3.  Is a personal state in which
the person feels unhealthy
 Physical, emotional,
intellectual, social,
developmental or spiritual
functioning is diminished
or impaired compared with
previous experience

4.  Illness is not synonymous
with disease
 Disease is an alteration in
body functions resulting in
reduction of capacities or
a shortening of the normal
life span

5.  Heredity
 Behavioral factors
 Environmental
factors

6. 1. Symptom Experience
 Transition stage
 The person believes
something is wrong
 Experiences some symptoms
(physical, cognitive,
emotional)

7. 2. Assumption of Sick Role
 Acceptance of the illness
 Seeks advice, support for
decision to give up some
activities

8. 3. Medical Care Contact
 Seeks advice of health
professionals for the
following reasons:
 Validationof real illness
 Explanation of symptoms
 Reassurance or prediction of
outcome

9. 4. Dependent Patient Role
 Becomes dependent to health
professionals
 Accepts/rejects health professional’s
suggestions
 Becomes more passive and accepting
 May regress to an earlier behavioral
stage

10. 5. Recovery/ Rehabilitation
 Gives up the sick role and
returns to former roles
and functions

11.  One is not held responsible for his condition
 One is excused from social roles
 One is obliged to get well as soon as possible
 One is obliged to seek for competent help

12.  Is any situation, habit, social or
environmental condition, physiological
psychological condition, developmental or
intellectual condition, or spiritual or other
variable that increases the vulnerability of an
individual or group to an illness or accident
 The presence of risk factors does not mean
that a disease will develop

13.  Genetic and
physiological factors
 Age
 Environment
 Lifestyle

14. The goal of risk factor identification is to
merely assist clients in visualizing those
areas in their life that can be modified or
even eliminated to promote wellness and
prevent illness

17. Purposes of Inflammation are:
 To localize tissue injury
 To protect tissue from injury
 To prepare tissue for repair

18. INFLAMMANTS 1. Physical
2. Mechanical
3. Chemical
4. Microbial
TISSUE INJURY 5. Electrical
1. VASCULAR RESPONSE
 Transitory vasoconstriction followed immediately by
vasodilation (histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin E

19. INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
HYPEREMIA: FLUID/ CELLULAR EXUDATION
Redness (rubor)
Heat (calor)
EXUDATES
Edema (tumor)

20. Pain (dolor)
Compression of nerve endings by
edema fluids
Injury to nerve endings
Release of bradykinin
Impaired function

21.  Promote rest to enhance
recovery
 Reduce swelling
 Position: elevate the
affected body part to
promote venous return
 Heat and cold application:
cold for first 72 hours;
heat after 72 hours

22.  Relieve pain
 Increase excretion of
microorganism by
adequate hydration
 Provide adequate
nutrition: high caloric,
high protein with
vitamin A and C rich
foods

23.  Administer medication as ordered:
 Analgesic/antipyretic: aspirin,
acetaminophen, paracetamol, mefenamic acid
 Anti-inflammatory: NSAIDs
N – no alcohol
S – Side effect is “BIRTH”
A – aspirin sensitivity – do not give
I – inhibits prostaglandins
D – do take with food
S – stop 5 to 7 days before surgery

24.  Surgery
 Incision and drainage: to remove
inflammatory exudates to promote healing
process
 Debridement: to remove necrotic tissue
 Surgicaland mechanical debridement
 Mechanical debridement is performed using
the wet-to-dry dressing method

25.  The reparative process begins at
approximately the same time as the injury
and is interwoven with inflammation
 Healing proceeds after the inflammatory
debris has been removed
 May occur by regeneration or replacement

26.  REGENERATION
 Labile cells multiply constantly to replace
worn out cells (epithilial cells of the skin and
the GI tract)
 Permanent cells (neurons) may have
permanent destruction, but axons may
regenerate
 Stable cells have a latent ability to regenerate,
if they are damaged or destroyed, they are
able to regenerate (kidney, liver, pancreas)

27.  REPLACEMENT
 Primary intention healing – wound is clean
and dry and the edges are approximated, as
in a surgical wound, with little scar and heals
in a week
 Secondary intention healing – the wound or
defect is larger and gaping and has necrotic
or dead material, the repair time is longer,
the scarring is greater, with loss of
specialized function

28.  Hypertrophy
o Increase in cell size leading to increase in
organ size
o The stimulus is increased workload
o Leg muscles of runners
o Arm muscles in tennis players
o Cardiac muscles in person with hypertension

29.  Atrophy
o shrinkage in size of cell, leading to decrease
in organ size
o Stimuli are decrease in use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal, stimulation, innervations
o Extremity immobilized in cast, secondary sex
organs in aging person

30.  Hyperplasia
o Increase in number of new cells
o Stimulus is hormonal influence
o Breast changes of a girl in puberty or
pregnant woman, regeneration of liver cells,
new RBCs in blood loss

31.  Dysplasia
o Change in the appearance of cells after they
have been subjected to chronic irritation
o Stimulus is reproduction of cells with
resulting alteration of their size and shape
o Alterations in epithelial cells of the skin

32.  Metaplasia
o Transformation of highly specialized cell to
less specialized cell
o Serves as a protective function because less
specialized cells are more resistant to stress
o Ciliated columnar epithelium lining the
bronchi of smokers is replaced by squamous
epithelium

34. ASSIGNMENT (1 whole):
1. Give me at least 3 ways of assessing pain
and how it is performed
2. Write a sample pain assessment using the
OLDCART and PQRST mnemonics