Cocoa presentation part 1
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For agriculture students to learn about export agricultural crops cocoa. learn climatic and soil requirements learn about uses of cocoa. learn about propagation practices. Major growing areas. planting materials of cocoa. varieties of cocoa. variety characteristics of cocoa
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This document provides information about sugarcane, including its botanical name, family, photosynthetic pathway, climate adaptability, major producers, and uses. It describes sugarcane's growth phases and characteristics of different species. The ideal climatic and soil conditions for sugarcane cultivation are discussed. Key steps in field preparation are outlined.
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Vanilla is a vine in the orchid family cultivated for its fruit, called a bean, which is used as a flavoring. India's main vanilla producing states are Karnataka and Kerala. Vanilla needs a warm, humid tropical climate between 700-1500 meters in elevation with high rainfall. It grows as a vine up to 15 meters long and produces greenish-yellow flowers and long green pods that mature to a yellow color. Curing the pods is required to develop the characteristic flavor and involves killing, sweating, drying, and aging processes. India's annual vanilla production is around 6-8 tons from 1000 hectares. The main products made from vanilla are extracts, powders, and absolutes used in foods,
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Cocoa became Ghana's leading export crop in the mid-20th century due to the success of the Amelonado variety. It was first introduced from South America in the late 1800s and thrived in Ghana's climate and soil conditions, producing high yields. Cocoa revenue supported Ghana's free education, healthcare, housing and transportation for years. While Ghana remains an important cocoa producer, it now faces challenges from diseases like swollen shoot virus transmitted by mealybugs. Breeding programs aim to develop more resistant varieties to secure Ghana's cocoa industry into the future.
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Coffee originated in Ethiopia and was first brought to Malaysia in 1779. There are three main commercialized coffee species: Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora (robusta), and Coffea liberica. Arabica is well suited to higher elevations while robusta and liberica tolerate lower elevations and more rainfall. Proper land preparation, planting, pruning, pest and disease management, harvesting, and processing are required to produce high quality coffee beans.
Lec 6 Coffee-38.pptx
- Coffee was introduced to Sri Lanka by Arabs in 1503 and Dutch started commercial cultivation in 1658. Coffee rust destroyed plantations in 1867 leading to a shift to tea and rubber.
- The top coffee producing countries are Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia and Ethiopia. The main commercial species are Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora, and Coffea liberica.
- C. arabica is suitable above 800m and prefers cool climates. C. canephora is suitable from 0-800m and more adaptable. C. liberica has a bitter taste.
- Proper management including shade, fertilizer application, pruning and pest/disease control
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF SUGARCANE BREEDING IN INDIA
This document summarizes the current status and future prospects of sugarcane breeding in India. It discusses the importance of sugarcane as a crop and describes the key sugarcane breeding institutes and organizations in India. It outlines the history and methods of sugarcane breeding, including the pioneering work of C.A. Barber who utilized the wild species Saccharum spontaneum. Important sugarcane varieties developed in India over time are highlighted. The document concludes by discussing challenges in sugarcane breeding like its complex genome and future research areas.
Coffee& Coffee processing
Coffee processing involves harvesting ripe coffee cherries, removing the fruit pulp and mucilage, and drying the beans. There are two main processing methods - wet processing and dry processing. Wet processing involves pulping the cherries to remove the fruit, fermenting the beans to remove mucilage, and sun drying the beans. Dry processing involves sun drying the entire cherry after harvest and later hulling the dried beans to remove the outer layers. Proper processing is important to develop the flavor of the coffee beans before roasting and brewing.
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Cocoa
Cocoa became Ghana's leading export crop in the mid-20th century due to the success of the Amelonado variety. It was first introduced from South America in the late 1800s and thrived in Ghana's climate and soil conditions, producing high yields. Cocoa revenue supported Ghana's free education, healthcare, housing and transportation for years. While Ghana remains an important cocoa producer, it now faces challenges from diseases like swollen shoot virus transmitted by mealybugs. Breeding programs aim to develop more resistant varieties to secure Ghana's cocoa industry into the future.
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Coffee originated in Ethiopia and was first brought to Malaysia in 1779. There are three main commercialized coffee species: Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora (robusta), and Coffea liberica. Arabica is well suited to higher elevations while robusta and liberica tolerate lower elevations and more rainfall. Proper land preparation, planting, pruning, pest and disease management, harvesting, and processing are required to produce high quality coffee beans.
Lec 6 Coffee-38.pptx
- Coffee was introduced to Sri Lanka by Arabs in 1503 and Dutch started commercial cultivation in 1658. Coffee rust destroyed plantations in 1867 leading to a shift to tea and rubber.
- The top coffee producing countries are Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia and Ethiopia. The main commercial species are Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora, and Coffea liberica.
- C. arabica is suitable above 800m and prefers cool climates. C. canephora is suitable from 0-800m and more adaptable. C. liberica has a bitter taste.
- Proper management including shade, fertilizer application, pruning and pest/disease control
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF SUGARCANE BREEDING IN INDIA
This document summarizes the current status and future prospects of sugarcane breeding in India. It discusses the importance of sugarcane as a crop and describes the key sugarcane breeding institutes and organizations in India. It outlines the history and methods of sugarcane breeding, including the pioneering work of C.A. Barber who utilized the wild species Saccharum spontaneum. Important sugarcane varieties developed in India over time are highlighted. The document concludes by discussing challenges in sugarcane breeding like its complex genome and future research areas.
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Coffee processing involves harvesting ripe coffee cherries, removing the fruit pulp and mucilage, and drying the beans. There are two main processing methods - wet processing and dry processing. Wet processing involves pulping the cherries to remove the fruit, fermenting the beans to remove mucilage, and sun drying the beans. Dry processing involves sun drying the entire cherry after harvest and later hulling the dried beans to remove the outer layers. Proper processing is important to develop the flavor of the coffee beans before roasting and brewing.
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Cocoa is an important food and beverage crop originating from South America. Cocoa trees are grown in humid tropical climates between 15-40°C, with optimal rainfall and dry seasons. The seeds are fermented, dried, and roasted to produce cacao nibs, which are then ground to produce cocoa butter, powder, and chocolate. Cocoa is commercially grown from the Forastero varietal group and propagated through seeds or budding. Trees are planted with shade crops and pruned to develop a jorquette branching structure to aid harvesting. Ripe pods are harvested and the beans extracted, fermented, dried, roasted, and winnowed to produce cacao nibs for further processing.
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Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from certain flowering plants in the Coffea genus. From the coffee fruit, the seeds are separated to produce a stable, raw product: unroasted green coffee. The seeds are then roasted, a process which transforms them into a consumable product: roasted coffee, which is ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. Let's get overlook to this coffee from this presentation.
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Commodity Boards, such as the Tea Board, Coffee Board, and Rubber Board, play a crucial role in the development of plantation crops in India. These boards provide support to growers through research, extension services, training programs, and quality certification. They also facilitate market promotion, export promotion, and price stabilization measures, ensuring the sustainability and profitability of plantation crop cultivation. Through collaboration with industry stakeholders and government agencies, commodity boards drive innovation, investment, and growth in the plantation sector, contributing to India's position as a global leader in plantation crop production and trade.
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This document provides information on the persimmon (Diospyros kaki) including its production figures from 1970-2011, with China being the largest producer. It details the plant characteristics, common varieties, soil and climate needs, propagation methods, cultivation practices, pests and diseases, postharvest handling and uses. The key producing countries are China, Japan, Korea, Brazil and Italy. Common varieties include Fuyu, Hachiya and Flat Seedless. It requires well drained soil and temperatures between 16-22°C to grow.
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1) India is the largest producer of arecanuts, with major cultivating states being Karnataka, Kerala, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya and West Bengal.
2) Traditionally, arecanuts were harvested by trained climbers, but mechanized harvesters are now used which do not require expertise and allow women and youth to participate.
3) After harvesting, the nuts undergo various processing steps to produce different products like raw nuts, dried nuts (chali/kottapak), and flavored nuts (scented supari). Sundrying and mechanical drying are common methods used.
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Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from certain flowering plants in the Coffea genus. From the coffee fruit, the seeds are separated to produce a stable, raw product: unroasted green coffee. The seeds are then roasted, a process which transforms them into a consumable product: roasted coffee, which is ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. Let's get overlook to this coffee from this presentation.
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This document discusses the arecanut (betel nut) crop. It provides details on:
1) India is the largest producer of arecanuts, with major cultivating states being Karnataka, Kerala, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya and West Bengal.
2) Traditionally, arecanuts were harvested by trained climbers, but mechanized harvesters are now used which do not require expertise and allow women and youth to participate.
3) After harvesting, the nuts undergo various processing steps to produce different products like raw nuts, dried nuts (chali/kottapak), and flavored nuts (scented supari). Sundrying and mechanical drying are common methods used.
How chocolate is made
There are four main varieties of cocoa beans - Criollo, Forastero, Trinitario, and Arriba/Nacional. Forastero is the most widely grown, comprising 80% of the world's cocoa crop, while Criollo accounts for just 1% due to its delicate trees. Cocoa trees are grown in tropical areas between 20 degrees north and south of the equator, with Ivory Coast, Ghana, Indonesia, Brazil and Nigeria being leading producers. The multi-step process of making chocolate from cocoa beans involves harvesting, fermentation, drying, roasting, shelling, grinding, mixing, conching, tempering, molding, cooling and packaging.
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Leonardo DiCaprio House: Malibu Beachfront Retreat
A Prime Location
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Sustainable Features
Leonardo DiCaprio is a well-known environmental activist. whose Malibu house reflects his commitment to sustainability. The property incorporates solar panels, energy-efficient appliances, and sustainable building materials. The landscaping around the house is also designed to be water-efficient. featuring drought-resistant plants and intelligent irrigation systems.
Leonardo DiCaprio House: Hollywood Hills Hideaway
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Another remarkable property in Leonardo DiCaprio's collection is his Hollywood Hills house. This secluded retreat offers privacy and tranquility. making it an ideal escape from the hustle and bustle of Los Angeles. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" in Hollywood Hills nestled among lush greenery. and offers panoramic views of the city and surrounding landscapes.
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Environmental Initiatives
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Introduction
The notion of Dwayne Johnson kidnapping seems straight out of a Hollywood thriller. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, known for his larger-than-life persona, immense popularity. and action-packed filmography, is the last person anyone would envision being a victim of kidnapping. Yet, the bizarre and riveting tale of such an incident, filled with twists and turns. has captured the imagination of many. In this article, we delve into the intricate details of this astonishing event. exploring every aspect, from the dramatic rescue operation to the aftermath and the lessons learned.
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The Origins of the Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping Saga
Dwayne Johnson: A Brief Background
Before discussing the specifics of the kidnapping. it is crucial to understand who Dwayne Johnson is and why his kidnapping would be so significant. Born May 2, 1972, Dwayne Douglas Johnson is an American actor, producer, businessman. and former professional wrestler. Known by his ring name, "The Rock," he gained fame in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) before transitioning to a successful career in Hollywood.
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Setting the Scene: The Day of the Kidnapping
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But, beneath the veneer of normalcy, a sinister plot was unfolding. Unbeknownst to Johnson and his team, a group of criminals had planned his abduction. hoping to leverage his celebrity status for a hefty ransom. The stage was set for an event that would soon dominate worldwide headlines and social media feeds.
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The Moment of Capture
On the day of the kidnapping, everything seemed to be proceeding as usual on set. Johnson and his co-stars and crew were engrossed in shooting a particularly demanding scene. As the day wore on, the production team took a short break. providing the kidnappers with the perfect opportunity to strike.
The abduction was executed with military precision. A group of masked men, armed and organized, infiltrated the set. They created chaos, taking advantage of the confusion to isolate Johnson. Johnson was outnumbered and caught off guard despite his formidable strength and fighting skills. The kidnappers overpowered him, bundled him into a waiting vehicle. and sped away, leaving everyone on set in a state of shock and disbelief.
The Immediate Aftermath
The immediate aftermath of the Dwayne Johnson kidnappin
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Introduction
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Early Life and Backgrounds
Orpah Winfrey: From Humble Beginnings to Media Mogul
Orpah Winfrey, often known as Oprah due to a misspelling on her birth certificate. was born on January 29, 1954, in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Raised in poverty by her grandmother, Winfrey's early life was marked by hardship and adversity. Despite these challenges. she demonstrated a keen intellect and an early talent for public speaking.
Winfrey's journey to success began with a scholarship to Tennessee State University. where she studied communication. Her first job in media was as a co-anchor for the local evening news in Nashville. This role paved the way for her eventual transition to talk show hosting. where she found her true calling.
Dwayne Johnson: From Wrestling Royalty to Hollywood Superstar
Dwayne Johnson, also known by his ring name "The Rock," was born on May 2, 1972, in Hayward, California. He comes from a family of professional wrestlers, with both his father, Rocky Johnson. and his grandfather, Peter Maivia, being notable figures in the wrestling world. Johnson's early life was spent moving between New Zealand and the United States. experiencing a variety of cultural influences.
Before entering the world of professional wrestling. Johnson had aspirations of becoming a professional football player. He played college football at the University of Miami. where he was part of a national championship team. But, injuries curtailed his football career, leading him to follow in his family's footsteps and enter the wrestling ring.
Career Milestones
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Beyond her talk show, Winfrey expanded her empire to include the creation of Harpo Productions. a multimedia production company. She also launched "O, The Oprah Magazine" and OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, further solidifying her status as a media mogul.
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In the early 20
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Cocoa presentation part 1
- 1. Lecture Number -03 Cocoa cultivation By H.M.N.M.Watagodakumbura Senior Lecturer Hardy Advanced Technological Institute Ampara
- 2. • Botanical name- Theobroma cacao • Family- Sterculiaceae • Origin- Mexico • Total extent of cocoa is 2472ha
- 3. • Products and Uses • Seeds are the source of commercial cocoa and the main final product is the chocolate. • Intermediate cocoa products are cocoa butter, cocoa liquor, cocoa powder and cocoa cake. • Cocoa Powder is used in Chocolates, Sweets, Ice creams, Bakery items and Beverages. • Cocoa butter is also used in manufacture of soap and cosmetics in some countries. Cocoa cultivation
- 4. • Major Growing Areas • Suitable conditions for growing cocoa are found • in the Central, • North Western, • Sabaragamuwa, • Uva, • Western and Southern provinces of Sri Lanka. • Major growing districts- Kandy, Kaluthara , Badulla Kurunegala, Kegalle and Monaragala Cocoa cultivation
- 5. • Soils and Climatic needs • Soil The best soils for cocoa are deep, well drained clay loams rich in organic matter. Scattered stones and pebbles are tolerable up to 40% of the surface of such soils. Unsuitable Coarse gravelly soils, sandy soils, shallow soils and soils underlain by slab rock or hard laterite P.H.: 5-6.5 is recommended Cocoa cultivation
- 6. Cocoa ( Theobroma cacao) • Climate Altitude : up to 600MSL Temperature : Most suitable temperature-24 0 C– 27 0 C without much diurnal variation Rain fall: Annual average rainfall- 1650 -2500mm is recommended. • More than 2750mm is not good having pod rot like fungal diseases. • And Rainfall less than 1000mm is considered as dry period for the crop. Atmospheric humidity: moist humid conditions Frequent winds and strong winds - harmful as it decreases humidity Shade- overhead shade (40-50%) is essential during first 03 years of growth. Thereafter the shade can be removed with the spread of canopy - 25-30% shade is adequate. Altitude 600 MSL Cocoa ( Theobroma cacao) Temperature 24 0 C - 27 0 C Rainfall 1650 mm - 2500mm Shade 40% - 50% -1st 3 years 25% - 30% - for grown Cocoa cultivation
- 7. • If shade from old rubber, coconut or forest trees is not available, • quick growing trees such as • banana, • papaya or • glyricidia - establish for temporary shade and • dadap - for permanent shade. • After 3years of temporary shade should be removed. If use banana , papaya, gliricidia. • Cocoa -the most important tree crop for under planting in coconut and rubber • It is better to grow under coconut trees with lands of 40-50 trees/ac and coconut trees should be less than 12 years old to get optimum shade levels. • Cocoa cultivation
- 8. Cocoa cultivation Temporary shading
- 13. • Planting materials • Selection of good mother trees- Vigorous growth, Low growth habit Short plants makes easy to harvest and pest control., Resistant to pest and diseases. Seasonal bearing pattern, Bearing mostly on the trunk and lower branches Over 70 pods/tree/year. Less 25 pods to produce one kg of cured product of cocoa.
- 14. • Varieties • There are three main varieties as • Criyollo, • Forastero and • Trinitario. • In Sri Lanka “criollo” variety produce fine and flavour cocoa but currently most of the cocoa found are crosses of above three main varieties.
- 15. Characteristics Criollo Forestero 1.Pod colour Immature-Red- green Immature - green Mature- yellow orange Mature- yellow 2.Pod surface Smooth furrow Rough furrow 3. Yield low High 4.Pericarp Thin thick 5.Fermentation period 3-4 days 6 days Trinitario The characters are in- between Criollo and forestero
- 16. • Crop establishment • Propagation Seed propagation - normally used . Seed viability will be loss within short period of time. Vegetative propagation -experimental studies. Bud grafted cocoa plants-in multiplying high yielding varieties.
- 17. • Seed Propagation • 1. Pods, taken from selected cocoa lines, are opened to get fresh seeds • 2. seeds are thoroughly washed and rubbed with dry sand to remove the mucilage layer. • 3.Seeds can be sown in a sand bed- • Just after germination, sprouted seeds should be transferred into the polythene bags. • • or • can be directly planted in a poly bag with the size of 20cm x 10cm filled with equal mixture of top soil, cow dung and sand. • It takes about 8-10 days for germination. • When the seedlings are about 3-4 months, • and when they come a height of 30cm, they are ready for transplanting.