Cocoa presentation part 1
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For agriculture students to learn about export agricultural crops cocoa. learn climatic and soil requirements learn about uses of cocoa. learn about propagation practices. Major growing areas. planting materials of cocoa. varieties of cocoa. variety characteristics of cocoa
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This document provides information about sugarcane, including its botanical name, family, photosynthetic pathway, climate adaptability, major producers, and uses. It describes sugarcane's growth phases and characteristics of different species. The ideal climatic and soil conditions for sugarcane cultivation are discussed. Key steps in field preparation are outlined.
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Coffee originated in Ethiopia and was first brought to Malaysia in 1779. There are three main commercialized coffee species: Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora (robusta), and Coffea liberica. Arabica is well suited to higher elevations while robusta and liberica tolerate lower elevations and more rainfall. Proper land preparation, planting, pruning, pest and disease management, harvesting, and processing are required to produce high quality coffee beans.
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- Coffee was introduced to Sri Lanka by Arabs in 1503 and Dutch started commercial cultivation in 1658. Coffee rust destroyed plantations in 1867 leading to a shift to tea and rubber.
- The top coffee producing countries are Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia and Ethiopia. The main commercial species are Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora, and Coffea liberica.
- C. arabica is suitable above 800m and prefers cool climates. C. canephora is suitable from 0-800m and more adaptable. C. liberica has a bitter taste.
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Coffee processing involves harvesting ripe coffee cherries, removing the fruit pulp and mucilage, and drying the beans. There are two main processing methods - wet processing and dry processing. Wet processing involves pulping the cherries to remove the fruit, fermenting the beans to remove mucilage, and sun drying the beans. Dry processing involves sun drying the entire cherry after harvest and later hulling the dried beans to remove the outer layers. Proper processing is important to develop the flavor of the coffee beans before roasting and brewing.
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Coffee originated in Ethiopia and was first brought to Malaysia in 1779. There are three main commercialized coffee species: Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora (robusta), and Coffea liberica. Arabica is well suited to higher elevations while robusta and liberica tolerate lower elevations and more rainfall. Proper land preparation, planting, pruning, pest and disease management, harvesting, and processing are required to produce high quality coffee beans.
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- Coffee was introduced to Sri Lanka by Arabs in 1503 and Dutch started commercial cultivation in 1658. Coffee rust destroyed plantations in 1867 leading to a shift to tea and rubber.
- The top coffee producing countries are Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia and Ethiopia. The main commercial species are Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora, and Coffea liberica.
- C. arabica is suitable above 800m and prefers cool climates. C. canephora is suitable from 0-800m and more adaptable. C. liberica has a bitter taste.
- Proper management including shade, fertilizer application, pruning and pest/disease control
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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原版制作(Mercer毕业证书)摩斯大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Mercer毕业证书)摩斯大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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A Prime Location
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The Hollywood Hills house is a mid-century modern gem characterized by its sleek design and floor-to-ceiling windows. The open-concept living space is perfect for entertaining. while the cozy bedrooms provide a comfortable retreat. The property also features a swimming pool, and outdoor dining area. and a spacious deck that overlooks the cityscape.
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The Hollywood Hills house incorporates several green features that are in line with DiCaprio's environmental values. The home has solar panels, energy-efficient lighting, and a rainwater harvesting system. Additionally, the landscaping designed to support local wildlife and promote
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Cocoa presentation part 1
- 1. Lecture Number -03 Cocoa cultivation By H.M.N.M.Watagodakumbura Senior Lecturer Hardy Advanced Technological Institute Ampara
- 2. • Botanical name- Theobroma cacao • Family- Sterculiaceae • Origin- Mexico • Total extent of cocoa is 2472ha
- 3. • Products and Uses • Seeds are the source of commercial cocoa and the main final product is the chocolate. • Intermediate cocoa products are cocoa butter, cocoa liquor, cocoa powder and cocoa cake. • Cocoa Powder is used in Chocolates, Sweets, Ice creams, Bakery items and Beverages. • Cocoa butter is also used in manufacture of soap and cosmetics in some countries. Cocoa cultivation
- 4. • Major Growing Areas • Suitable conditions for growing cocoa are found • in the Central, • North Western, • Sabaragamuwa, • Uva, • Western and Southern provinces of Sri Lanka. • Major growing districts- Kandy, Kaluthara , Badulla Kurunegala, Kegalle and Monaragala Cocoa cultivation
- 5. • Soils and Climatic needs • Soil The best soils for cocoa are deep, well drained clay loams rich in organic matter. Scattered stones and pebbles are tolerable up to 40% of the surface of such soils. Unsuitable Coarse gravelly soils, sandy soils, shallow soils and soils underlain by slab rock or hard laterite P.H.: 5-6.5 is recommended Cocoa cultivation
- 6. Cocoa ( Theobroma cacao) • Climate Altitude : up to 600MSL Temperature : Most suitable temperature-24 0 C– 27 0 C without much diurnal variation Rain fall: Annual average rainfall- 1650 -2500mm is recommended. • More than 2750mm is not good having pod rot like fungal diseases. • And Rainfall less than 1000mm is considered as dry period for the crop. Atmospheric humidity: moist humid conditions Frequent winds and strong winds - harmful as it decreases humidity Shade- overhead shade (40-50%) is essential during first 03 years of growth. Thereafter the shade can be removed with the spread of canopy - 25-30% shade is adequate. Altitude 600 MSL Cocoa ( Theobroma cacao) Temperature 24 0 C - 27 0 C Rainfall 1650 mm - 2500mm Shade 40% - 50% -1st 3 years 25% - 30% - for grown Cocoa cultivation
- 7. • If shade from old rubber, coconut or forest trees is not available, • quick growing trees such as • banana, • papaya or • glyricidia - establish for temporary shade and • dadap - for permanent shade. • After 3years of temporary shade should be removed. If use banana , papaya, gliricidia. • Cocoa -the most important tree crop for under planting in coconut and rubber • It is better to grow under coconut trees with lands of 40-50 trees/ac and coconut trees should be less than 12 years old to get optimum shade levels. • Cocoa cultivation
- 8. Cocoa cultivation Temporary shading
- 13. • Planting materials • Selection of good mother trees- Vigorous growth, Low growth habit Short plants makes easy to harvest and pest control., Resistant to pest and diseases. Seasonal bearing pattern, Bearing mostly on the trunk and lower branches Over 70 pods/tree/year. Less 25 pods to produce one kg of cured product of cocoa.
- 14. • Varieties • There are three main varieties as • Criyollo, • Forastero and • Trinitario. • In Sri Lanka “criollo” variety produce fine and flavour cocoa but currently most of the cocoa found are crosses of above three main varieties.
- 15. Characteristics Criollo Forestero 1.Pod colour Immature-Red- green Immature - green Mature- yellow orange Mature- yellow 2.Pod surface Smooth furrow Rough furrow 3. Yield low High 4.Pericarp Thin thick 5.Fermentation period 3-4 days 6 days Trinitario The characters are in- between Criollo and forestero
- 16. • Crop establishment • Propagation Seed propagation - normally used . Seed viability will be loss within short period of time. Vegetative propagation -experimental studies. Bud grafted cocoa plants-in multiplying high yielding varieties.
- 17. • Seed Propagation • 1. Pods, taken from selected cocoa lines, are opened to get fresh seeds • 2. seeds are thoroughly washed and rubbed with dry sand to remove the mucilage layer. • 3.Seeds can be sown in a sand bed- • Just after germination, sprouted seeds should be transferred into the polythene bags. • • or • can be directly planted in a poly bag with the size of 20cm x 10cm filled with equal mixture of top soil, cow dung and sand. • It takes about 8-10 days for germination. • When the seedlings are about 3-4 months, • and when they come a height of 30cm, they are ready for transplanting.