The document discusses the key stages in problem solving using computers: analyzing the problem, developing an algorithm using flowcharts or pseudocode, coding the algorithm, and testing and debugging. It also covers different types of programming languages like machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. Translation between these languages is enabled by assemblers, compilers, interpreters, linkers, and loaders.

1. Computer Program
and
Programming Language
CSE Department

2. 01 Introduction
02 Steps to Solve Problems
03 Algorithm (Flowchart/Pseudo code)
04 Representation of Algorithm
Agenda
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Programming Basics

3. Introduction
• Number of problems in our daily life.
• Suppose we have to add to number.
• Suppose we have to calculate Simple Interest.
• Suppose we have to book a Train Ticket.
• A computer is a DUMB machine without software i.e. Program.
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4. Introduction
• A software is a set of programs written to solve a particular problem.
• Software is a set of instructions on the basis of which computer gives
output/result.
• If the instructions are not correct, the computer gives wrong result.
• Just writing code is not sufficient to solve a problem.
• There are many activities to be done during the solving the problem.
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5. Stages involved in problem solving
using a computer
• Analysing the Problem
• Developing an Algorithm
– Flow chart and Pseudo code
• Coding
• Testing and Debugging
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6. Analysing the Problem
• Process of becoming familiar with the problem.
• We need to analyze and understand it well before solving.
• Understanding the problem is : Half the solution
• Inadequate identification of problem may cause program less useful
and insufficient.
• Example: Banking Solution, Hospital Management, University
Management System
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7. Developing an Algorithm
• A finite number of step-by-step procedure to solve a given problem called
algorithm
• Every algorithm should have the following 5 characteristic features:
– Definiteness — the steps are precisely stated or defined
– Uniqueness — results of each step are uniquely defined and only depend on the
input and the result of the preceding steps.
– Finiteness — the algorithm always stops after a finite number of steps.
– Output — the algorithm produces at least one output.
– Input − An algorithm should have 0 or more well-defined inputs.
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8. Algorithm Control Structure
• Sequence
– Steps are executed one after another sequentially.
• Conditional (Branching)
– Based on the condition steps are executed(processed) or not executed
• Iterative (Looping/Repetitive)
– Certain steps are executed repeatedly based on condition
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9. Algorithm Example 1
• An algorithm to find sum of two numbers:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Input two number num1 & num2.
Step 3: Result = num1+num2
Step 4: Display Result
Step 5: Stop
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10. Algorithm Example 2
• Algorithm to find area and perimeter of a square:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Input side length of square say L
Step 3: Area = L*L
Step 4: Perimeter = 4 * L
Step 5: Display Area, Perimeter
Step 6: Stop
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11. Representation of Algorithm
• There are two common methods of representing an algorithm :
– Flowchart
– Pseudocode
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12. Flowchart
• Graphical representation of an algorithm using standard
symbols.
• Includes a set of various standard shaped boxes that are
interconnected by flow lines.
• Flow lines have arrows(direction of flow).
• Activities are written within boxes in English.
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13. Flowcharts Symbol
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14. Flowchart to find the sum of two
numbers
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15. Flowchart to solve the problem of a
nonfunctioning light bulb
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16. www.youtube.com/c/powerupwithpowerpoint
Example 1
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17. www.youtube.com/c/powerupwithpowerpoint
What should i eat for lunch?
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18. www.youtube.com/c/powerupwithpowerpoint
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19. Pseudocode
• Pronounced as Soo-doh-kohd
• Artificial, informal language that helps us develop algorithms
• Similar to everyday English
• Not actually executed on computers
• Helps us “think out” a program before writing it
– Easy to convert into a corresponding program
– Consists only of executable statements
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20. Pseudocode Example 1
• Pseudocode for the sum of two numbers will be:
INPUT num1
INPUT num2
COMPUTE Result = num1 + num2
PRINT Result
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21. Pseudocode Example 2
• Pseudocode for calculating area and perimeter of a
rectangle:
INPUT length
INPUT breadth
COMPUTE Area = length * breadth
PRINT Area
COMPUTE Perimeter = 2 * (length + breadth)
PRINT Perimeter
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22. 01 Introduction
02 Different Programming Languages
03 Assemblers
04 Compiler and Interpreter
Agenda
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05 Linker and Loader

23. Computer Program
• A program is a set of instructions following the rules
• A computer is a DUMB machine without software i.e. Program.
• A program is like a recipe.
• It contains a list of ingredients (called variables) and a list of directions
(called statements) that tell the computer what to do with the variables.
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24. Programming Language
• A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules (syntax) for instructing
a computer to perform specific tasks.
• Programming languages can be used to create computer programs.
• The term programming language usually refers to high-level
languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, Python, PHP, and JAVA.
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25. Types of Programming Language
• There are three types of programming language:
– Machine language (Low-level language)
– Assembly language (Low-level language)
– High-level language
• Low-level languages are closer to the language used by a computer, while high-level
languages are closer to human languages
• Low-level languages are machine dependent , while high-level languages are machine
independent.
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26. Machine Language
• Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the
computer reads and interprets.
• Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers.
• While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost
impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers.
• It executes fast as computer don’t need any translation
• Example:- 00010001001, 1110000111
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27. Assembly Language
• Symbolic representation(mnemonics) of machine code.
• Close to machine code but the computer cannot understand
• Must be translated into machine code by a separate program called an
assembler.
• Example:
– Assembly language :
mov a1, #061h (Move the hexadecimal value 61 (97 decimal) into the
processor register named "a1".)
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28. High Level Language
• User friendly, Similar to natural languages.
• Platform independent.
• Easy to write, learn and work.
• It enables a user to write programs in a language which resembles
English words and familiar mathematical symbols.
• Programs written in a high-level language need to be translated into
machine language before they can be executed.
• Example: C, C++, Python, Java etc.
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29. Assembler
• The assembler is used to translate the program written in assembly
language into machine code.
– Basic Function:
• Translating mnemonic operation codes to their machine language equivalents
• Assigning machine addresses to symbolic labels
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30. Compiler
• A high level source program must be translated into a form machine
can understand. This done by software called the compiler.
• Source code => Machine language code(Object code)
• During the process of translation, the compiler reads the source programs
statement-wise and checks for syntax errors.
• In case of any error, the computer generates message about the error.
– Ex: C, C++, Java etc.
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31. Interpreter
• Like compiler, Interpreter is also a translator which translates high
level to machine level language.
• Translates and executes the program line by line.
• Each line is checked for syntax error and then converted to the equivalent
machine code.
• Ex. QBASIC, PERL, PHP, ASP, PYTHON, RUBY
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32. Difference between Compiler and
Interpreter
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33. Linker
• A linker is special program that combines the object files, generated by
compiler/assembler, and other pieces of codes to make an executable file
have .exe extension.
• In the object file, linker searches and append all libraries needed for
execution of file.
• It also merges two or more separate object programs and establishes link
among them.
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34. Function of Linker
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35. Loader
• The loader is special program that takes input of object code from
linker, loads it to main memory, and prepares this code for
execution by computer.
• It allocates the addresses to an executable module in main memory
for execution.
• It in charge of loading programs and libraries in operating system.
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36. Function of Loader
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37. Thank You
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