This is a presentation for c programming language

1. Unit_1
Introduction to Computers
and Programming
Sonam Singh

2. What is a Computer?
 • A computer is an electronic device that
processes data and converts it into useful
information.
 • It performs four main functions: Input,
Processing, Storage, and Output.

3. Basic Functions of a Computer
 1. Input: Data entered into the computer.
 2. Processing: Data manipulation and decision-
making.
 3. Storage: Saving data and instructions.
 4. Output: Displaying results.

4. Basic Block Diagram of Computer System
 Input Unit CPU (Control Unit + ALU) Memory
→ →
Unit Output Unit
→

6. Input Unit
 • Takes data and instructions from the user.
 • Converts it into a form that the computer can
understand.
 • Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, etc.

7. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 • Brain of the Computer
 • Consists of:
 - Control Unit (CU): Directs operations of the
computer.
 - Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs
calculations and logical comparisons.

8. Memory Unit
 • Temporarily stores data and instructions.
 • Two main types:
 - Primary Memory (RAM, ROM)
 - Secondary Storage (Hard Disk, SSD)

9. Output Unit
 • Converts processed data into a human-readable
form.
 • Devices: Monitor, Printer, Speaker, etc.

10. Storage Devices
 • Used for long-term data storage.
 • Examples:
 - Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
 - Solid State Drive (SSD)
 - USB Flash Drive

11. Concept of Hardware
 • Physical parts of the computer.
 • Examples:
 - Monitor, Keyboard, CPU, Printer, Mouse
 • Tangible and visible

12. Concept of Software
 • Set of instructions used to operate computers
and perform tasks.
 • Types:
 - System Software (e.g., Operating System)
 - Application Software (e.g., MS Word, Web
Browser)

13. Difference: Hardware vs Software
 Hardware:
 - Tangible, Physical components
 - Can be touched
 Software:
 - Intangible, Logical components
 - Cannot be touched

14. Types of Software & Computer Languages
 Concepts of Machine Level, Assembly Level, and
High-Level Languages
 Your Name / Institution / Date

15. Types of Software
 Software is categorized into:
 1. System Software
 2. Application Software
 3. Utility Software
 4. Programming Software

16. System Software
 • Controls the hardware and basic system
operations.
 • Examples: Operating System (Windows, Linux),
Device Drivers

17. Application Software
 • Designed for end-users to perform specific
tasks.
 • Examples: MS Word, Excel, Web Browsers,
Games

18. Utility Software
 • Provides additional functionality to the OS.
 • Examples: Antivirus, Disk Cleanup, File
Compression Tools

19. Programming Software
 • Used to write, test, and debug programs.
 • Examples: Text Editors, Compilers, Debuggers,
IDEs

20. Introduction to Computer Languages
 • Used to write instructions for a computer to
perform specific tasks.
 • Types:
 1. Machine Level Language
 2. Assembly Level Language
 3. High-Level Language

21. Machine Level Language
 • Lowest-level language (binary: 0s and 1s)
 • Directly understood by the computer.
 • Very fast but hard to understand and write.

22. Assembly Level Language
 • Uses mnemonic codes (e.g., ADD, SUB)
 • Easier than machine language but still
hardware-specific.
 • Requires an assembler to convert to machine
code.

23. High-Level Language
 • Human-readable languages (e.g., Python, Java,
C++)
 • Easy to learn, write, and debug.
 • Requires a compiler or interpreter.

24. Comparison of Languages
 Machine Language:
 - Binary
 - Fast, hardware-specific
 Assembly Language:
 - Mnemonics
 - Less complex
 High-Level Language:
 - English-like syntax
 - Platform independent

25. Compiler
 Understanding Compiler in Programming
 Your Name / Institution / Date

26. What is a Compiler?
 • A compiler is a program that converts high-
level source code into machine code (binary).
 • It translates the entire code at once before
execution.

27. Functions of a Compiler
 1. Lexical Analysis
 2. Syntax Analysis
 3. Semantic Analysis
 4. Optimization
 5. Code Generation
 6. Error Handling

28. Lexical Analysis
 • Breaks code into tokens.
 • Removes comments and whitespace.
 • Checks for valid identifiers.

29. Syntax Analysis
 • Checks grammatical structure.
 • Constructs syntax tree.
 • Ensures code follows language rules.

30. Semantic Analysis
 • Validates meaning of statements.
 • Checks type compatibility and undeclared
variables.

31. Optimization
 • Improves code efficiency.
 • Reduces resource usage.
 • Maintains program behavior.

32. Code Generation
 • Converts optimized intermediate code into
machine code.
 • Generates object code for execution.

33. Error Handling
 • Detects and reports errors.
 • Types: Syntax errors, Semantic errors, Runtime
errors

34. Compiler vs Interpreter
 Compiler:
 • Translates full program before execution.
 • Faster execution after compilation.
 Interpreter:
 • Translates and runs code line by line.
 • Easier debugging, slower execution.

35. Examples of Compilers
 • GCC (GNU Compiler Collection)
 • Clang
 • Java Compiler (javac)
 • Microsoft Visual C++ Compiler

36. Flowcharts and Algorithms
 Comprehensive Overview
 Your Name / Institution / Date

37. What is an Algorithm?
 • An algorithm is a finite set of well-defined steps
to solve a particular problem.
 • It is independent of programming languages.
 • Must be: Clear, Finite, and Effective.

38. Characteristics of a Good Algorithm
 1. Input: Zero or more inputs.
 2. Output: At least one output.
 3. Definiteness: Clear and unambiguous steps.
 4. Finiteness: Must terminate after a finite
number of steps.
 5. Effectiveness: Basic, executable instructions.

39. Importance of Algorithms
 • Forms the foundation of computer
programming.
 • Helps in efficient problem-solving.
 • Enables code reusability and optimization.
 • Used in searching, sorting, encryption, AI, etc.

40. Types of Algorithms
 1. Search Algorithms (e.g., Binary Search)
 2. Sort Algorithms (e.g., Quick Sort, Merge Sort)
 3. Recursion Algorithms
 4. Dynamic Programming
 5. Greedy Algorithms
 6. Brute Force Algorithms

41. What is a Flowchart?
 • A flowchart is a graphical representation of an
algorithm.
 • It shows the sequence of operations in a
process.
 • Uses standard symbols to depict different
actions.

42. Importance of Flowcharts
 • Visual representation of the process.
 • Easy to understand and analyze logic.
 • Helps in debugging and documentation.
 • Useful for communication among team
members.

43. Flowchart Symbols
 • Terminator: Start/End - Oval
 • Process: Operation - Rectangle
 • Decision: Yes/No - Diamond
 • Input/Output: Parallelogram
 • Arrows: Show flow direction

44. Rules for Creating Flowcharts
 • Flow should be top to bottom or left to right.
 • Use correct symbols.
 • Keep it clear and uncluttered.
 • Use connectors to avoid crossing lines.

45. Flowchart vs Algorithm
 Algorithm:
 • Text-based step-by-step instructions.
 • Better for precise representation.
 Flowchart:
 • Diagrammatic representation.
 • Easier for visualization and understanding.

46. Example Algorithm
 Problem: Find the largest of two numbers
 Step 1: Start
 Step 2: Read A, B
 Step 3: If A > B then
 Print A is largest
 Else Print B is largest
 Step 4: End

48. Example Flowchart
Problem: Find the largest of three numbers

49. Advantages of Algorithms
 • Easy to understand logic.
 • Platform-independent.
 • Helps in algorithm analysis.
 • Improves problem-solving skills.

50. Advantages of Flowcharts
 • Simplifies complex logic.
 • Helps in planning and designing programs.
 • Identifies errors in logic easily.
 • Documentation tool.

51. Limitations of Flowcharts
 • Complex to modify.
 • Tedious for large programs.
 • Requires drawing tools/software.
 • Can become confusing if not properly
organized.

52. Summary
 • Algorithms and flowcharts are essential tools in
programming and logic design.
 • Algorithms define the logic; flowcharts
visualize it.
 • Both improve clarity, efficiency, and problem-
solving.

53. ThankYou