The document discusses the history of color in films. Early films were black and white but filmmakers experimented with adding color through various techniques like hand-coloring individual frames, stenciling with colored dyes, and tinting the entire frame different colors to set moods. The first successful color motion picture process was Kinemacolor in 1908, followed by others like Technicolor in the 1920s which became the most widely used color process in Hollywood. Color film became more common in India in the late 1930s and 1950s.

1. COLOR IN FILMS

2. HISTORY
Most movies were shot on black-and-white film stock, it
was always possible to manipulate that to create color;
color film has been around almost as long as moving
pictures. Photographers in the nineteenth century had
been retouching their black-and-white portraits and
landscapes to make them look more realistic. So within a
very short time after the invention of cinema, filmmakers
started retouching their own film stock.

3. The various schemes for injecting pigment
into the picture before the introduction of
Technicolor include
Hand-coloring each frame
 Stenciling
Tinting

4. Hand colored films
Hand-coloring was the earliest kind of film shading. It was done
precisely as the name implies. Painters colored each part of
each frame of each copy of the reel by hand.This labor-
intensive technology was only possible because the earliest
films were very short, only several hundred feet in celluloid
length.Very high quality early films, like the fantasy
productions of Georges Méliès, might have this extra attention
lavished on them.

5. Stenciling
It used in such landmark films asThe Birth of a Nation (1915)
and Intolerance (1916), stenciling was markedly easier than
hand-coloring, though still very labor-intensive. Primarily used
by the French Pathé company and marketed as Pathé Color, it
involved etching glass plates with the outline of the main
photographic shapes, and then using these plates as master
stencils, that covered portions of the film so that colored dye
could be applied to appropriate sectors of each frame.

6. Tinted
The most common coloring technique was tinting.This
relatively inexpensive way of producing color in the film stock
involved dyeing the entire frame of a shot or sequence to
match the shot's mood or activity: a yellowish-sepia for a
lantern-lit cabin, a lurid red for the flames of battle or hell,
dark blue for night, and so on.This technique was used from
very early on—in films likeThe GreatTrain Robbery (1903)—
until relatively late, in productions like Portrait of Jennie
(1948).

7. Kinemacolor
 Kinemacolor was the first successful colour motion picture process, used
commercially from 1908 to 1914.
 It was invented by George Albert Smith of Brighton, England in 1906.
 It was a two-colour additive colour process, photographing and projecting a
black-and-white film behind alternating red and green filters.
 The Delhi Durbar (1912) – British color documentary
 Kinemacolor was one ofTechnicolor's primary rivals in the period prior to
1920.

8. Cinecolor
 The Cinecolor process was invented in 1932 by English-born
cinematographerWilliamThomas Crespinel (1890–1987).
 Cinecolor was an early subtractive color-model two color motion
picture process, based upon the Prizma system.
 The first feature film to use the process was “The Gentleman from
Arizona”.

9. Kodachrome (1935)
Subtractive color processes
proved far more practical to
exhibit than were additive
systems.This is because
standard projectors could be
used to show the films which
had only one composite color
record for each frame.

10. Technicolor
 Technicolor is a series of color motion picture processes, the first version came
in 1916, and followed by improved versions over several decades.
 It was the second major color process, after Britain's Kinemacolor, and the most
widely used color process in Hollywood from 1922 to 1952.
 "Technicolor" is the trademark for a series of color motion picture processes
pioneered byTechnicolor Motion Picture Corporation now a division of the
French companyTechnicolor SA.
 An excellent example is “Wizard of Oz” (1930) ofTechnicolor.

11. Colour era in Indian cinema
Kisan Kanya (1937) was
known as India's first colour
film.
Kisan Kanya was shot in
Cinecolor. Colour era in
Indian Cinema (Hindi and
Tamil) started in the mid
1950s.

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