D. Conductimetric Determination of Inorganic Nitrogen
4500-NH3 NITROGEN (AMMONIA)
A. Introduction
B. Preliminary Distillation Step
C. Titrimetric Method
D. Ammonia-Selective Electrode Method
E. Ammonia-Selective Electrode Method Using Known Addition
F. Phenate Method
G. Automated Phenate Method
H. Flow Injection Analysis
4500-NO2‾ NITROGEN (NITRITE)
A. Introduction
B. Colorimetric Method
4500-NO3‾ NITROGEN (NITRATE)
A. Introduction
B. Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Screening Method
10. C. Second-Derivative Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Method (Proposed)
D. Nitrate Electrode Method
E. Cadmium Reduction Method
F. Automated Cadmium Reduction Method
G. (Reserved)
H. Automated Hydrazine Reduction Method
I. Cadmium Reduction Flow Injection Analysis
4500-Norg NITROGEN (ORGANIC)
A. Introduction
B. Macro-Kjeldahl Method
C. Semi-Micro Kjeldahl Method
D. Block Digestion and Flow Injection Analysis
4500-O OXYGEN (DISSOLVED)
A. Introduction
B. Iodometric Methods
C. Azide Modification
D. Permanganate Modification
E. Alum Flocculation Modification
F. Copper Sulfate-Sulfamic Acid Flocculation Modification
G. Membrane Electrode Method
4500-O3 OZONE (RESIDUAL)
A. Introduction
B. Indigo Colorimetric Method
4500-PPHOSPHORUS
A. Introduction
B. Sample Preparation
C. Vanadomolybdophosphoric Acid Colorimetric Method
D. Stannous Chloride Method
E. Ascorbic Acid Method
F. Automated Ascorbic Acid Reduction Method
G. Flow Injection Analysis for Orthophosphate
H. Manual Digestion and Flow Injection Analysis for Total Phosphorus
I. In-line UV/Persulfate Digestion and Flow Injection Analysis for Total Phosphorus
J. Persulfate Method for Simultaneous Determination of Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus
4500-KMnO4 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
A. Introduction
B. Spectrophotometric Method
4500-SiO2 SILICA
A. Introduction
B. (Reserved)
C. Molybdosilicate Method
D. Heteropoly Blue Method
E. Automated Method for Molybdate-Reactive Silica
F. Flow Injection Analysis for Molybdate-Reactive Silica
4500-S2-
SULFIDE
A. Introduction
11. B. Separation of Soluble and Insoluble Sulfides
C. Sample Pretreatment to Remove Interfering Substances or to Concentrate the Sulfide
D. Methylene Blue Method
E. Gas Dialysis, Automated Methylene Blue Method
F. Iodometric Method
G. Ion-Selective Electrode Method
H. Calculation of Un-ionized Hydrogen Sulfide
I. Distillation, Methylene Blue Flow Injection Analysis
J. Acid-Volatile Sulfide
4500-SO3
2-
SULFITE
A. Introduction
B. Iodometric Method
C. Phenanthroline Method
4500-SO4
2-
SULFATE
A. Introduction
B. (Reserved)
C. Gravimetric Method with Ignition of Residue
D. Gravimetric Method with Drying of Residue
E. Turbidimetric Method
F. Automated Methylthymol Blue Method
G. Methylthymol Blue Flow Injection Analysis
Part 5000 AGGREGATE ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
5010 INTRODUCTION
A. General Discussion
B. Sample Collection and Preservation
5020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL
A. Introduction
B. Quality Control Practices
5210 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
A. Introduction
B. 5-Day BOD Test
C. Ultimate BOD Test
D. Respirometric Method
5220 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)
A. Introduction
B. Open Reflux Method
C. Closed Reflux, Titrimetric Method
D. Closed Reflux, Colorimetric Method
5310 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC)
A. Introduction
B. High-Temperature Combustion Method
C. Persulfate-Ultraviolet or Heated-Persulfate Oxidation Method
D. Wet Oxidation Method
5320 DISSOLVED ORGANIC HALOGEN
A. Introduction
12. B. Adsorption-Pyrolysis-Titrimetric Method
5510 AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES
A. Introduction
B. Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) Method
C. XAD Method
5520 OIL AND GREASE
A. Introduction
B. Liquid-Liquid, Partition-Gravimetric Method
C. Partition-Infrared Method
D. Soxhlet Extraction Method
E. Extraction Method for Sludge Samples
F. Hydrocarbons
G. Solid-Phase, Partition-Gravimetric Method
5530 PHENOLS
A. Introduction
B. Cleanup Procedure
C. Chloroform Extraction Method
D. Direct Photometric Method
5540 SURFACTANTS
A. Introduction
B. Surfactant Separation by Sublation
C. Anionic Surfactants as MBAS
D. Nonionic Surfactants as CTAS
5550 TANNIN AND LIGNIN
A. Introduction
B. Colorimetric Method
5560 ORGANIC AND VOLATILE ACIDS
A. Introduction
B. Chromatographic Separation Method for Organic Acids
C. Distillation Method
D. Gas Chromatographic Method
5710 FORMATION OF TRIHALOMETHANES AND OTHER DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS
A. Introduction
B. Trihalomethane Formation Potential (THMFP)
C. Simulated Distribution System Trihalomethanes (SDS-THM)
D. Formation of Other Disinfection By-Products (DBPs)
5910 UV-ABSORBING ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
A. Introduction
B. Ultraviolet Absorption Method
Part 6000 INDIVIDUAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
6010 INTRODUCTION
A. General Discussion
B. Sample Collection and Preservation
C. Analytical Methods
6020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL
13. A. Introduction
B. Quality Control Practices
6040 CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATION BY GAS EXTRACTION
A. Introduction
B. Closed-Loop Stripping, Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Analysis
C. Purge and Trap Technique
D. Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME)
E. Solid-Phase Microextracion (SPME) with CI GC/MS/MS
6200 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A. Introduction
B. Purge and Trap Capillary-Column Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method
C. Purge and Trap Capillary-Column Gas Chromatographic Method
6211 METHANE
A. Introduction
B. Combustible-Gas Indicator Method
C. Volumetric Method
6231 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE (EDB) AND 1,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE (DBCP)
A. Introduction
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method
C. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method
D. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatographic Method
6232 TRIHALOMETHANES AND CHLORINATED ORGANIC SOLVENTS
A. Introduction
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method
C. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method
D. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatographic Method
6251 DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS: HALOACETIC ACIDS AND TRICHLOROPHENOL
A. Introduction
B. Micro Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method
6252 DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS: ALDEHYDES
A. Introduction
B. PFBHA Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method
6410 EXTRACTABLE BASE/NEUTRALS AND ACIDS
A. Introduction
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method
6420 PHENOLS
A. Introduction
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method
C. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method
6431 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS)
A. Introduction
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method
C. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method
6440 POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
A. Introduction
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Chromatographic Method
14. C. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method
6450 NITROSAMINES
A. Introduction
B. Carbonaceous-Resin Solid-Phase Extraction GC/MS Method
C. Micro Liquid-Liquid Extraction GC/MS Method
6610 CARBAMATE PESTICIDES
A. Introduction
B. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method
6630 ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES
A. Introduction
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method I
Appendix—Standardization of Magnesia-Silica Gel Column by Weight Adjustment Based on
Adsorption of Lauric Acid
C. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method II
D. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method
6640 ACIDIC HERBICIDE COMPOUNDS
A. Introduction
B. Micro Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method
6651 GLYPHOSATE HERBICIDE
A. Introduction
B. Liquid Chromatographic Post-Column Fluorescence Method
6710 TRIBUTYL TIN
A. Introduction
B. Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method
C. Gas Chromatographic/Flame Photometric Detector Method
Part 7000 RADIOACTIVITY
7010 INTRODUCTION
A. General Discussion
B. Sample Collection and Preservation
7020 QUALITY SYSTEM
A. Quality Systems/Quality Assurance/Quality Control Program
B. Quality Control for Wastewater Samples
C. Statistics
D. Calculation and Expression of Results
7030 COUNTING INSTRUMENTS
A. Introduction
B. Description and Operation of Instruments
7040 FACILITIES
A. Counting Room
B. Radiochemistry Laboratory
C. Laboratory Safety
D. Pollution Prevention
E. Waste Management
7110 GROSS ALPHA AND GROSS BETA RADIOACTIVITY (TOTAL, SUSPENDED, AND DISSOLVED)
A. Introduction
15. B. Evaporation Method for Gross Alpha-Beta
C. Coprecipitation Method for Gross Alpha Radioactivity in Drinking Water
7120 GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES
A. Introduction
B. Gamma Spectroscopic Method
7500-Cs RADIOACTIVE CESIUM
A. Introduction
B. Precipitation Method
7500-I RADIOACTIVE IODINE
A. Introduction
B. Precipitation Method
C. Ion-Exchange Method
D. Distillation Method
7500-Ra RADIUM
A. Introduction
B. Precipitation Method
C. Emanation Method
D. Sequential Precipitation Method
E. Gamma Spectroscopy Method
7500-Rn RADON
A. Introduction
B. Liquid Scintillation Method
7500-Sr TOTAL RADIOACTIVE STRONTIUM AND STRONTIUM-90
A. Introduction
B. Precipitation Method
7500-3
H TRITIUM
A. Introduction
B. Liquid Scintillation Spectrometric Method
7500-U URANIUM
A. Introduction
B. Radiochemical Method
C. Isotopic Method
Part 8000 TOXICITY
8010 INTRODUCTION
A. General Discussion
B. Terminology
C. Basic Requirements
D. Conducting Toxicity Tests
E. Preparing Organisms for Toxicity Tests
F. Toxicity Test Systems, Materials, and Procedures
G. Calculating, Analyzing, and Reporting Results of Toxicity Tests
H. Interpreting and Applying Results of Toxicity Tests
I. Selected Toxicological Literature
8020 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL IN LABORATORY TOXICITY TESTS
A. General Discussion
16. B. Elements of QA/QC
8030 MUTAGENESIS
A. Introduction
B. Salmonella Microsomal Mutagenicity Test
8050 BACTERIAL BIOLUMINESCENCE
A. Introduction
B. Bacterial Bioluminescence Test
8070 P450 REPORTER GENE RESPONSE TO DIOXIN-LIKE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A. Introduction
B. The P450 RGS Test
8071 COMET/SINGLE-CELL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF DNA DAMAGE
A. Introduction
B. Comet/Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay
8080 SEDIMENT POREWATER TESTING
A. Introduction
B. Sediment Collection and Storage
C. Extraction of Sediment Pore Water
D. Toxicity Testing Procedures
8110 ALGAE
8111 BIOSTIMULATION (ALGAL PRODUCTIVITY)
A. General Principles
B. Planning and Evaluating Algal Assays
C. Apparatus
D. Sample Handling
E. Synthetic Algal Culture Medium
F. Inoculum
G. Test Conditions and Procedures
H. Effect of Additions
I. Data Analysis and Interpretation
8112 PHYTOPLANKTON
A. Introduction
B. Inoculum
C. Test Conditions and Procedures
8113 MARINE MACROALGAE
A. Introduction
B. Selecting and Preparing Macrocystis pyrifera Sporophylls
C. Toxicity Test Procedures
D. Data Evaluation
8200 AQUATIC FLOWERING PLANTS
8211 DUCKWEED
A. Introduction
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms
C. Toxicity Test Procedure
8220 AQUATIC EMERGENT PLANTS
A. Introduction
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms
17. C. Toxicity Test Procedure
8310 CILIATED PROTOZOA
A. Introduction
B. Growth Inhibition Test with Freshwater Ciliate Colpidium campylum
C. Chemotactic Test with Freshwater Ciliate Tetrahymena Thermophila
D. Growth Inhibition Test with the Soil Ciliate Colpoda inflata
8420 ROTIFERS
A. Introduction
B. Selecting and Preparing Testing Organisms
C. Aquatic Toxicity Test Procedures
8510 ANNELIDS
A. Introduction
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms
C. Toxicity Test Procedures
D. Sediment Test Procedures Using the Marine Polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata
E. Sediment Test Procedures using the Marine Polychaete Polydora cornuta
F. Sediment Test Procedures Using the Freshwater and Marine Oligochaetes Pristina leidyi,
Tubifex tubifex, and Lumbriculus variegatus
G. Data Evaluation
8610 MOLLUSKS
A. Introduction
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms
C. Short-Term Test Procedures Using Marine Mollusk Larvae
D. Sediment Test Procedures Using Marine Bivalves
E. Field Test Procedures Using Freshwater and Marine Bivalves
8710 ARTHROPODS
8711 DAPHNIA
A. Introduction
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms
C. Toxicity Test Procedures
8712 CERIODAPHNIA
A. Introduction
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms
C. Toxicity Test Procedures
8714 MYSIDS
A. Introduction
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms
C. Toxicity Test Procedures
8740 DECAPODS
A. Introduction
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms
C. Toxicity Test Procedures
D. Data Evaluation
8750 AQUATIC INSECTS
A. Introduction
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms
18. C. Toxicity Test Procedures
D. Data Evaluation
8810 ECHINODERM FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
A. Introduction
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms
C. Echinoderm Fertilization Test
D. Echinoderm Embryo Development Test
8910 FISH
A. Introduction
B. Fish Selection and Culture Procedures
C. Toxicity Test Procedures
8921 FATHEAD MINNOW
A. Introduction
B. Culture and Maintenance of Test Organisms
C. Toxicity Test Procedures
8930 AMPHIBIANS (PROPOSED)
A. Introduction
B. Culture and Maintenance of Test Organisms
C. Toxicity Test Procedures
Part 9000 MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
9010 INTRODUCTION
9020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL
A. Introduction
B. Intralaboratory Quality Control Guidelines
C. Interlaboratory Quality Control
9030 LABORATORY APPARATUS
A. Introduction
B. Equipment Specifications
9040 WASHING AND STERILIZATION
9050 PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA
A. General Procedures
B. Water
C. Media Specifications
9060 SAMPLES
A. Collection
B. Preservation and Storage
9211 RAPID DETECTION METHODS
A. Introduction
B. Seven-Hour Fecal Coliform Test
C. Special Techniques
9212 STRESSED MICROORGANISMS
A. Introduction
B. Recovery Enhancement
9213 RECREATIONAL WATERS
A. Introduction
19. B. Swimming Pools
C. Whirlpools
D. Natural Bathing Beaches
E. Membrane Filter Technique for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
F. Multiple-Tube Technique for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
9215 HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT
A. Introduction
B. Pour Plate Method
C. Spread Plate Method
D. Membrane Filter Method
E. Enzyme Substrate Method
9216 DIRECT TOTAL MICROBIAL COUNT
A. Introduction
B. Epifluorescence Microscopic Method Using Acridine Orange
9217 ASSIMILABLE ORGANIC CARBON
A. Introduction
B. Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain P-17, Spirillum Strain NOX Method
9218 AEROBIC ENDOSPORES
A. Introduction
B. Membrane Filter Method
9221 MULTIPLE-TUBE FERMENTATION TECHNIQUE FOR MEMBERS OF THE COLIFORM GROUP
A. Introduction
B. Standard Total Coliform Fermentation Technique
C. Estimation of Bacterial Density
D. Presence–Absence (P–A) Coliform Test
E. Fecal Coliform Procedure
F. Escherichia coli Procedure Using Fluorogenic Substrate
G. Other Escherichia coli Procedures (PROPOSED)
9222 MEMBRANE FILTER TECHNIQUE FOR MEMBERS OF THE COLIFORM GROUP
A. Introduction
B. Standard Total Coliform Membrane Filter Procedure
C. Delayed-Incubation Total Coliform Procedure
D. Thermotolerant (Fecal) Coliform Membrane Filter Procedure
E. Delayed-Incubation Thermotolerant (Fecal) Coliform Procedure
F. Klebsiella Membrane Filter Procedure
G. MF Partition Procedures
H. Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliform and E. coli by Dual-Chromogen Membrane Filter
Procedure (PROPOSED)
I. Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliform and E. coli by Fluorogen/Chromogen Membrane
Filter Procedure (PROPOSED)
9223 ENZYME SUBSTRATE COLIFORM TEST
A. Introduction
B. Enzyme Substrate Test
9224 DETECTION OF COLIPHAGES
A. Introduction
B. Somatic Coliphage Assay
20. C. Male-Specific Coliphage Assay Using Escherichia coli Famp
D. Male-Specific Coliphage Assay Using Salmonella typhimurium WG49
E. Single-Agar-Layer Method
F. Membrane Filter Method
9225 DIFFERENTIATION OF COLIFORM BACTERIA
A. Introduction
B. Culture Purification
C. Identification
D. Media, Reagents, and Procedures
E. Reporting Results
9230 FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS/STREPTOCOCCUS GROUPS
A. Introduction
B. Multiple-Tube Technique
C. Membrane Filter Techniques
D. Fluorogenic Substrate Enterococcus Test
9240 IRON AND SULFUR BACTERIA
A. Introduction
B. Iron Bacteria
C. Sulfur Bacteria
D. Enumerating, Enriching, and Isolating Iron and Sulfur Bacteria
E. Bacteria Living in Acidic Environments
9245 NITRIFYING BACTERIA
A. Introduction
B. Multiple-Tube Method
9250 DETECTION OF ACTINOMYCETES
A. Introduction
B. Actinomycete Plate Count
9260 DETECTION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
A. Introduction
B. Salmonella
C. (Reserved)
D. (Reserved)
E. Shigella
F. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli
G. Campylobacter
H. Vibrio
I. Leptospira
J. Legionella
K. Yersinia enterocolitica
L. Aeromonas
M. Mycobacterium
9510 DETECTION OF ENTERIC VIRUSES
A. Introduction
B. Virus Concentration from Small Sample Volumes by Adsorption to and Elution from
Microporous Filters
C. Virus Concentration from Large Sample Volumes by Adsorption to and Elution from
21. Microporous Filters
D. Virus Concentration by Aluminum Hydroxide Adsorption-Precipitation
E. Hydroextraction-Dialysis with Polyethylene Glycol
F. Recovery of Viruses from Suspended Solids in Water and Wastewater
G. Assay and Identification of Viruses in Sample Concentrates
9610 DETECTION OF FUNGI
A. Introduction
B. Pour Plate Technique
C. Spread Plate Technique
D. Membrane Filter Technique
E. Technique for Yeasts
F. Zoosporic Fungi
G. Aquatic Hyphomycetes
H. Fungi Pathogenic to Humans
9711 PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA
A. Introduction
B. Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Water
C. Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Wastewater
D. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium in Cell Culture
Part 10000 BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
10010 INTRODUCTION
10200 PLANKTON
A. Introduction
B. Sample Collection
C. Concentration Techniques
D. Preparing Slide Mounts
E. Microscopes and Calibrations
F. Phytoplankton Counting Techniques
G. Zooplankton Counting Techniques
H. Chlorophyll
I. Determination of Biomass (Standing Crop)
J. Metabolic Rate Measurements
10300 PERIPHYTON
A. Introduction
B. Sample Collection
C. Sample Analysis
D. Primary Productivity
E. Interpreting and Reporting Results
10400 MACROPHYTES
A. Introduction
B. Preliminary Survey
C. Vegetation Mapping Methods
D. Population Estimates
E. Productivity
10500 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES
22. A. Introduction
B. Sample Collection
C. Sample Processing and Analysis
D. Data Evaluation, Presentation, and Conclusions
10600 FISHES
A. Introduction
B. Data Acquisition
C. Sample Preservation
D. Analysis of Collections
E. Investigation of Fish Kills
10700 BENTHIC MEIOFAUNA
10750 NEMATOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
A. Introduction
B. Collection and Processing Techniques for Nematodes
C. Illustrated Key to Freshwater Nematodes
10900 IDENTIFICATION OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS
A. Procedure in Identification
B. Key to Major Groups of Aquatic Organisms (Plates 1–35)
Acknowledgements
C. Key for Identification of Freshwater Algae Common in Water Supplies and Polluted Waters
(Plates 1A, 1B, 28–35)
D. Index to Illustrations
E. Selected Taxonomic References