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Cognitive functioning (2)
1.
2. Some cognitive abilities improve /some slow down a bit
acquired knowledge & skills compensate for losses & help
solve problems in area of expertise more efficiently than
younger adults do
4. age –related changes follow a typical curve
height of curve varies depending on the amount an
individual “exercises” some ability or skill
exercise – physical/mental exercise; extent specific task was
performed before, exercised abilities have a high peak
Unexercised abilities usually have a lower peak
Exercised abilities-everyday memory tasks-recalling details
(newspaper article)
5. Unexercised abilities-memory tests-memorizing lists
Abilities that are exercised more fully have a higher peak
there is a degree of improvement possible for any given
skill; it is the gap between the curves
adult -max level with optimum exercise declines with age-
fighting against the basic decay curve of aging
6. process of balancing the gains & losses associated with aging
manage demands of competing tasks
optimize skills they believe can be improved by exercising them
use compensating strategies to offset the effects of aging
7. Selection:
occurs when a middle-aged adult reduces distractions to more
efficiently carry out a cognitive task
Optimization:
involved when middle-aged adults work to improve their physical
fitness or expand their knowledge
Compensation:
takes many forms-the development of organizational strategies; using an
agenda to keep track of important dates; to offset memory declines
8. Lack Of Mental Exercise tends to be correlated with declines in
memory and cognitive skills
Major deficits are not found until between the ages of 60 - 65
It is very difficult to draw conclusions about memory function
In middle age
Forgetfulness clearly increases with age
What is working memory?
Working memory is the ability to hold information in our current
focus of attention while completing some sort of necessary
cognitive processing task. We use our working memory when we
concentrate on remembering a phone number while struggling to
find something to write it down on.
9. What are Episodic Memories
Recollections of personal events
What are Semantic Memories
Recollections of general knowledge, facts and word
meanings
Young and middle-aged adults differ more with respect to new
episodic memories that they do with respect to semantic memories
Middle-aged adults use reminders or cues
Memory for auditory stimuli seems to remains stable throughout adulthood
Remembering lists or passages decline but not until around age 55
10. In general, most adults maintain or even gain in skill
On any task that they practise often or that is based on
Specific learning.
New Learning
Middle-aged adults outperform those who are younger on tasks that
involve comprehending and remembering reading material
In memory, this difference might be reflected in a decline in memory
For surface detail, accompanied by an increase in memory for
Themes and meanings
Younger adults are more likely to report specific events or actions in the story,
while middle-aged adults recalled more of the psychological motivations of the
characters and offered more interpretations of the story in their recall
With a schematic processing, the encoding process changes as we get older
We may not attempt to encode as much detail but may store more summarizing
information
11. Some widely quoted early research suggests that peak
Creativity, like peak physical functioning occurs in
Early adulthood
Researchers created an experiment that was based on
creativity professional effectiveness
Scientists made groups of 4, each person was a manager at a
federal job
Each group had to manage an imaginary country
The groups were divided into different ages
24-35
45-55
65-75
The results showed that the 24-35’s, or young group, took
more actions and made more decisions. They asked for more
information to an excessive point and it was an overload.
They had a great diversity of action.
12. 45-55 or the middle team, just asked the right amount of
questions. They didn't ask too much to overload their system
but just enough to make decisions.
65-75 or the older team, was the contrast. They did not
perform as well in any task.
The ability to apply creativity at complex problems is in the
middle level years.
Research shows that you are more creative and productive at
the times when you're the busiest, scientists studied a group
of author's that produced many works, they found that their
best works were released in their 40s.
13. Function:
The hippocampus is involved in several functions of the body
including: Consolidation of New Memories
Emotional Responses
Navigation
Spatial Orientation
Location: directionality, the hippocampus is located within the
temporal lobes, adjacent to the amygdala.
14. Chris is memorizing a list of cities and Mary is recalling
details of a story she read. What abilities are they
performing according to Nancy Denny?
Exercised; unexercised
Exercised; exercised
Unexercised; exercised
Unexercised; unexercised
ANSWER: c
15. Bill is playing a game of bridge. Because he still
remembers the basic rules he is using _______.
Semantic memory
Auditory memory
Episodic memory
Creativity
ANSWER: a
16. Linda is a 55 year old woman and can recall more
psychological motivations of the characters whereas
June, who is 22, recalls specific events of the story
that they both had read. Linda’s encoding process is:
Changing as she gets older
Staying the same as she gets older
Changing as she gets younger
Staying the same as she gets younger
ANSWER: a
Editor's Notes
Cognitive Functioning Middle adult years: some cognitive abilities improve /some slow down a bitacquired knowledge & skills compensate for losses & help solve problems in area of expertise more efficiently than younger adults doDenny’s Model:age –related changes follow a typical curveheight of curve varies depending on the amount an individual “exercises” some ability or skillexercise – physical/mental exercise; extent specific task was performed before, exercised abilities have a high peakunexercised abilities usually have a lower peakexercised abilities- everyday memory tasks -recalling details(newspaper article) unexercised abilities-memory tests-memorizing listsabilities that are exercised more fully have a higher peakthere is a degree of improvement possible for any given skill; it is the gap between the curvesadult -max level w/optimum exercise declines with age-fighting against the basic decay curve of agingSelective Optimization with Compensation:process of balancing the gains & losses associated with agingmanage demands of competing tasksoptimize skills they believe can be improved by exercising them use compensating strategies to offset the effects of agingSelection: occurs when a middle-aged adult reduces distractions to more efficiently carry out a cognitive taskOptimization: involved when middle-aged adults work to improve their physical fitness or expand their knowledgeCompensation: takes many forms-the development of organizational strategies; using an agenda to keep track of important dates; to offset memory declines
The medial temporal lobe (the inner part of the temporal lobe, near the divide between the left and right hemispheres) in particular is thought to be involved indeclarative and episodic memory. Deep inside the medial temporal lobe is the region of the brain known as the limbic system, which includes thehippocampus, the amygdala, the cingulategyrus, the thalamus, thehypothalamus, the epithalamus, the mammillary body and other organs, many of which are of particular relevance to the processing of memory.The hippocampus, for example, is essential for memory function, particularly the transference from short- to long-term memory and control of spatial memory and behaviour. The amygdala also performs a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions and social and sexual behaviour, as well as regulating the sense of smell.Another sub-cortical systems (inside the cerebral cortex) which is essential to memory function is the basal ganglia system, particularly the striatum (orneostriatum) which is important in the formation and retrieval of procedural memory.
Lack Of Mental Exercise tends to be correlated with declines in memory and cognitive skillsMajor deficits are not found until between the ages of 60 – 65It is very difficult to draw conclusions about memory function in middle age because studies of age differences in adult memory rarely include meddle aged people. Typically researchers compare very young adults such as college students to adults in their 60’s and 70’s. When the two groups are found to differ. Psychologists often infer that middle aged adults performance falls somewhere between the two. In other words they assume that memory function declines steadily in linear fashion across the adult years an assumption that may not be true.One thing developmentalists do know about memory is that the subjective experience Forgetfulness clearly increases with age. We think that we are getting forgetful when in fact it may be the memory demands of middle aged adults everyday lives are greater than those of young adults. We have to remember that working memory is limited and the more you try to remember at one time the more you will forget.Working memory is the ability to hold information in our current focus of attention while completing some sort of necessary cognitive processing task. We use our working memory when we concentrate on remembering a phone number while struggling to find something to write it down on.There seem to be some real differences in the memory performance of young and middle aged adults. For example visual memory the ability to remember an object you have see for just a few seconds, declines in middle age Furthermore the more complex the visual stimulus and the longer the interval between presentation and recall the greater the differenceRemembering lists or passages decline but not until around age 55 - in contrast recognition of words and texts appears to remain stable throughout adulthood. Such findings suggest that there are age differences in working memory. Research examining short term memory capacity at various ages shows that it remains very stable throughout early, middle and late adulthood. What changes apparently is the ability to make efficient use of available capacity
Remembering lists or passages decline but not until around age 55 - in contrast recognition of words and texts appears to remain stable throughout adulthood. Such findings suggest that there are age differences in working memory. Research examining short term memory capacity at various ages shows that it remains very stable throughout early, middle and late adulthood. What changes apparently is the ability to make efficient use of available capacityMiddle aged adults are very proficient at overcoming episodic memory limitations by using reminders or cues to help themselves remember information. The tendency to use cues may exist because middle aged adults, in contract to those who are older continue to have a high sense of self efficacy with respect to memory. In other words they believe their efforts will make a difference so they active ely work to improve their memories. This effect is strengthened when the person perceives themselves as belonging to a positive aging stereotype category such as those who are self accepting, fun loving, sociable and independent
An example of this is verbal vocabulary or more precisely performance on vocabulary tests doesn’t begin to decline until about age 65. And the use it or lose it dictum seems to hold true for cognitive abilities. That is adults who engage in intellectually challenging activities show fewer losses in cognitive skills than those who do not.Because of the accumulated effects of many years of using some cognitive skills and the development of a large body of relevant information in long term memory. Researchers have found that middle aged and younger adults take different approaches to learning from expository text. Younger adults focus on creating a word for word representation of the text in their memories. By contrast middle aged adults pay more attention to overarching themes than to details.A study in which researchers asked adults of various ages to read a dstory and them to recall it immediately afterward, in writing, yielded support for this hypothesis.
The results showed that the 24-35s, or young group, took more actions and made more decisions. They asked for more information to an excessive point and it was an overload. They had a great diversity of action. 45-55 or the middle team, just asked the right amount of questions. They didn't ask too much to overload their system but just enough to make decisions. 65-75 or the older team, was the contrast. They did not perform as well in any task. The ability to apply creativity at complex problems is in the middle level years. Research shows that you are more creative and productive at the times when you're the busiest, scientists studied a group of author's that produced many works, they found that their best works were released in their 40s.
The hippocampus is the part of the brain that is involved in memory forming, organizing, and storing. It is a limbic system structure that is particularly important in forming new memories and connecting emotions and senses, such as smell and sound, to memories. The hippocampus is a horseshoe shaped paired structure, with one hippocampus located in the left brain hemisphere and the other in the right hemisphere. The hippocampus acts as a memory indexer by sending memories out to the appropriate part of the cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving them when necessary.
