Barbour, M. K., & Siko, J. (2011, May). State of the nation study: K-12 online learning in Canada. A paper presented at the annual conference of the Canadian Network for Innovation in Education, Hamilton, ON.
MAD-LaT 2011 - State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, May). State of the nation: K-12 online learning in Canada. An invited presentation at the Manitoba Association for Distributed Learning and Training conference, Winnipeg, MN.
CSSE 2012 - State of the Nation Study: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, May). State of the nation study: K-12 online learning in Canada. A paper presented at the annual Canadian Society for the Study of Education conference, Waterloo, ON.
London Region (2013) - State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2013, March). State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in Canada. A presentation to the London Region Digital Learning Steering Committee Meeting, London, ON.
CNIE 2011 - Examining a Program to Prepare Teachers to Support K-12 Online Le...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Siko, J. (2011, May). Examining a program to prepare teachers to support K-12 online learning. A paper presented at the annual conference of the Canadian Network for Innovation in Education, Hamilton, ON.
MAD-LaT 2011 - State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, May). State of the nation: K-12 online learning in Canada. An invited presentation at the Manitoba Association for Distributed Learning and Training conference, Winnipeg, MN.
CSSE 2012 - State of the Nation Study: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, May). State of the nation study: K-12 online learning in Canada. A paper presented at the annual Canadian Society for the Study of Education conference, Waterloo, ON.
London Region (2013) - State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2013, March). State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in Canada. A presentation to the London Region Digital Learning Steering Committee Meeting, London, ON.
CNIE 2011 - Examining a Program to Prepare Teachers to Support K-12 Online Le...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Siko, J. (2011, May). Examining a program to prepare teachers to support K-12 online learning. A paper presented at the annual conference of the Canadian Network for Innovation in Education, Hamilton, ON.
CIDER 2012 - State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, May). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada. An invited presentation to the Canadian Institute of Distance Education Research.
BC DL Conference 2010 - State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2010, April). State of the nation: K-12 online learning in Canada. A presentation at the British Columbia Partners in Online Learning Conference, http://knowevents.ca
CeLC 2010 - State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2010, June). State of the nation: K-12 online learning in Canada. A paper presented at the annual Canadian eLearning Conference, Edmonton, AB.
Sabbatical (Memorial University of Newfoundland) - Exploring Issues Related t...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, February). Exploring issues related to online learning at the K-12 level across Canada. An invited presentation in the Doctoral Speaker Series in the Faculty of Education at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL.
MUN 2015 - K-12 Online Learning in Canada: Situating Newfoundland and Labrado...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2015, December). K-12 online learning in Canada: Situating Newfoundland and Labrador in the national context. A Memorial University of Newfoundland Faculty of Education doctoral seminar, St. John's, NL.
CIDER 2024 - State of the Nation: K-12 e-Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2024, May). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada [Webinar]. Canadian Institute of Distance Education Research.
CIDER 2016 - State of the Nation: K-12 e-Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2016, May). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada. An invited presentation to the Canadian Institute of Distance Education Research. Retrieved from https://athabascau.adobeconnect.com/p8pelg64w2i/
LaBonte, R., Barbour, M. K., McCallum, F., Laumann, D., Procter, J., & Pierre-Louie, C. (2023, February). Canadian e-learning roundup: Leadership perspectives, policy, and practices from Canada [Panel]. Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
BIT 2015 - State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Labonte, R. (2015, November). State of the nation: K-12 online learning in Canada. A presentation at the Bring IT Together conference, Niagara Falls, ON.
DLAC 2019 - Funding And Resourcing Of Digital Learning In CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2019, April). Funding and resourcing of digital learning in Canada. A contributed talk presentation at the Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
AERA 2021 - Documenting Triage: Detailing the Response of Canadian Provinces ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., Nagle, J., & LaBonte, R. (2021, April). Documenting triage: Detailing the response of Canadian provinces and territories to emergency remote teaching. [Poster] Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.
DLAC 2019 - Canadian e-Learning Roundup: Leadership Perspectives from Canada’...Michael Barbour
LaBonte, R., Barbour, M. K., Canuel, M., & Roberts, V. (2019, April). Canadian e-learning roundup: Leadership perspectives from Canada’s online and blended learning programs. A contributed talk presentation at the Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
CANeLearn Webinar 2021 - Pandemic Pedagogy in Canada: Lessons from the First ...Michael Barbour
LaBonte, R., Barbour, M. K., & Nagle, J. (2021, November). Pandemic pedagogy in Canada: lessons from the first 18 months [Webinar]. Canadian eLearning Network.
DLAC 2024 - L’état de l’apprentissage électronique de la maternelle à la 12e ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., LaBonte, R., & Mongrain, J. (2024, February). L’état de l’apprentissage électronique de la maternelle à la 12e année au Canada [Poster]. Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
DLAC 2024 - State of the Nation: K-12 e-learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2024, February). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada [Poster]. Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
More Related Content
Similar to CNIE 2011 - State of the Nation Study: K-12 Online Learning in Canada
CIDER 2012 - State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2012, May). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada. An invited presentation to the Canadian Institute of Distance Education Research.
BC DL Conference 2010 - State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2010, April). State of the nation: K-12 online learning in Canada. A presentation at the British Columbia Partners in Online Learning Conference, http://knowevents.ca
CeLC 2010 - State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2010, June). State of the nation: K-12 online learning in Canada. A paper presented at the annual Canadian eLearning Conference, Edmonton, AB.
Sabbatical (Memorial University of Newfoundland) - Exploring Issues Related t...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2011, February). Exploring issues related to online learning at the K-12 level across Canada. An invited presentation in the Doctoral Speaker Series in the Faculty of Education at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL.
MUN 2015 - K-12 Online Learning in Canada: Situating Newfoundland and Labrado...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2015, December). K-12 online learning in Canada: Situating Newfoundland and Labrador in the national context. A Memorial University of Newfoundland Faculty of Education doctoral seminar, St. John's, NL.
CIDER 2024 - State of the Nation: K-12 e-Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2024, May). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada [Webinar]. Canadian Institute of Distance Education Research.
CIDER 2016 - State of the Nation: K-12 e-Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2016, May). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada. An invited presentation to the Canadian Institute of Distance Education Research. Retrieved from https://athabascau.adobeconnect.com/p8pelg64w2i/
LaBonte, R., Barbour, M. K., McCallum, F., Laumann, D., Procter, J., & Pierre-Louie, C. (2023, February). Canadian e-learning roundup: Leadership perspectives, policy, and practices from Canada [Panel]. Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
BIT 2015 - State of the Nation: K-12 Online Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Labonte, R. (2015, November). State of the nation: K-12 online learning in Canada. A presentation at the Bring IT Together conference, Niagara Falls, ON.
DLAC 2019 - Funding And Resourcing Of Digital Learning In CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K. (2019, April). Funding and resourcing of digital learning in Canada. A contributed talk presentation at the Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
AERA 2021 - Documenting Triage: Detailing the Response of Canadian Provinces ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., Nagle, J., & LaBonte, R. (2021, April). Documenting triage: Detailing the response of Canadian provinces and territories to emergency remote teaching. [Poster] Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.
DLAC 2019 - Canadian e-Learning Roundup: Leadership Perspectives from Canada’...Michael Barbour
LaBonte, R., Barbour, M. K., Canuel, M., & Roberts, V. (2019, April). Canadian e-learning roundup: Leadership perspectives from Canada’s online and blended learning programs. A contributed talk presentation at the Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
CANeLearn Webinar 2021 - Pandemic Pedagogy in Canada: Lessons from the First ...Michael Barbour
LaBonte, R., Barbour, M. K., & Nagle, J. (2021, November). Pandemic pedagogy in Canada: lessons from the first 18 months [Webinar]. Canadian eLearning Network.
Similar to CNIE 2011 - State of the Nation Study: K-12 Online Learning in Canada (20)
DLAC 2024 - L’état de l’apprentissage électronique de la maternelle à la 12e ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., LaBonte, R., & Mongrain, J. (2024, February). L’état de l’apprentissage électronique de la maternelle à la 12e année au Canada [Poster]. Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
DLAC 2024 - State of the Nation: K-12 e-learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2024, February). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada [Poster]. Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
LaBonte, R., Barbour, M. K., & Childs, E. (2024, February). Comparing CANeLearn design principles for K-12 online learning with researched models & standards: Principles to guide quality policy & practice [Panel]. Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
SITE Interactive 2023 - Meet the Editors: Publishing About K-12 Online and Bl...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Rice, M. (2023, August). Meet the editors: Publishing about K-12 online and blended learning research and practice [Keynote]. Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education Interactive, online.
SITE Interactive 2023 - Where Did We Go Wrong? An Exploration of the Failure ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., Hodges, C. B., & Rice, M. (2023, August). Where did we go wrong? An exploration of the failure to prepare for mass school closure [Panel]. Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education Interactive, online.
ICETOL 2023 - Shaping the Future of Teacher LearningMichael Barbour
Hodges, C. B., & Barbour, M. K. (2023, June 19). Shaping the Future of Teacher Learning [Paper]. International Conference on Educational Technology and Online Learning, Cunda/Ayvalık, Turkey
EDEN 2023 - Digital Teacher Education for a Better Future: Recommendations fo...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Hodges, C. B. (2023, June 19). Digital teacher education for a better future: Recommendations for teacher preparation for an online environment [Paper]. Annual Meeting of the European Distance Education Network, Dublin, Ireland.
BOLTT 2023 - CANeLearn Research: Applications for Practice (French)Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2023, May). CANeLearn research: Applications for practice [Panel]. Bringing Online Learning Teachers Together, Ottawa, ON.
BOLTT 2023 - CANeLearn Research: Applications for Practice (EnglishMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2023, May). CANeLearn research: Applications for practice [Panel]. Bringing Online Learning Teachers Together, Ottawa, ON.
TUC Research Day 2023 - State of the Nation: K-12 e-Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2023, April). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada [Poster]. Touro University California Research Day, Vallejo, CA.
Barbour, M. K., Moore, S., & Veletsianos, G. (2023, April). Questionable-cause logical fallacy and modality scapegoating: Synthesis of research on mental health and remote learning [Paper]. A part of the “Examining the Impact of COVID-19 on Education Systems Around the World” at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
AERA 2023 - Teaching During Times of Turmoil: Ensuring Continuity of Learning...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2023, April). Teaching during times of turmoil: Ensuring continuity of learning during school closures [Paper]. As part of the “Examining the Impact of COVID-19 on Education Systems Around the World” at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
CIDER 2023 - State of the Nation: K-12 E-learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2023, March). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada [Webinar]. Canadian Institute of Distance Education Research.
DLAC 2023 - Design Principles for Digital Learning and NSQOL Standards: Commo...Michael Barbour
LaBonte, R., & Barbour, M. K. (2023, February). Design principles for digital learning and NSQOL standards: Commonalities & differences [Contributed Talk]. Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
DLAC 2023 - State of the Nation: K-12 e-Learning in CanadaMichael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & LaBonte, R. (2023, February). State of the nation: K-12 e-learning in Canada [Poster]. Digital Learning Annual Conference, Austin, TX.
HICE 2023 - Teaching During Times of Turmoil in Canada: Ensuring Continuity o...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Wilson, E. V. (2023, January). Teaching during times of turmoil in Canada: Ensuring continuity of learning during school closures [Paper]. Hawaii International Conference on Education, Honolulu, HI.
HICE 2023 - 5 Minutes On K-12 Online Learning With… A Thematic Analysis of A...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., & Wilson, E. V. (2023, January). 5 minutes on K-12 online learning with… A thematic analysis of advice from experts [Paper]. Hawaii International Conference on Education, Waikiki, HI.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
CNIE 2011 - State of the Nation Study: K-12 Online Learning in Canada
1. State of the Nation Study: K-12 Online
Learning in Canada
Michael K. Barbour & Jason Siko
Wayne State University
2.
3.
4. Methodology
Province/Territory 2008 2009 2010
Newfoundland & Labrador KS / DA MoE / DA DA
Nova Scotia DA MoE / DA MoE
Prince Edward Island DA KS / DA MoE
New Brunswick DA MoE / DA MoE
Quebec KS KS / DA MoE / KS
Ontario KS / DA KS / DA KS / DA
Manitoba KS MoE / DA MoE
Saskatchewan KS / DA MoE MoE
Alberta DA KS / DA KS / DA
British Columbia MoE / DA MoE / DA MoE
Yukon DA KS / DA MoE / DA
Northwest Territories DA MoE / DA DA
Nunavut DA MoE MoE
5. National Overview
Single provincial
programme
Combination of
provincial and
district-based
programmes
Primarily district-
based
programmes
Use programmes
from other
provinces
6. National Trends
• Regulations varied significantly
• Method of delivery is still print-based in many
instances
– Greater reliance upon synchronous tools than
elsewhere
• Between 150,00 and 175,000 K-12 students
took one or more DE courses
7. Newfoundland and Labrador
• Online learning began in mid-1990s with
district-based programmes
• Single province-wide programme began
around 2001
• No specific policies for online learning, but
provincial programme is housed within MOE
• Between 1,500 – 1,800 students annually
8. Nova Scotia
• Online learning began in 2003
• Couple district-based programmes & a
provincial wide pilot programme
• 11 provisions included in the agreement
between the Government & teachers union
• Between 2,500-2,800 students annually
9. Prince Edward Island
• Small video conferencing programme & uses
online learning programme in New Brunswick
• MOE has issued two directives since 2001
containing guidelines for the use of distance
education in K-12 environment
• Approximately 40 students annually
10. New Brunswick
• Online learning began in 1998
• Single province-wide programme
– used frequently by face-to-face teachers too
• No specific policies for online learning, but
provincial programme is housed within MOE
• Between 1,500-2,000 students annually in
English programme & 350-700 students in
French programme
11. Quebec
• MOE devolved distance education
• Société de formation à distance des
commissions scolaires du Québec (SOFAD)
– Approximately 45,000 enrolments
• Learn Quebec
– Approximately 300 enrolments
• Écoles éloignées en réseau or Remote
Networked Schools
– Connects schools, but no distance education
12. Ontario
• Online learning began in 1994
• Primarily district-based programmes using the
provincial CMS and course content
– Cooperation between boards through OeLC (OCeLC too)
– Approximately 10,000 students
• Consortium d'apprentissage virtuel de langue
française de l'Ontario
– Approximately 1,300 students
• Three private schools
13. Manitoba
• Province offers three forms
– MOE manages correspondence and audio
teleconference systems
• 3400 enrolments for correspondence, approximately
530 for teleconference
– districts manage their own web-based programme
using MOE content
• approximately 4000 students
• All districts appear to participate in web-based
option to some extent
14. Saskatchewan
• Province devolved responsibility to
districts
• Most districts have their own capacity
• Sixteen districts provided space to external
students through the Saskatchewan Distance
Learning Course Repository
• Approximately 3,500 students
15. Alberta
• Online learning began in 1994-95
• Numerous district-based, several private, and
a province-wide programme
• MOE has no specific online learning policies
(simply advises school-based programs to
consider how they will treat online learning)
• Release Inspiring Action on Education in June
• Between 35,000 and 40,000 students
16. British Columbia
• First online learning programmes (1993)
• Fifty-three public & 12 private programmes
• Most extensive distributed learning
regulations
– Funding follows student
• Over 71,000 students enroled
17. Yukon
• Several MOE programmes and also
utilizes programmes from British
Columbia & Alberta
• Primarily regulated by Ministry or through
inter-provincial agreements
• Thirteen students enroled in video
conferencing programme
• Approximately 100 students enroled British
Columbia & Alberta programmes
18. Northwest Territories
• Primarily utilizes programmes from Alberta,
beginning to create internal capacity
– Beaufort Delta Education Council
• MOE active in this provincial-territorial
agreement
• Less then 200 students enroled
19. Nunavut
• Utilizes programmes from Alberta &
British Columbia
• A belief that southern distance education courses
rarely meet the needs of students in context,
cultural, relevance, and pedagogy.
• Trying to build internal capacity
– Building on other existing programs, including adult
programs like “Together @ a Distance”
20. National/Comparative Take-aways
• Seen as a substitute when face-to-face
learning is not feasible or economic
• Unions are cautious supporters
• Has not become a political issue