The document defines key shipping terminology including: - Master: The licensed mariner in command of a vessel, responsible for its safe operation. - Ship: A vessel designed to carry cargo between locations by sea. Ships are often designed for specific cargo types. - Shipment: The process of sending goods from one place to another, or a single load of goods being sent. It also covers grammar rules for using terms like "whether" and "however" in sentences. "Whether" introduces alternatives while "however" is used to join or contrast ideas, requiring specific punctuation in different contexts.

1. 17
Chapter I: Terminology
1. Master:
Master is a licensed mariner in ultimate command of the vessel.The captain is
responsible for its safe and efficient operation, including cargo operations, navigation,
crew management and ensuring that the vessel complies with local and international
laws, as well as company and flag state policies.
e.g: Master is the highest person board.

2. 17
2. General Ship:
Ship is a vessel which designed to carry cargo such as containers, cartons, oil, etc.
Ships used to move packaged merchandise from one location to another. Due to the
vast range of cargo materials, these ships are often designed specifically for the cargo
which they will carry. Cranes and other heavy equipment needed to move, load and
unload cargo are usually on-board. General cargo vessels are vital to international trade.
e.g: The ship is ready for the transit.
Knock Levis, the biggest bunker ship

3. 17
Emma Maersk, the biggest container ship
3. Shipping:
Shipping is the physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods
and cargo by sea, and is extended in American English to refer to transport by land or
air (International English: "carriage"). "Logistics", a term borrowed from the military
environment, is also fashionably used in the same sense.
Land or "ground" shipping can be by train or by truck (International English: lorry).
In air and sea shipments, ground transport is required to take the cargo from its place
of origin to the airport or seaport and then to its destination because it is not always
possible to establish a production facility near ports due to limited coastlines of
countries. Ground transport is typically more affordable than air, but more expensive
than sea especially in developing countries like India, where inland infrastructure is
not efficient.

4. 17
e.g: The shipping from Hongkong to Singapore has been completed.
A shipping of a vessel

5. 17
4. Shipment:
+ Uncountable noun: Shipment is the process of sending goods from a place to
another.
e.g: The goods are ready for shipment.
+ Countable noun: Shipment is a load of goods that is sent from a place to another.
e.g: The arms of shipment have been moved.
Shipment in Xiamen, China A ship is ready for shipment in a port

6. 17
5. Hold:
Hold is a large compartment or space in the lower part of a ship or aircraft in which
cargo is stowed, or a place of unloading, storage and preservation of the ship's cargo
in transit.
Hold is divided into: dry cargo hold, bulk cargo hold, insulated hold, ore hold, chilled
hold, cold hold and deep-freeze hold.
e.g: A ship can have one or more holds. Depending on the type of goods that holds
have various structural.
A hold of a container ship
Dry cargo hold

7. 17
6. Common carrier:
Common carrier is a person or organization providing to the public to carry or
delivery any goods at any places on the carriage regular routes.
e.g: Common carrier in continential Europe is defined differently than common
carrier in Bristish English, in which it is a synonym for contract carrier.

8. 17
7. Issuing bank:
Issuing bank is the bank that writes a letter of credit, especially on behalf of an
exporter. The issuing bank operates in the country of the importer, and facilitates
trade between the importer and exporter by providing credit for the transaction. It
is also called an opening bank.
e.g: The issuing bank assumes primary liability for the consumer's capacity to pay
off debts they incur with their card.
8. Correspondent bank:
Correspondent bank is a financial institution that acts as an agent for another bank,
providing services and products in an area the other bank does not operate in so its
customers can access things like wire transfers and international deposits. This
allows banks of all sizes to do business in other regions and countries without
having to open a new branch, keeping these services at an affordable price for
customers. Banks of all sizes can act as correspondent banks, and numerous
international financial institutions have a correspondent banking branch to provide
services to smaller banks with less reach.
e.g: Correspondent banks are more likely to be used to conduct business in foreign
countries, and act as a domestic bank's agent abroad.
The relationship between issuing bank and correspondent bank

9. 17
9. Bill of lading:
A bill of lading (sometimes abbreviated as B/L or BOL) is a document used in the
transport of goods by sea. It serves several purposes in international trade.
A bill of lading is issued by a carrier, and details a shipment of merchandise,
gives title to the goods, and requires the carrier to deliver the merchandise to the
appropriate party.
e.g: Suppose that a logistics company must transport gasoline from a plant in
Texas to a gas station in Arizona via heavy truck.A plant representative and the
driver would sign the bill of lading after the gas is loaded onto the truck.Once the
gasoline is delivered to the gas station in Arizona, the truck driver must have the
clerk at the station sign the document as well.
A bill of lading

10. 17
10.Dock receipt:
Dock receipt is a form used to acknowledge receipt of cargo at a steamship pier.
When delivery of a foreign shipment is completed, the dock receipt is surrendered
to the vessel operator or the operator's agent and serves as basis for preparation of
the ocean bill of lading.
It can also be known as a legal document verifying that a carrier has received a
shipment at a dock. This transfers liability and responsibility for the shipment
from the shipper to the carrier, whether the load is at its end destination or working
its way through a series of locations to reach its final recipient. Along with other
records pertaining to the shipment, the dock receipt is kept to provide
documentation as the load is moved, and there are usually multiple copies sent to
interested parties so they can track the shipment successfully.
e.g: The function of the dock receipt is equivalent to the mate’s receipt in classical
transportation.
A dock receipt

11. 17
Chapter II: Grammar
1. Whether:
In the following circumstances, “whether” should be used:
- To present two alternatives (neither of which is a condition).
+ Inform the clerk whether Mark needs a seat.
(In this example, the two alternatives are 'Mark needs a seat' and 'Mark
does not need a seat'. The clerk is to be informed in either case.)
+ Inform the clerk if Mark needs a seat.
(This sentence is not grammatically wrong, but it does not mean the same
as the first example. In this example, the clerk is only to be informed if
Mark needs a seat. Therefore, Mark needing a seat is a condition. This is a
conditional sentence. See the section on 'If' below.)
+ Let Anna know whether the boss is able to go to Crowborough.
(In this example, the two alternatives are 'going' and 'not going'. Anna
needs to know the answer regardless of which is chosen.)
+ Let Anna know if the boss is able to go to Crowborough.
(This sentence is not grammatically wrong, but it does not mean the same
as the one above. In this example, Anna needs only to be told if the boss is
going to Crowborough.)
- Afterprepositions.
+ I would like to talk about whether you are going to California.
(The word 'about' is a preposition.)
+ At this point, the flight attendant makes the decision on whether the
passenger stays on the aircraft.
(The word 'on' is a preposition.)
- Beforeinfinitive verbs starting 'to' (e.g., whether to ask..).
+ I have been thinking whether to grow my own tomatoes this year.
('To grow' is an infinitive verb).
- When 'whether' starts a clause that is the sentence subject or complement.

12. 17
+ Whether you sink or swim is not my concern.
('Whether you sink or swim' is the subject of this sentence.)
+ I don't care whether you sink or swim.
('Whether you sink or swim' is the complement of the verb 'to care'.)
- In formal writing. (When if and whether are interchangeable, choose
whether in formal writing.)
+ I doubt whether the team will succeed.
+ Please establish a committee to determine whether the proposed funding
lines are appropriate.
2. However:
‘However’ can be used in a number of different ways and each usage
requires particular punctuation.
- Using ‘however’ as a conjunctive adverb
+ ‘However’ can be used to join two simple sentences to make a compound
sentence.
+ ‘However’ indicates that the relationship between the two independent
clauses is one of contrast or opposition.
e.g: The engineers claimed that the bridge was safe; however, they were
still not prepared to risk crossing.
+ Use a semi-colon (;) before and a comma (,) after however when you are
using it to
write a compound sentence.
- Using ‘however’ to begin a sentence
+ If ‘however’ is used to begin a sentence, it must be followed by a comma,
and what appears after the comma must be a complete sentence.
e.g: However, there was no need to repeat the data entry.
+ Keep the use of sentences beginning with ‘however’ to a minimum.
Overuse makes ‘however’ look more important than the content of the
sentence. It may also result in sentence fragments.

13. 17
e.g:
FRAGMENT — However, life in Ancient Egypt three thousand years
ago.
REVISED — However, life in Ancient Egypt three thousand years ago
was much more sophisticated.
+ A sentence beginning with ‘however,’ is usually closely related to the
sentence which precedes it. In most cases, it is more appropriate to use
‘however’ to form a compound sentence.
- Using ‘however’ as an aside.
+ ‘However’ can be used to interrupt a sentence. Use a comma (,) before
and a comma
(,) after ‘however’ when you use it in this way.
e.g: It is, however, extremely difficult to identify all the relevant variables.
- Using ‘however’ to mean ‘in whatever manner’, ‘by whatever means’ or
‘to whatever extent’.
e.g: However the data were analysed, the results remained consistent.
The results remained consistent however the data were analysed.
+ Note the comma in the first example. Be careful when using ‘however’ in
this way as the result may be ambiguous.
Compare the following:
The results remained consistent however the data were analysed.
The results remained consistent; however, the data were analysed.
If punctuation is not a strong point, your marker may find it difficult to
decide what you mean.
3. Therefore:
"Therefore" is usually used as a "conjunctive adverb," that is, an adverb that
"joins."
- If it connects two independent clauses, it is preceded by a semi-colon and
followed by a comma. That rule is ABSOLUTE.

14. 17
e.g: A sufficient number of the committee members failed to attend the
meeting; therefore, the meeting was cancelled.
- When "therefore" appears WITHIN a sentence and does not join two
clauses, it is called a "parenthetical expression." You can leave it out, and
the sentence will still have meaning. But, the inclusion of "therefore"
suggests a "causal effect" -- that one thing follow another. The word --
since it is not necessary but just is "helpful" -- is set off with commas.
e.g: The meeting was not well attended and, therefore, was cancelled.
4. Conditional sentences:
a) If clause type I:
Form:
IF + Simple Present, will-Future
e.g: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case,
don't use a comma.
e.g: I will send her an invitation if I find her address.
Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple
Present und will-Future on how to form negative sentences.
e.g: If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.
Use:
Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in the future
will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't
know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the
conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.
e.g: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
 It means “I want to send an invitation to a friend. I just have to find her
address. I am quite sure, however, that I will find it.”
e.g: If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.

15. 17
 It means “I know John very well and I know that he earns a lot of money
and that he loves Ferraris. So I think it is very likely that sooner or later he
will have the money to buy a Ferrari.”
b) If clause type II:
Form:
IF + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
e.g: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case,
don't use a comma.
e.g: I would send her an invitation if I found her address.
Note:
- Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple
Past and Conditional I on how to form negative sentences.
e.g: If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.
- In IF Clauses Type II, we usually use ‚were‘ – even if the pronoun
is I, he, she or it –.
e.g: If I were you, I would not do this.
Use:
Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action
could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the
situation to change, however. I just imagine „what would happen if …“
e.g: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
 It means “I would like to send an invitation to a friend. I have looked
everywhere for her address, but I cannot find it. So now I think it is rather
unlikely that I will eventually find her address.”
e.g: If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.

16. 17
 It means “I know John very well and I know that he doesn't have much
money, but he loves Ferraris. He would like to own a Ferrari (in his
dreams). But I think it is very unlikely that he will have the money to buy
one in the near future”
c) If clause type III:
Form:
IF + Past Perfect, main clause with Conditional II
e.g: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case,
don't use a comma.
e.g: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.
Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Past
Perfect and Conditional II on how to form negative sentences.
e.g: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.
Use:
Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action
could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled.
Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have
happened if the situation had been fulfilled.
e.g: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
 It means “Sometime in the past, I wanted to send an invitation to a
friend. I didn't find her address, however. So in the end I didn't send her an
invitation.”
e.g: If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.
 It means “I knew John very well and I know that he never had much
money, but he loved Ferraris. He would have loved to own a Ferrari, but he
never had the money to buy one.”

17. 17
5. Because:
Because often introduces new information which is not known to the
listener/reader. It puts more emphasis on the reason. When the reason is the
most important part of the sentence, the because-clause usually comes at the
end.
e.g:
• We had dinner after ten o' clock because dad arrived late.
• He bought a new home because he won a lottery.
• I read because I like reading.
A because clause can stand alone.
e.g: Why are you crying? Because John hit me.
6. As:
As can be used to refer to the reason for something. This is particularly
common when the reason is already known to the listener/reader, or when it is
not the most important part of the sentence.
e.g: As he wasn't ready, we went without him.
7. Provide/ providing (that):
1‐ They mean the same as“but only if” or “if and only if”
e.g:
‐ Provided/ providing (that) you work harder, you will pass your exam.
Or
* You will pass your examprovided/ providing (that) you work
harder.
* (You will pass but only if you work harder)

18. 17
2‐ Tense agreementin complex sentences provided (that)/providing (that) is
the same as in complex
sentences with if‐conditional (type 1). When you are talking about the future,
do not use will.Use the present simple tense instead.
e.g:
Provided that you leave now, you will arrive atschool on time.
Provided that + presentsimple, + Will(Future Simple).