Columbus essay
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Christopher Columbus was a navigator who believed he could reach Asia by sailing west from Europe. In 1492, he received funding from the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella to embark on an expedition with three ships. After several weeks at sea, land was sighted on October 12th, which Columbus named San Salvador, believing he had reached Asia. In fact, he had discovered islands in the Caribbean that were part of a then unknown continent, which we now call America. Columbus went on to explore more of the Caribbean and returned to Spain, where he was received as a hero for his discoveries, which led to Spain becoming the most powerful empire in the world due to the wealth obtained from the new lands.
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Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy. He believed the world was round and proposed sailing west to reach Asia, hoping to find a trade route for spices. In 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain funded Columbus' expedition, providing him with three ships: the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria. On October 12, 1492, Columbus landed in the Bahamas, believing he had reached Asia, but had actually discovered the Americas. Over his four voyages, Columbus explored the Caribbean islands and parts of Central and South America, claiming the lands for Spain. Columbus died in 1506, still believing he had reached Asia.
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Theobald Wolfe Tone was born in 1763 in Ireland and studied law, but was interested in politics and supported Catholic Emancipation. In 1791, he helped found the United Irishmen who wanted Irish independence from Britain and were willing to use violence. Tone sought support from France for an Irish rebellion against Britain. In 1796, the French sent ships with troops to help, but they were unable to land due to weather. Tone was later captured aboard a French ship and sentenced to death for treason, but he cut his own throat before the execution.
Early chrisitan monk
An abbot named Kevin lives in a isolated monastery in Glendalough, Ireland in charge of the other monks. The monks live a life of chastity and obedience to God, wearing simple wool tunics and cutting their hair in a bald patch. The monastery contains beehive huts for sleeping, a church, and a scriptorium where monks make illuminated manuscripts using quills and ink made from plants. Other monks are skilled in stone masonry and metalworking to create crosses and chalices. The monastery is self-sufficient with farms to grow food and monks eat together in a refectory. A round tower is used for storage, protection from Vikings, and as a safe refuge if invaded.
Patrician
Slaves played an important role in ancient Rome, making up millions of the population across the Roman Empire. They had no rights and were completely under the control of their owners. Slaves worked in a variety of jobs depending on their skills, from manual labor in mines and quarries to educated roles like tutors. A small number were able to gain freedom or improved conditions. The wealthy patrician class did not work and instead directed their slaves, using their wealth and leisure time for politics, baths, games, and chariot races. They lived in grand homes with central water and heating, eating lavish multi-course meals prepared by slaves.
Michelangelo
Michelangelo was born near Florence and showed early artistic talent, being apprenticed to Lorenzo de Medici's sculpting school. He created famous works like the Pieta and David statue in Florence before being commissioned to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel over four years, using techniques like sfumato and perspective. Later in life, Michelangelo also worked as an architect, designing St. Peter's Basilica's dome and Pope Julius II's tomb, which took forty years to complete. Michelangelo demonstrated extraordinary talent and longevity as a sculptor, painter, poet and architect over his long career.
Archaeologist at work
An archaeologist carefully excavates sites to uncover objects and learn about past life. They remove topsoil in grids and map the site, using tools like brushes and sieves to carefully find artifacts like bones, pottery, and jewelry. Archaeologists date finds through carbon dating, tree ring dating, and bone analysis to determine the artifacts' ages and the lives of their owners. Ultimately, artifacts go to museums to educate the public about pre-history.
Industrial revolution
The industrial revolution transformed society through new technologies in textiles, mining, and steel production. Powered by coal and steam, factories using machines like the spinning jenny and water frame massively increased production but also led to unsafe working conditions, long hours, child labor, urban overcrowding, and poor living standards for many workers. The industrialization of Britain established its dominance but also came at great human cost due to the difficulties of rapid industrial and population growth.
Martin luther
Martin Luther was a German theology professor who helped start the Protestant Reformation. He was angry about the Catholic Church selling indulgences and in response wrote the 95 Theses criticizing the practice. The theses outlined Luther's reforms for the Church including justifying salvation by faith alone and rejecting the power and authority of the Pope. Luther was later excommunicated for his ideas but his writings spread Protestant teachings which divided Germany into Catholics and Protestants.
Berlin blockade
Following World War II, tensions rose between the Western allies and the Soviet Union. The Soviets set up communist governments in Eastern Europe and cut off access to West Berlin. In response, the Western allies launched the Berlin Airlift to supply West Berlin by air. Over two years, the airlift delivered over 2 million tons of supplies until the Soviets lifted the blockade. The blockade increased tensions and led to the formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, cementing Europe's division between the communist East and capitalist West during the Cold War.
Working in the factory was very dangerous
Factory and mine work in the past was extremely dangerous, with thousands dying each year from accidents. Workers faced long 16-hour shifts with low wages, and only one day off per week. Child labor was also common, with children performing hazardous jobs. Both factory and mine workers faced severe health risks from poor conditions, regularly suffering lung disease and losing limbs. Miners faced additional dangers from explosions and floods. Living conditions for workers and their families were terrible, with overcrowded housing lacking clean water or adequate sewerage.
George washington
George Washington was born in Virginia and served as an officer in the British army before supporting American independence. He was elected Commander in Chief of the American forces and had to transform them into a professional army to compete against the British. While he suffered some early setbacks including the losses of New York and Philadelphia, Washington led the Continental Army to key victories including driving the British from Boston. After training at Valley Forge, Washington's forces gained strength with French support and aid. Their final victory over Cornwallis at Yorktown led the British to formally recognize American independence.
A planter in ulster
The author is a Presbyterian planter from Scotland who was given 1,500 acres of land in county Tyrone as part of the Ulster Plantation established by King James I. The plantation brought Protestant settlers from Scotland and England to Ireland in order to establish a loyal Protestant population, generate revenue through rents, and displace the Gaelic Irish population. As an undertaker, the planter is responsible for meeting conditions like building a stone enclosure and is prohibited from having Gaelic Irish tenants. While the plantation has successfully spread English culture and Protestant religions, the Gaelic Irish still pose a threat through occasional attacks from hiding places in forests and hills, risking an uprising against the plantation's success.
Moscow show trials review
Stalin orchestrated a series of show trials in the 1930s for several reasons: he was paranoid, jealous of other party members' power, and wanted to set an example. The trials began with the murder of Kirov, which Stalin may have ordered. High-ranking party members like Kamenev and Zinoviev were prosecuted and confessed under interrogation by the secret police. Through these purges, Stalin eliminated any opposition, established himself as sole dictator, and weakened potential threats while leaving the Soviet Union under his totalitarian rule, though thousands of innocent people were convicted.
Dictatorship and democracy
The document discusses various historical political leaders from the early 20th century, including Lenin, Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler, and Churchill. It provides brief biographical details about each leader's role - Lenin and Trotsky led the Bolsheviks in Russia, Stalin later led the Soviet Union after Lenin's death, Mussolini and Hitler formed fascist states in Italy and Germany respectively, and Churchill was the prime minister of Britain during World War 2. The document then asks what commonalities U.S. President Barack Obama shares with these historical figures.
After the discoveries
The document summarizes the major events after the initial European discoveries of Africa and the Americas. It describes how the Treaty of Tordesillas divided control between Portugal and Spain, with Spain claiming lands to the west and Portugal to the east. It then discusses key explorers like Vespucci and conquistadors like Cortes and Pizarro who explored and conquered lands for Spain, with Cortes overthrowing the Aztec empire and Pizarro conquering the Inca in Peru. These conquests had wide-ranging effects, including the destruction of native civilizations, spread of European languages and Christianity, establishment of the slave trade, and great wealth brought back to Europe.
Ancient rome
Ancient Rome was centered around the Tiber River, with the forum acting as the marketplace and civic center. Important buildings included the Colosseum for entertainment, the Circus Maximus for chariot races, and temples honoring Roman gods, while wide streets featured arches and columns celebrating military victories.
1798 rebellion
The document summarizes the events leading up to and during the 1798 Irish Rebellion against British rule. It discusses the penal laws that discriminated against Catholics and Presbyterians, restricting their rights. Dissatisfaction grew as the British parliament had control over Ireland's laws and trade. The United Irishmen, led by Theobald Wolfe Tone, sought independence and reform. Their uprising began in 1798 but was defeated by the British army. The French attempted to help the rebels by sending troops, but they arrived too late and were also defeated, ending the rebellion.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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- 1. Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa in 1451. He learned how to sail here first before moving to Portugal to improve his skills. He believed that he would be able to reach Asia by sailing westwards. He hoped the Portuguese king would sponsor him. When he didnโt he instead looked for the help of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. They decided to sponsor him hoping that it would bring them great wealth. Columbus set sail from the port of Palos with three ships called the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria in August 1492. Columbus was captain of the Santa Maria. Some of the crew were afraid of falling off the edge of the world as well as mythical sea monsters. Columbus had to keep two log books during the voyage. One which told the true distances they had travelled and another which showed less distance. This log book was kept to keep the sailors happy as they would fear they had travelled too far from land. During the voyage the crew ate salted meats, cheese and dried biscuits. Fresh water and fruit were in short
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