Combinatorial testing (CT) can significantly reduce the number of tests needed to cover all combinations of parameters by using techniques like pairwise testing. Pairwise testing involves testing all possible combinations of each pair of input parameters, reducing hundreds of thousands of test cases to just a few dozen. Tools are available to automatically generate optimal pairwise test cases. CT has been shown to improve defect detection over traditional ad hoc testing while lowering costs by reducing testing time and effort.