Discussed on what is strategy and strategic effects are all about. The slides also discussed on the concept of the universal strategic theory by Collin Gray
1st Lecture.pptx first presentation 123anabila72165
This document provides an introduction to defense and strategic studies. It defines key terms like strategy, military strategy, and grand strategy. Strategy involves coordinating efforts to achieve objectives and is the art of developing and using national powers. Military strategy uses military forces to achieve political objectives. Grand strategy coordinates all national resources towards political goals. Famous strategists from history are also mentioned. The document then discusses the tactical, operational, and strategic levels of warfare.
AY15 FS 6401 - Strategy, What is it, Why is it DifficultBob Poling
1. The document discusses the challenges of developing and implementing sound strategy. It defines strategy as connecting military means and tactics to the political objectives of a conflict.
2. Several experts are cited who note that strategy is more difficult than tactics or acquiring new weapons. Strategy requires understanding an enemy's capabilities as well as one's own national interests and capabilities.
3. The document aims to provide conceptual tools for strategic thinking rather than set rules. It will analyze historical case studies and cultivate critical thinking skills over prescriptive lessons.
Introduction to strategic studies & key concepts 2013 1bakri303
Strategic studies concerns the use of force as an instrument of state policy, deriving from Clausewitz's notion of strategy as "the use of engagement for the purpose of war." Traditionally, strategic studies focused on how wars start and are fought efficiently. However, recent thinkers argue that strategic studies embodies using military power to achieve political objectives and involves coordinating all national resources toward goals. Strategic studies is interdisciplinary and draws from fields like politics, economics, and social sciences. It remains important because war is still a serious matter and military power influences international politics, though critics argue it is too state-centric and does not consider ethical issues.
Strategic Illiteracy - Inaugural Lecture Professor DuyvesteynUniversiteitLeiden
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Global trend freshman course ppt chapter twoworkinehamanu
Foreign policy and diplomacy involve a state pursuing its national interests and objectives through interactions with other states. A state's foreign policy is shaped by both internal factors like its capabilities, and external factors like the international system. National interests are the values and goals a state wants to achieve abroad and can be defined based on pragmatic, ideological, or moral criteria. States employ instruments like diplomacy and economic policies to pursue their foreign policy objectives in the short, middle, and long term. Diplomacy involves structured communication between states to peacefully pursue shared goals, while economic tools like trade agreements or sanctions can influence other states' behavior.
Diplomatic and military co operations in nigeria’s foreign policyAlexander Decker
This document discusses Nigeria's use of diplomatic and military tools in its foreign policy. It provides context on the relationship between diplomacy and warfare as foreign policy instruments. The document then outlines the guiding principles of Nigeria's foreign policy since independence, including promotion of African unity and respect for sovereignty. It examines Nigeria's military engagements in peacekeeping missions in Congo in the 1960s as well as interventions in Chad and Rwanda under the OAU. The document analyzes how Nigeria has applied both diplomatic and military means to pursue its national interests and ensure stability in Africa.
Power, Capability and instruments of Foreign PolicyFaryalMustaqeem
This document discusses key concepts related to foreign policy including power, capability, and instruments of foreign policy. It defines foreign policy as a government's strategy for dealing with other nations and outlines its goals of safeguarding national interests. The document also defines power, capability, and instruments commonly used in foreign policy such as diplomacy, military policies, foreign aid, and trade. National interests and the balance of power are also discussed as important factors that influence a country's formulation of foreign policy.
The chapter discusses the history of a small town located along a river. It describes how the town was originally settled by farmers in the early 1800s and grew slowly over the decades as more people migrated to the area for work. The chapter closes by noting that the town has maintained its small town charm while continuing to expand its economic base.
1st Lecture.pptx first presentation 123anabila72165
This document provides an introduction to defense and strategic studies. It defines key terms like strategy, military strategy, and grand strategy. Strategy involves coordinating efforts to achieve objectives and is the art of developing and using national powers. Military strategy uses military forces to achieve political objectives. Grand strategy coordinates all national resources towards political goals. Famous strategists from history are also mentioned. The document then discusses the tactical, operational, and strategic levels of warfare.
AY15 FS 6401 - Strategy, What is it, Why is it DifficultBob Poling
1. The document discusses the challenges of developing and implementing sound strategy. It defines strategy as connecting military means and tactics to the political objectives of a conflict.
2. Several experts are cited who note that strategy is more difficult than tactics or acquiring new weapons. Strategy requires understanding an enemy's capabilities as well as one's own national interests and capabilities.
3. The document aims to provide conceptual tools for strategic thinking rather than set rules. It will analyze historical case studies and cultivate critical thinking skills over prescriptive lessons.
Introduction to strategic studies & key concepts 2013 1bakri303
Strategic studies concerns the use of force as an instrument of state policy, deriving from Clausewitz's notion of strategy as "the use of engagement for the purpose of war." Traditionally, strategic studies focused on how wars start and are fought efficiently. However, recent thinkers argue that strategic studies embodies using military power to achieve political objectives and involves coordinating all national resources toward goals. Strategic studies is interdisciplinary and draws from fields like politics, economics, and social sciences. It remains important because war is still a serious matter and military power influences international politics, though critics argue it is too state-centric and does not consider ethical issues.
Strategic Illiteracy - Inaugural Lecture Professor DuyvesteynUniversiteitLeiden
This document is the transcript of a lecture given by Prof.dr. I.G.B.M. Duyvesteyn on the acceptance of her position as Special Chair in Strategic Studies at Leiden University. In the lecture, she argues that there is a widespread problem of "strategic illiteracy" among political, military, and scholarly thinkers. She outlines Carl von Clausewitz's ideas on strategy, including that one must understand the nature of the war being fought, that strategy translates political objectives into military plans, that war is versatile, and results are rarely final. She asserts that strategic thinking is more of an art than a science. The lack of clear political objectives and realistic military plans to achieve them demonstrates
Global trend freshman course ppt chapter twoworkinehamanu
Foreign policy and diplomacy involve a state pursuing its national interests and objectives through interactions with other states. A state's foreign policy is shaped by both internal factors like its capabilities, and external factors like the international system. National interests are the values and goals a state wants to achieve abroad and can be defined based on pragmatic, ideological, or moral criteria. States employ instruments like diplomacy and economic policies to pursue their foreign policy objectives in the short, middle, and long term. Diplomacy involves structured communication between states to peacefully pursue shared goals, while economic tools like trade agreements or sanctions can influence other states' behavior.
Diplomatic and military co operations in nigeria’s foreign policyAlexander Decker
This document discusses Nigeria's use of diplomatic and military tools in its foreign policy. It provides context on the relationship between diplomacy and warfare as foreign policy instruments. The document then outlines the guiding principles of Nigeria's foreign policy since independence, including promotion of African unity and respect for sovereignty. It examines Nigeria's military engagements in peacekeeping missions in Congo in the 1960s as well as interventions in Chad and Rwanda under the OAU. The document analyzes how Nigeria has applied both diplomatic and military means to pursue its national interests and ensure stability in Africa.
Power, Capability and instruments of Foreign PolicyFaryalMustaqeem
This document discusses key concepts related to foreign policy including power, capability, and instruments of foreign policy. It defines foreign policy as a government's strategy for dealing with other nations and outlines its goals of safeguarding national interests. The document also defines power, capability, and instruments commonly used in foreign policy such as diplomacy, military policies, foreign aid, and trade. National interests and the balance of power are also discussed as important factors that influence a country's formulation of foreign policy.
The chapter discusses the history of a small town located along a river. It describes how the town was originally settled by farmers in the early 1800s and grew slowly over the decades as more people migrated to the area for work. The chapter closes by noting that the town has maintained its small town charm while continuing to expand its economic base.
This chapter discusses various perspectives on strategy processes. It outlines Henry Mintzberg's view that strategy is often emergent rather than deliberately planned. Mintzberg observed that managers rely on judgment rather than rational analysis. The chapter also discusses Andrew Pettigrew's perspective that context and processes shape strategy. Additionally, it covers how strategy relates to organizational learning, culture, sensemaking and narratives. Strategy can be seen as a social process of constructing a plausible story.
The document discusses principles of strategic communication based on lessons learned from previous DoD efforts. It defines strategic communication as synchronizing words and deeds with consideration of how they will be perceived by audiences. It emphasizes that strategic communication must be leadership-driven, credible, based on deep understanding of audiences, involve dialogue to build relationships, be pervasive in all actions and words, achieve unity of effort, be results-based to achieve specific outcomes, be responsive to the right audience and timely, and be continuous through ongoing research, analysis, planning, execution and assessment.
This document is a 14,983 word dissertation submitted by David John Fowler to the University of Aberdeen for the degree of M.Sc. in Strategic Studies. The dissertation argues that a failure to recognize the ubiquitous political nature of war and strategy can lead to strategic failure.
Chapter 1 discusses debates around whether war is a political or cultural phenomenon. It argues that while culture influences war, the underlying motivation is usually political - to gain or retain power. Chapter 2 examines differing views of "victory" between military and political actors. Chapter 3 shows how divergent views can damage civil-military relations and strategy.
The dissertation concludes that strategic failure results when either policymakers fail to understand strategy requires allocating resources,
The document discusses the concepts of strategy and grand strategy in international relations. It provides definitions of strategy, grand strategy, and analyzes characteristics of the grand strategy process. It then summarizes the grand strategies of several countries, including the United States, India, and China. The US grand strategy during the Cold War was containment and post-Cold War has elements of both unipolar and multipolar approaches. India's strategy emphasizes non-alignment and moral persuasion. China's strategy focuses on relations with major powers through cooptation and prevention, military modernization, and influencing international regimes.
The document discusses foreign policy and diplomacy. It defines foreign policy as the actions, decisions and goals that states pursue towards the outside world to achieve their national interests. National interests represent the values, goals and objectives a country wants to achieve internationally. There are differing views on defining national interests, with realists prioritizing pragmatic criteria like power and security, while idealists emphasize legal, ideological and moral elements. The document also examines the objectives and instruments of foreign policy, categorizing objectives as short-term core interests like sovereignty, or long-term values.
JR.Childs wrote, “The foreign policy of a state is the substance of foreign relations, whereas diplomacy is a process by which policies carried out. “ Similarly, Sir Harold Nicholson wrote, “Foreign policy is based on a general conception of national requirements…. Diplomacy, on the other hand, it’s not an end but a mean, not a purpose but a method. It is the agency through which foreign policy seeks to attain its purpose by agreement rather than by war.”
The crux of the whole debate is that diplomacy is the method and foreign policy is the substance, which is executed by the use of diplomatic technique.
Embracing a Void - The Comprehensive Approach to Strategy_LtColCS_MacGregor copyChris MacGregor BSc MBA MA
This document is a 16428 word thesis by Lt Col C S MacGregor KRH submitted on 31 July 2012 examining the interdependence of a comprehensive approach and strategy.
The thesis argues that a comprehensive approach and coherent strategy are mutually reinforcing concepts. A comprehensive approach provides the "void" or framework to conceive and execute strategy effectively by balancing and disciplining its components. Without a comprehensive approach, strategy will lack context and risk becoming incoherent. Similarly, without a clear strategy, a comprehensive approach risks being irrelevant.
Using the UK's 2006 reinvestment in Afghanistan as a case study, the thesis aims to demonstrate how a lack of strategic understanding and unified effort across stakeholders can undermine success, and that military
Strategic Communication: A Department of Defense Perspective. Robert HastingsRobert T. Hastings
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In these slides you will learn about the role of Strategic Management in public sector its features, objectives, planning and much more about this topic.
The document summarizes the U.S. national security policy process and the role of intelligence in supporting policymakers. It describes the main components of the policy process including the president, national security departments and agencies, the National Security Council, Congress, and the intelligence community. It discusses how these groups have varying interests and perspectives. It also outlines the intelligence cycle of planning and directing collection needs, collecting information, processing and analyzing the data, and disseminating intelligence reports to policymakers. The document notes both the importance of intelligence in informing policies, and the limitations of intelligence in the policymaking process.
This document discusses national interests and foreign policy. It defines national interest as the values, goals and objectives a country aims to achieve in international relations. National interests drive a country's foreign policy. The document also outlines different criteria for defining national interests, including operational philosophy, ideological, moral/legal, pragmatic, and foreign dependency criteria. It then discusses foreign policy objectives, including short-term goals of security, middle-term goals of economic welfare, and long-term visions to restructure the international system. The document also examines patterns of foreign policy behavior and dimensions for analyzing it such as alignment, scope and mode of operation.
This document discusses national interests and foreign policy. It defines national interest as the values, goals and objectives a country aims to achieve in international relations. National interests drive a country's foreign policy. The document also outlines different criteria for defining national interests, including operational philosophy, ideological, moral/legal, pragmatic, and foreign dependency criteria. It then discusses foreign policy objectives, including short-term goals of security, middle-term goals of economic welfare, and long-term visions to restructure the international system. The document also examines patterns of foreign policy behavior and dimensions for analyzing it such as alignment, scope and mode of operation.
Detecting and Eliminating Bad International StrategyDavid Graham
This document discusses diagnosing and eliminating bad international higher education strategy. It begins with an overview of the presentation topics, which include defining bad strategy, recognizing it, and recovering from it. The document then provides definitions for internationalization and strategy. Examples of bad strategy are presented according to Rumelt's four categories: fluff, failure to face the challenge, mistaking goals for strategy, and bad strategic objectives. Symptoms of bad strategy are outlined. The prognosis discusses how bad strategy can drive out good strategy and lead to problems if left untreated, as it is easier to develop but more dangerous.
This document discusses national interests and foreign policy. It defines national interest as the goals and objectives a country seeks to achieve internationally. The core national interests of any state are security, national development, and world order. Foreign policy formulates around protecting a state's national interests. Foreign policy objectives can be classified as short-range like territorial integrity, middle-range like economic interests, and long-range like ideological goals. Foreign policy behavior patterns include self-preservation, self-extension, and self-abnegation. Alignment, scope, and modus operandi are key dimensions to analyze foreign policy.
A2☀️. Global Trends, Chapter 2 new-1 (1).pptxseraphimkassa
This document discusses factors that influence how countries define their national interests and objectives in foreign policy. It outlines 9 criteria used to define national interest, including operational philosophy, ideological criteria, and moral/legal criteria. Foreign policy objectives are categorized as short-range (ensuring sovereignty and security), middle-range (economic betterment), and long-range (visions for the international system). Countries pursue foreign policy through alignment tendencies like alliances, neutrality, and non-alignment. The scope and mode of operation of foreign policy also varies between global, regional, and isolationist approaches and multilateral vs unilateral means.
The document discusses global trends and foreign policy concepts, including:
1. It defines foreign policy and national interest, explaining that states pursue foreign policy to achieve national interests through goals and actions towards other states. National interest can be shaped by various internal and external factors.
2. It outlines different criteria that can influence how a country defines its national interests, such as operational philosophy, moral/legal standards, pragmatism, ideology, and bureaucratic interests. Identifying national interests can involve complex debates.
3. It examines tools of foreign policy like diplomacy, economic instruments, and military aid/assistance, explaining how countries use these tools to influence others and achieve their objectives. Effective diplomacy
Diplomacy is defined as the art of conducting negotiations between parties in a sensitive manner. It usually refers to international relations and communications between countries. The goal of diplomacy is to further a state's interests through establishing independence, security, and maximizing advantage without using force. There are many types of diplomacy, including citizen, cultural, economic, and public diplomacy, each with a distinct purpose in international relations.
This document provides a summary of key concepts from lecture material on modern world governments and foreign policy decision making. It covers topics like deterrence, the obsolescence of war, the security dilemma, counterbalancing, crisis management, and the roles of bureaucracies, interest groups, public opinion, and legislatures in shaping foreign policy. Methods of decision making at the individual, group, and state levels are examined. The document also summarizes concepts relating to the Strategic Defense Initiative, including the Airborne Laser system and kinetic energy interceptors used for missile defense.
A presentation on mastering key management concepts across projects, products, programs, and portfolios. Whether you're an aspiring manager or looking to enhance your skills, this session will provide you with the knowledge and tools to succeed in various management roles. Learn about the distinct lifecycles, methodologies, and essential skillsets needed to thrive in today's dynamic business environment.
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2. Learning Objectives:
To understand:
1. What is ‘Strategy’?
2. What is ‘Strategic Effects’?
2
3. Discuss on the concept of the strategy.
“Collin Gray’s Universal Strategic Theory”
4. What is ‘Strategy’?
Some definitions:
• Strategy is the bridge that relates military power to political purpose.
• “Strategy is the use of engagements (battles) for the object of war” –
Clausewitz
• “Strategy is the art of distributing and applying military means to
fulfill the ends of policy” – Liddell Hart.
• “The use that is made of force and the threat of force for the ends of
policy.” - Colin S. Gray
• Strategy is the use of tacit and explicit threats, as well as actual
combat, to advance political purposes
4
5. Cont..What is ‘Strategy’?
• “Strategy is a plan of action designed in order to
achieve some end; a purpose together with a system
of measures for its accomplishment” – J.C.Wylie.
• “Strategy involves the search for the optimum
relationship between political ends and the means
available for obtaining them” – Lawrence Freedman
5
6. What is ‘Strategic Effects’?
• Strategy can only be assessed by the
consequence of its action.
• Strategic effect is the consequence of a
strategic act that can provide net assessment.
• Strategic effect can be intended (planned) or
unintended.
6
7. Collin Gray’s Universal Strategic Theory
Who is Collin S. Gray?
• British-American strategic theorist
• Professor of international relations.
• Specialized in security studies and strategic
studies
• Making significant contributions to the
field of military strategy.
7
Colin S. Gray’s strategic theory revolves around the idea that
strategy is fundamentally an intellectual activity deeply tied
to understanding the political context and the nature of
conflict.
8. The Strategy Brigde
8
Strategy is a bridge between the present and future. If the
bridge is competently constructed, it is likely that the ends
will be achieved. It is also like a bridge that links policy with
the tactical end.
“Strategy always and
everywhere has a political
meaning.” – Collin Gray
Strategy is a bridge
between political ends and
means to achieve them.
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