Coggins test
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The Coggins test, also known as the agar gel immunodiffusion test, is the gold standard for diagnosing Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), a viral disease caused by a retrovirus. The test detects antibodies to the major group-specific antigen p26 of the EIA virus in the horse's serum. A negative test certificate is required for importing or exporting horses. The test can detect infected animals after the initial incubation period except during the first 4-6 weeks after exposure.
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Coggins test
The Coggins test, also known as the agar gel immunodiffusion test, is the gold standard for diagnosing Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), a viral disease caused by the lentivirus EIAV. The test, developed by Dr. Leroy Coggins in the 1970s, detects antibodies to the major group-specific antigen p26 of the EIA virus in a horse's serum. A negative test certificate is required for importing or exporting horses. The test remains valid for 6 months to 1 year from the date the blood sample was collected. EIA is transmitted by biting flies and causes lifelong infection in horses, though some may not show symptoms.
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The Coggins test, also known as the agar gel immunodiffusion test, is the gold standard for diagnosing Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), a viral disease caused by the lentivirus EIAV. The test, developed by Dr. Leroy Coggins in the 1970s, detects antibodies to the major group-specific antigen p26 of the EIA virus in a horse's serum. A negative test certificate is required for importing or exporting horses. The test remains valid for 6 months to 1 year from the date the blood sample was collected. EIA is transmitted by biting flies and causes lifelong infection in horses, though some may not show symptoms.
Strangles
Strangles is a highly contagious bacterial infection of horses caused by Streptococcus equi. The disease causes fever and abscesses in the lymph nodes of the head and neck. It is spread through direct contact with infected or carrier horses. While some horses show mild symptoms, it can also be severe and even fatal in some cases. Treatment involves draining abscesses. Vaccines are available but do not provide complete protection, and the bacteria can persist in some horses as long-term carriers.
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Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. There are two isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B. MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) prevent the breakdown of neurotransmitters by inhibiting MAO. MAOIs are used as antidepressants to increase neurotransmitter levels in the brain. They are effective for treatment-resistant depression but can cause side effects like high blood pressure if foods high in tyramine are consumed. Selective MAOIs mainly inhibit one isoform.
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The Mallein test is used to diagnose Glanders, a bacterial disease caused by Burkholderia mallei, through an intradermal-palpebral test. Mallein, a purified protein derivative, is injected into the eye and causes swelling within 48 hours in infected animals due to an allergic hypersensitivity reaction. While specific for Glanders, the Mallein test can produce false positives by cross-reacting with Streptococcus equi bacteria. The test procedure involves injecting the Mallein glycoprotein fraction via eye drop and observing for swelling and secretions in the eye within two days for infected animals.
Listeriosis
Listeriosis is caused by Listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive bacterium. It affects humans and animals, most commonly causing sepsis, meningitis or encephalitis in humans which can be fatal. In animals, it causes encephalitis, abortion, and conjunctivitis in ruminants. The bacteria is transmitted through contaminated silage or food and spreads via feco-oral route. It is characterized by circling behavior, head pressing, and keratoconjunctivitis in animals. Diagnosis involves bacterial isolation from tissues, blood or CSF using selective media and PCR methods. There are no vaccines and prevention focuses on avoiding contaminated feed or food.
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira bacteria. It can infect both humans and animals through contact with infected urine. In humans it causes a range of symptoms from mild to severe. It is transmitted primarily through contact with infected animal urine, especially rodents. The disease affects millions annually worldwide, with symptoms varying between acute and chronic forms depending on the infecting strain. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture and serological tests while treatment is with antibiotics such as penicillin. Prevention relies on proper hygiene and rodent control.
Ivermection Mechanism of action
Ivermectin is an antiparasitic medication discovered in 1975. It is on the WHO's List of Essential Medicines. It is commonly used to treat parasitic infections such as head lice, scabies, and lymphatic filariasis. Ivermectin belongs to the avermectin drug class and works by altering chloride ion permeability in parasites, resulting in paralysis and death. Common side effects of ivermectin treatment include fever, rash, and joint pain known as the Mazzotti reaction, which is an inflammatory response seen when treating certain filarial infections. Ivermectin is prescribed for conditions caused by various parasites including roundworms, threadworms,
Infectious Canine Hepatitis
Infectious canine hepatitis is a contagious viral disease of dogs caused by canine adenovirus-1. Clinical signs vary from mild fever and congestion to severe depression, reduced white blood cells, and bleeding disorders. The virus replicates in the liver, causing liver damage and hemorrhaging. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, virus isolation from body fluids, antigen detection, and histopathology showing intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes. Vaccination provides effective prevention and control of the disease.
Infectious Bovine Rhino Tracheitis
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is a highly contagious viral disease of cattle that affects the respiratory and reproductive systems. It is caused by bovine herpesvirus 1, which has different strains that can cause respiratory disease, genital infections, abortions, or encephalitis. The disease spreads rapidly through nasal and genital secretions or aerosols and can cause pneumonia, conjunctivitis, ulcers, and abortions in cattle. Proper hygiene, quarantine of sick animals, and vaccination are important to control the spread of the disease.
How does albendazole works
Albendazole is a broad-spectrum antihelminthic medication used to treat various parasitic worm infections. It belongs to the benzimidazole class and works by inhibiting tubulin polymerization, disrupting the formation of microtubules in parasites and killing the worms. Albendazole is effective against intestinal nematodes, cestodes, and is approved to treat neurocysticercosis caused by pork tapeworm larvae and hydatid disease caused by dog tapeworm larvae. It works by blocking glucose transporters and ATP production in the parasites.
Hotis test
This document describes the HOTIS test, which is used to detect mastitis in bovine milk by detecting the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae. The test involves mixing milk with a pH indicator dye, bromocresol purple, in a test tube. If streptococci that cause mastitis are present, they will produce acid during incubation that changes the color of the dye from purple to yellow, indicating a positive result. Colonies of S. agalactiae appear as canary yellow flakes or balls deposited on the sides of the test tube. The HOTIS test was discovered in 1943 and is a diagnostic procedure for detecting mastitis-causing streptococci in milk.
Hemolysis & blood agar abhijith
Blood agar is used to detect bacteria that produce enzymes to break down red blood cells, known as hemolysis. There are three main types of hemolysis patterns seen on blood agar: alpha hemolysis causes greenish discoloration around colonies; beta hemolysis results in clear zones of complete lysis; and gamma hemolysis shows no reaction. The degree of hemolysis can be used to distinguish different bacterial species from one another grown on blood agar plates.
Comt and comt inhibitors
COMT is an enzyme that breaks down catecholamines like dopamine and norepinephrine. It is produced in the brain and liver. COMT inhibitors prevent the breakdown of levodopa, increasing its availability to treat Parkinson's disease. Common COMT inhibitors include entacapone, opicapone, and tolcapone. COMT inhibitors reduce "off time" for Parkinson's patients but can cause side effects like nausea, low blood pressure, and liver damage with tolcapone.
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Coggins test
- 1. COGGINS TEST ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Gold Standard Test for diagnosis of Equine Infectious Anaemia. • A viral disease caused by Retroviridae—Lentivirus—EIAV. • Actually Coggins Test is a type of Agar Gel Immuno Diffusion. • Introduced by Dr. Leroy Coggins. • First Approved by USDA in 1973. • This test detects the antibodies in the serum. • Negative Certificate is mandatory for Import and Export of horses . 12-09-2020ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 2
- 3. Procedure • Blood is collected from suspected animal. • Detects antibodies to the major group-specific antigen [p26] of EIA virus. • Results are valid for 6 months or 1 year from the date the blood is collected. • It detects all infected animals except those in the early incubation period. • A horse suspected of being exposed should be retested after 4 to 6 weeks. 12-09-2020ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 3
- 4. Facts • This is a virus that can cause affected horses (or donkeys) to have fevers, anemia (low red blood cell count), edema (stocking up), or weight loss/muscle wasting. Some horses recover quickly from the symptoms, which may be nothing more than a fever for <24 hours. • EIA is a relative of the virus that causes HIV in humans. Horses that become infected will carry the disease for life. These carriers often show no signs of disease and appear healthy. • Carriers then serve as a source of disease transmission to other horses. 12-09-2020ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 4
- 5. Facts • EIA is transmitted by flies (horse flies and deer flies), so your horse doesn’t actually have to come into contact with an infected or carrier horse to catch the virus. • Flies come to your farm, so your horse is at risk even if he never travels, or lives in a closed herd. There is no vaccine for EIA and there is no treatment. • Control horse fly and stable fly. • Raspberry jam appearance of spleen –Pathognomonic Lesion. 12-09-2020ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 5
- 6. 12-09-2020ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 6
- 7. 12-09-2020ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 7
- 8. This was a carrier horse used to study properties of transmission of EIA 12-09-2020ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 8
- 9. THANK YOU