1) Comedy as a genre is complex, with many different forms including black comedy, slapstick, satire, and parody. Comedies often rely less on standard narrative devices than other genres. 2) There is no single definition of comedy - it aims to provoke laughter but can also be used briefly in other genres. A comedy typically depicts everyday life and ends happily, though laughter is not its sole purpose. 3) Many successful comedies are genre hybrids, blending elements of romance, drama, and other styles through their narratives while still prioritizing humor. Straight comedies rely more on sophisticated use of comic conventions alone to appeal to broad audiences.

1. Introduction
What constitutes comedy and the comic is complex. Film comedy is frequently a genre hybrid.
Comedy can be made as; ‘black comedy’ with a bleak sense of humour; it can be reliant upon
slapstick, gags or sharp-edged satire; it may be parotic of other cinematic conventions.
Comedies frequently rely far less than most other genres upon standardised narrative devices. A
study of how the comedy genre operates throws the issue of narrative into sharp relief.
Definition
The diversity of comic forms means that a single definition of comedy is insufficient. The
signifier of laughter isn’t enough to define a film as a comedy. This is because comedy is widely
used in other genres for fleeting effects. Think of the rather deadpan comic aspects of the
Terminator films for example. These effects are a feature of the films rather than the central
purpose. The Terminator films can’t be defined as SF-comedy. The term ‘comic’ means the
ability to cause laughter. Even a real event can be comic. ‘Comedy’ is an aesthetic term with two
distinct meanings:
The Oxford Concise Dictionary definition is: Stage-play of light, amusing and often satirical
character, chiefly representing everyday life, & with happy ending The key meanings here are:
‘amusing’ and ‘a happy ending’.
Notably the word laughter isn’t mentioned in this definition although the expression ‘amusing’
can be seen as a partial synonym for laughter but it expresses far more than this.
Comedy and Comic Conventions
In comedy note the importance of creating a happy ending and also the representation of
everyday life which was normally concerned with the middle and lower orders of society.
‘...comedy was for centuries the most appropriate genre for representing the lives, not of the
ruling classes, of those with extensive power, but of the ‘middle’ and ‘lower’ orders of society,
...whose manners behaviour and values were considered by their ‘betters’ to be either trivial, or
vulgar or both’ (My emphasis: Neale & Krutnik, 1990: 11-12 ).
A happy ending is a convention usually coexistent with other conventions, such as the constant
generation of laughter through funny lines and situations. Where films have only brief funny
moments but with a happy end both the film’s concerns and the structure can be close to the
genre ‘we tend to think of as melodrama’ (Neale & Krutnik,199: 13). Under this criterion we can
consider Thelma and Louise and Muriel’s Wedding (1994) as melodrama crossing -over with
screwball comedies which are comedies about the 'battle of the sexes'.
The majority of comedy films can be seen as being genre hybrids, About a Boy (2002), The Full
Monty, Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), Trainspotting, Shallow Grave (1995) range
through a number of genre hybrid combinations from romantic comedies, to ‘black’ comedies.
They have strong narratives as a vehicle for comic aspects. The stronger the narrative the more
the film takes on either multi-generic or hybrid generic aspects.
Films like Monty Python’s Life of Brian (1978) are straight comedies. The longer-term success
of this type of film relies upon the sophisticated use of a combination of comic conventions. This
allows it to appeal to a wide audience base despite having a weak narrative and avoiding genre-

2. hybridity. Instead of being multi-generic or hybrid generic it utilises parody to raise a laugh
from a deliberate send-up of other cinematic conventions of representation particularly the
historical heritage costume genre. It also uses political satire when for example King Arthur has
a political debate with the peasant’s collective. Black comedy is combined with slapstick
humour, simultaneously satirising the power of liberal democracies giving defiant people ‘a
chance to change their defiant position’ before being quite literally disarmed like the Black
Knight.
Comedy and Comic Conventions in Cinema
‘Comedy’ as an aesthetic term has two distinct kinds of meaning. It can refer to the genre as a
whole. Alternatively it can refer to particular works - Some Like it hot. (1959).
The use of the indefinite article ‘a’ tends to imply a narrative form; The TV sitcom the Royal
Family is comedy rather than a comedy, because it is non-narrative being based upon a
continuous invariant location - the front room in front of the TV. This is a comedic form specific
to broadcast media which can concentrate on series production.
The generation of laughter can mark all forms as comedy. It can also mark all genres which lead
to a considerable amount of genre hybridity. Hitchcock’s North by North West (1959) can be
seen as a comedy-thriller for example.
‘Comedy, however, seems especially suited to hybridization, in large part because the local
forms responsible for the deliberate generation of laughter can be inserted at some point into
most other generic contexts without disturbing their conventions’ (My emphasis: Neale &
Krutnik , 1990 : 18).
Slapstick
Slapstick is another mode of comedy that can be found in a very diverse range of forms. The
origins of the term stem from a type of prop which were a pair of paddles to create a lot of noise
with minimum danger. This marked violent comic action of the kind to be found in pantomime,
circus and ‘low’ forms of farce. The physical plus visual qualities of slapstick were crucial in the
early comedy of the silent period. Slapstick is valued for the populist foundation of its aesthetic.
Slapstick is inappropriate and inadequate as a vehicle for romance or its fulfilment. It lacks a plot
structure that is capable of taking romance seriously. Narrative comedy can accommodate
slapstick but the reverse isn’t the case.
Gags
The term can apply to any kind of visual comic effect. They can involve a comic effect like a
‘pratfall’ where somebody falls over. In Life is Beautiful (1998), perhaps the darkest of ‘black
comedies’, Guido falls off his bike into Dora for example. At the beginning of the film there are
a variety of gags which lead the viewer to think that this is comedy which is pure farce as the
brakes fail leading the car past a reception for royalty. Gags can be a part of the narrative or else
entirely incidental to it. Thelma’s husband putting his feet in the pizza in Thelma and Louise for
example.
Conclusion
It is important to differentiate between comic and comedy and it is also important to note the
differing forms of comedy which in more sophisticated products might all be present, which

3. lends appeal to a wide range of audiences. It is usually the case that stronger narratives are less
reliant upon slapstick styles of comedy and also that these comedic forms are more likely to be
marketed as a genre hybrid. In the next section there is a more detailed account of the ways in
which narrative works to increase comic effects.