The document provides contact information for three locations of a company - Chennai, Bangalore, and Coimbatore - including addresses and phone numbers. It also lists an email and website for the company. The last line provides the name of the author, Leny Thomas Kurakar.
The document discusses cyber terrorism, including defining it, describing its features and forms, discussing tools and methods used, and providing examples. Specifically, it defines cyber terrorism as the use of computers and telecommunications to disrupt services and cause fear by confusing populations to influence government agenda. Targets may include infrastructure like power plants. Challenges include difficulty identifying attackers due to lack of boundaries and rapidly evolving techniques.
The document discusses the legal issues surrounding driverless cars. It notes that questions remain around liability in accidents, how to address impaired driving, and how driverless cars will recognize police or road workers. Privacy of travel data is also a concern. Insurance models will need to adapt to autonomous vehicles. While legal questions remain, driverless cars may overcome obstacles with continued research and changes to laws and regulations.
The document discusses various aspects of protecting fictional characters under copyright and trademark law. It provides an overview of the different tests courts have used to determine whether a literary character qualifies for copyright protection, including the distinct delineation and story being told standards. It also explores how characters can be protected when aspects enter the public domain, and the requirements for trademark protection of well-known fictional characters. Overall, the document examines the challenges of protecting literary characters that lack a visual representation compared to graphic characters.
This document contains contact information for the company Altacit in various cities across India, including Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, and Hyderabad. It also lists an email address and website. The document then provides information on IP valuation and IP audits, including definitions of key terms, factors that influence IP value, common uses of IP valuation, and benefits of conducting IP valuations.
The document discusses customer relationship management (CRM) systems and their objectives. It defines CRM as methods and technologies used by companies to manage relationships with clients. It describes a CRM system as a computer-based system used to manage customer data and processes throughout the customer lifecycle. The objectives of CRM systems are simplifying marketing/sales, improving call center efficiency, providing better customer service, and discovering/retaining customers.
The document discusses the liability of intermediaries in India. It provides addresses and contact details for the company's offices in Chennai, Bangalore and Coimbatore. It then discusses key topics regarding intermediary liability including: what intermediaries are; their liability under Indian law; the need for regulating intermediary liability; ISP liability for copyright infringement; the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2011; how intermediaries can be targeted for defamatory content; and some relevant case laws around intermediary liability.
This document provides information about easements, including:
1. Easements are rights to use another's property and can be created by grant, prescription, custom, or necessity. There must be a dominant and servient property.
2. Easements can be express (created by a legal document) or implied based on prior use. Types include affirmative (right to use property) and negative (right to prevent uses).
3. Characteristics of easements include the right benefiting the dominant property and different ownership of dominant and servient properties. Easements do not transfer ownership of land.
The document discusses the process of trademark rectification in India. It explains that rectification allows correcting errors or omissions in trademark registrations. An aggrieved party can file a rectification petition. The registry notifies the registered proprietor and matters proceed through evidence filing and a final hearing. Orders are appealable to the Intellectual Property Appellate Board.
The document discusses cyber terrorism, including defining it, describing its features and forms, discussing tools and methods used, and providing examples. Specifically, it defines cyber terrorism as the use of computers and telecommunications to disrupt services and cause fear by confusing populations to influence government agenda. Targets may include infrastructure like power plants. Challenges include difficulty identifying attackers due to lack of boundaries and rapidly evolving techniques.
The document discusses the legal issues surrounding driverless cars. It notes that questions remain around liability in accidents, how to address impaired driving, and how driverless cars will recognize police or road workers. Privacy of travel data is also a concern. Insurance models will need to adapt to autonomous vehicles. While legal questions remain, driverless cars may overcome obstacles with continued research and changes to laws and regulations.
The document discusses various aspects of protecting fictional characters under copyright and trademark law. It provides an overview of the different tests courts have used to determine whether a literary character qualifies for copyright protection, including the distinct delineation and story being told standards. It also explores how characters can be protected when aspects enter the public domain, and the requirements for trademark protection of well-known fictional characters. Overall, the document examines the challenges of protecting literary characters that lack a visual representation compared to graphic characters.
This document contains contact information for the company Altacit in various cities across India, including Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, and Hyderabad. It also lists an email address and website. The document then provides information on IP valuation and IP audits, including definitions of key terms, factors that influence IP value, common uses of IP valuation, and benefits of conducting IP valuations.
The document discusses customer relationship management (CRM) systems and their objectives. It defines CRM as methods and technologies used by companies to manage relationships with clients. It describes a CRM system as a computer-based system used to manage customer data and processes throughout the customer lifecycle. The objectives of CRM systems are simplifying marketing/sales, improving call center efficiency, providing better customer service, and discovering/retaining customers.
The document discusses the liability of intermediaries in India. It provides addresses and contact details for the company's offices in Chennai, Bangalore and Coimbatore. It then discusses key topics regarding intermediary liability including: what intermediaries are; their liability under Indian law; the need for regulating intermediary liability; ISP liability for copyright infringement; the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2011; how intermediaries can be targeted for defamatory content; and some relevant case laws around intermediary liability.
This document provides information about easements, including:
1. Easements are rights to use another's property and can be created by grant, prescription, custom, or necessity. There must be a dominant and servient property.
2. Easements can be express (created by a legal document) or implied based on prior use. Types include affirmative (right to use property) and negative (right to prevent uses).
3. Characteristics of easements include the right benefiting the dominant property and different ownership of dominant and servient properties. Easements do not transfer ownership of land.
The document discusses the process of trademark rectification in India. It explains that rectification allows correcting errors or omissions in trademark registrations. An aggrieved party can file a rectification petition. The registry notifies the registered proprietor and matters proceed through evidence filing and a final hearing. Orders are appealable to the Intellectual Property Appellate Board.
The document discusses the ongoing debate around the application of non-violation complaints (NVCs) under the WTO's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). It outlines the positions of developed and developing countries on this issue, and notes that a moratorium on NVCs under TRIPS has been extended repeatedly at Ministerial Conferences due to the lack of agreement on how they should be handled for intellectual property disputes.
Requirements for operation of civil remotely piloted aircraft systemAltacit Global
The document summarizes India's new Drone Regulation policy released by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) in August 2018. Some key points:
- The policy provides requirements for operating civil remotely piloted aircraft (drones), including obtaining operator permits and unique identification numbers.
- It establishes eligibility criteria for drone pilots, categories of drones based on weight, and restricted "red" and regulated "yellow" zones for drone flights.
- Violations can result in penalties like permit cancellations or legal action under the Indian Penal Code, with imprisonment and fines outlined in the Aircraft Act of 1934.
The regulation aims to legalize and standardize drone usage in India for the first time
This document discusses the rights of the unborn child under various statutes in India. It summarizes key provisions from several acts and codes:
- The Limitation Act 1953 considers an unborn child as a minor for the purposes of filing legal claims.
- The Indian Succession Act 1925 defines a minor as under 18, implying an unborn child is also considered a minor.
- The Indian Penal Code 1860 criminalizes causing miscarriage or death of an unborn child in certain situations.
- The Hindu Succession Act 1956 grants an unborn child equal inheritance rights as a born child for intestate succession.
The document analyzes how different laws in India implicitly or explicitly recognize various rights
This document provides an overview of defamation laws in India. It outlines what constitutes defamation according to Indian law, the basic elements needed for a defamation case, exceptions, and differences between civil and criminal defamation. Specifically, it notes that defamation involves imputations that harm someone's reputation, the person must be identified, and the statement must be published. Defenses include statements that are truthful or opinions on public figures. Defamation can result in civil lawsuits seeking damages or criminal charges with possible imprisonment.
The document outlines key details from the draft Unmanned Aircraft System Rules, 2020 released by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) of India. Some of the major points covered in the draft rules include requiring prior authorization for manufacturing, importing, owning and operating drones; eligibility conditions for authorization; insurance requirements; rules around carrying payloads and restrictions on photography; and the framework for establishing drone ports and corridors. The document also discusses definitions related to unmanned aircraft systems and drones, categories of drones based on weight, and potential future areas where drones may be used such as for BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line of Sight) operations and delivery of goods.
This document discusses patents in outer space. It notes that patents are territorial rights, but outer space does not belong to any nation. It outlines international space law and treaties, particularly the Outer Space Treaty, which holds that outer space is free for use and exploration by all countries. The document discusses sovereignty in space, the importance of intellectual property rights to encourage innovation, and how national patent laws can apply based on jurisdiction over space objects and stations. It concludes that harmonizing intellectual property regimes can encourage cooperation in space exploration for the benefit of humanity.
This document contains contact information for the company Altacit, including addresses and phone numbers for their offices in Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, and Cochin. It also lists their email and website.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821 • The Cinematograph Act of 1952 provides for the certification of films for public exhibition in India and regulates exhibitions through cinematography.
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400 • A Board of Film Certification examines films and grants certificates like U (unrestricted public exhibition), UA (unrestricted public exhibition with endorsements), A (for adults only), or S (for special classes).
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
This document contains contact information for various Altacit office locations in India, including addresses, phone numbers, and emails. It also includes brief summaries of topics related to international copyright treaties such as the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT), Berne Convention, 3-step test, flexibilities under copyright, and India's accession to the WCT and WPPT.
E waste management and handling rules, 2011Altacit Global
This document provides information on the E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 in India. It summarizes key aspects of the rules including definitions of electronic waste, hazardous components in e-waste, and producer responsibilities under the rules. Specifically, it states that the rules make producers responsible for recycling and reducing e-waste, require consumer awareness programs, and mandate record keeping and reporting for producers, collection centers, and dismantlers/recyclers.
- The case was an amalgamation of five related applications for cancellation and rectification of trademarks related to the marks "Financial Times" and "FT" registered by The Financial Times Limited (FTL) of the UK and Times Publishing House Limited (TPHL) of India.
- The key issues addressed by the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) were whether the marks were descriptive without acquired distinctiveness due to use, and the concept of reputation without use in the context of well-known marks.
The document discusses euthanasia law in India. It summarizes that the Supreme Court has allowed passive euthanasia for terminally ill patients or those in a persistent vegetative state through living wills. Strict guidelines must be followed, including approval from a medical board that all life-saving options have been exhausted. The landmark case that led to this ruling involved Aruna Shanbaug, who was in a vegetative state for over 40 years.
This document discusses false accusations and the rights of those falsely accused. It notes that false accusation occurs when a person is unlawfully prosecuted for a crime they did not commit. There are legal claims such as defamation of character, malicious prosecution, and false imprisonment that can be pursued. India believes in the principle that it is better for guilty persons to escape than for innocent persons to suffer. The document outlines sections of Indian penal code related to punishing false accusers.
Violation of duty of disclosure in patentsAltacit Global
The document discusses the "Duty of Disclosure" requirement under the Indian Patents Act for patent applications filed in India. It provides details on the history and interpretation of Section 8 of the Act, which mandates disclosing information on corresponding foreign patent applications. It outlines the time limits and details to be provided, and consequences of non-compliance such as grounds for pre-grant opposition, post-grant opposition, and revocation. It also summarizes two court cases where patents were revoked for violating Section 8 by not submitting information on foreign applications.
This document discusses the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 and motor accident claims in India. It summarizes key aspects such as the creation of Motor Accidents Claims Tribunals to provide faster compensation, the entitlement to claim compensation for injury or death from motor accidents, and the use of mediation and Lok Adalats as alternative dispute resolution methods to help address the large backlog of pending motor accident claim cases in India. It also summarizes the key details and outcome of the Supreme Court case M.R. Krishna Murti v. The New India Insurance Civil Appeal Nos. 2476-2477 of 2019, which envisaged the creation of a Motor Accident Mediation Authority under the National Legal Services Authority to
This document provides information about the death penalty in India. It begins with definitions of death penalty and an overview of its history and current status in India. It then discusses the stages of a death penalty case in India, the methods of execution, statistics on death row inmates and executions. It also outlines categories of offenders excluded from the death penalty, such as juveniles, pregnant women, mentally ill and intellectually disabled persons. In summary, the document covers what the death penalty is, its history and process in India, current death row demographics and legal exclusions.
The document discusses the London Agreement, an optional agreement between European Patent Organisation member states aimed at reducing translation costs for European patents. It outlines how the Agreement divides countries into two types - those where no specification translation is required, and those where translation of the specification into English, French, or German is required. Several countries have now signed onto the Agreement, allowing significant potential cost savings for patent applicants.
This document provides information about public interest litigation (PIL) in India. It defines PIL as legal action initiated in court for the enforcement of a general interest in which a class or community has a pecuniary or other interest. It discusses where a PIL can be filed (High Court or Supreme Court), who can file one (any socially conscious person or NGO), and examples of cases that are and are not typically entertained as PILs. The document also gives a brief history of the introduction and development of PIL in India since the 1970s.
This document provides an overview of anti-defection laws in India. It defines defection as a member abandoning loyalty to their political party. Large scale defections after the 1967 elections affected legislative functioning and led to the 52nd amendment adding the 10th schedule on anti-defection. This lays out grounds for disqualification of defecting members of political parties or independents. It discusses related court cases and loopholes regarding splits, mergers and the status of expelled members.
The document discusses the legality of cryptocurrency in India. It provides an overview of cryptocurrency and important ones like Bitcoin. It outlines the Indian government's stance, including a past ban on cryptocurrency trading by the Reserve Bank of India. The legality of cryptocurrency in India remains unclear as the government works to establish a legal framework, but some existing laws around payments and securities may apply.
This document discusses intellectual property protection for mobile applications. It provides contact information for Altacit Global, which offers patents and designs services. The document then covers why mobile apps need protection under trademark, copyright and patent law. It discusses protecting app names, logos, source code, screenshots and unique features. The document also summarizes a patent infringement case between Zhizhen Technology and Apple regarding voice assistants. Overall, it advocates for tailored intellectual property strategies to protect mobile apps and business interests.
This document summarizes a plagiarism case involving the Bollywood film Mohenjo-Daro. A director named Akashadithya Lama claimed the film's director Ashutosh Gowariker plagiarized his script. Lama filed multiple lawsuits but was unable to prove his script was disclosed to Gowariker or provide sufficient evidence of similarities between his work and the film. Lama ultimately lost the case and was fined for wasting the court's time.
The document discusses the ongoing debate around the application of non-violation complaints (NVCs) under the WTO's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). It outlines the positions of developed and developing countries on this issue, and notes that a moratorium on NVCs under TRIPS has been extended repeatedly at Ministerial Conferences due to the lack of agreement on how they should be handled for intellectual property disputes.
Requirements for operation of civil remotely piloted aircraft systemAltacit Global
The document summarizes India's new Drone Regulation policy released by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) in August 2018. Some key points:
- The policy provides requirements for operating civil remotely piloted aircraft (drones), including obtaining operator permits and unique identification numbers.
- It establishes eligibility criteria for drone pilots, categories of drones based on weight, and restricted "red" and regulated "yellow" zones for drone flights.
- Violations can result in penalties like permit cancellations or legal action under the Indian Penal Code, with imprisonment and fines outlined in the Aircraft Act of 1934.
The regulation aims to legalize and standardize drone usage in India for the first time
This document discusses the rights of the unborn child under various statutes in India. It summarizes key provisions from several acts and codes:
- The Limitation Act 1953 considers an unborn child as a minor for the purposes of filing legal claims.
- The Indian Succession Act 1925 defines a minor as under 18, implying an unborn child is also considered a minor.
- The Indian Penal Code 1860 criminalizes causing miscarriage or death of an unborn child in certain situations.
- The Hindu Succession Act 1956 grants an unborn child equal inheritance rights as a born child for intestate succession.
The document analyzes how different laws in India implicitly or explicitly recognize various rights
This document provides an overview of defamation laws in India. It outlines what constitutes defamation according to Indian law, the basic elements needed for a defamation case, exceptions, and differences between civil and criminal defamation. Specifically, it notes that defamation involves imputations that harm someone's reputation, the person must be identified, and the statement must be published. Defenses include statements that are truthful or opinions on public figures. Defamation can result in civil lawsuits seeking damages or criminal charges with possible imprisonment.
The document outlines key details from the draft Unmanned Aircraft System Rules, 2020 released by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) of India. Some of the major points covered in the draft rules include requiring prior authorization for manufacturing, importing, owning and operating drones; eligibility conditions for authorization; insurance requirements; rules around carrying payloads and restrictions on photography; and the framework for establishing drone ports and corridors. The document also discusses definitions related to unmanned aircraft systems and drones, categories of drones based on weight, and potential future areas where drones may be used such as for BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line of Sight) operations and delivery of goods.
This document discusses patents in outer space. It notes that patents are territorial rights, but outer space does not belong to any nation. It outlines international space law and treaties, particularly the Outer Space Treaty, which holds that outer space is free for use and exploration by all countries. The document discusses sovereignty in space, the importance of intellectual property rights to encourage innovation, and how national patent laws can apply based on jurisdiction over space objects and stations. It concludes that harmonizing intellectual property regimes can encourage cooperation in space exploration for the benefit of humanity.
This document contains contact information for the company Altacit, including addresses and phone numbers for their offices in Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, and Cochin. It also lists their email and website.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821 • The Cinematograph Act of 1952 provides for the certification of films for public exhibition in India and regulates exhibitions through cinematography.
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400 • A Board of Film Certification examines films and grants certificates like U (unrestricted public exhibition), UA (unrestricted public exhibition with endorsements), A (for adults only), or S (for special classes).
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
This document contains contact information for various Altacit office locations in India, including addresses, phone numbers, and emails. It also includes brief summaries of topics related to international copyright treaties such as the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT), Berne Convention, 3-step test, flexibilities under copyright, and India's accession to the WCT and WPPT.
E waste management and handling rules, 2011Altacit Global
This document provides information on the E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 in India. It summarizes key aspects of the rules including definitions of electronic waste, hazardous components in e-waste, and producer responsibilities under the rules. Specifically, it states that the rules make producers responsible for recycling and reducing e-waste, require consumer awareness programs, and mandate record keeping and reporting for producers, collection centers, and dismantlers/recyclers.
- The case was an amalgamation of five related applications for cancellation and rectification of trademarks related to the marks "Financial Times" and "FT" registered by The Financial Times Limited (FTL) of the UK and Times Publishing House Limited (TPHL) of India.
- The key issues addressed by the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) were whether the marks were descriptive without acquired distinctiveness due to use, and the concept of reputation without use in the context of well-known marks.
The document discusses euthanasia law in India. It summarizes that the Supreme Court has allowed passive euthanasia for terminally ill patients or those in a persistent vegetative state through living wills. Strict guidelines must be followed, including approval from a medical board that all life-saving options have been exhausted. The landmark case that led to this ruling involved Aruna Shanbaug, who was in a vegetative state for over 40 years.
This document discusses false accusations and the rights of those falsely accused. It notes that false accusation occurs when a person is unlawfully prosecuted for a crime they did not commit. There are legal claims such as defamation of character, malicious prosecution, and false imprisonment that can be pursued. India believes in the principle that it is better for guilty persons to escape than for innocent persons to suffer. The document outlines sections of Indian penal code related to punishing false accusers.
Violation of duty of disclosure in patentsAltacit Global
The document discusses the "Duty of Disclosure" requirement under the Indian Patents Act for patent applications filed in India. It provides details on the history and interpretation of Section 8 of the Act, which mandates disclosing information on corresponding foreign patent applications. It outlines the time limits and details to be provided, and consequences of non-compliance such as grounds for pre-grant opposition, post-grant opposition, and revocation. It also summarizes two court cases where patents were revoked for violating Section 8 by not submitting information on foreign applications.
This document discusses the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 and motor accident claims in India. It summarizes key aspects such as the creation of Motor Accidents Claims Tribunals to provide faster compensation, the entitlement to claim compensation for injury or death from motor accidents, and the use of mediation and Lok Adalats as alternative dispute resolution methods to help address the large backlog of pending motor accident claim cases in India. It also summarizes the key details and outcome of the Supreme Court case M.R. Krishna Murti v. The New India Insurance Civil Appeal Nos. 2476-2477 of 2019, which envisaged the creation of a Motor Accident Mediation Authority under the National Legal Services Authority to
This document provides information about the death penalty in India. It begins with definitions of death penalty and an overview of its history and current status in India. It then discusses the stages of a death penalty case in India, the methods of execution, statistics on death row inmates and executions. It also outlines categories of offenders excluded from the death penalty, such as juveniles, pregnant women, mentally ill and intellectually disabled persons. In summary, the document covers what the death penalty is, its history and process in India, current death row demographics and legal exclusions.
The document discusses the London Agreement, an optional agreement between European Patent Organisation member states aimed at reducing translation costs for European patents. It outlines how the Agreement divides countries into two types - those where no specification translation is required, and those where translation of the specification into English, French, or German is required. Several countries have now signed onto the Agreement, allowing significant potential cost savings for patent applicants.
This document provides information about public interest litigation (PIL) in India. It defines PIL as legal action initiated in court for the enforcement of a general interest in which a class or community has a pecuniary or other interest. It discusses where a PIL can be filed (High Court or Supreme Court), who can file one (any socially conscious person or NGO), and examples of cases that are and are not typically entertained as PILs. The document also gives a brief history of the introduction and development of PIL in India since the 1970s.
This document provides an overview of anti-defection laws in India. It defines defection as a member abandoning loyalty to their political party. Large scale defections after the 1967 elections affected legislative functioning and led to the 52nd amendment adding the 10th schedule on anti-defection. This lays out grounds for disqualification of defecting members of political parties or independents. It discusses related court cases and loopholes regarding splits, mergers and the status of expelled members.
The document discusses the legality of cryptocurrency in India. It provides an overview of cryptocurrency and important ones like Bitcoin. It outlines the Indian government's stance, including a past ban on cryptocurrency trading by the Reserve Bank of India. The legality of cryptocurrency in India remains unclear as the government works to establish a legal framework, but some existing laws around payments and securities may apply.
This document discusses intellectual property protection for mobile applications. It provides contact information for Altacit Global, which offers patents and designs services. The document then covers why mobile apps need protection under trademark, copyright and patent law. It discusses protecting app names, logos, source code, screenshots and unique features. The document also summarizes a patent infringement case between Zhizhen Technology and Apple regarding voice assistants. Overall, it advocates for tailored intellectual property strategies to protect mobile apps and business interests.
This document summarizes a plagiarism case involving the Bollywood film Mohenjo-Daro. A director named Akashadithya Lama claimed the film's director Ashutosh Gowariker plagiarized his script. Lama filed multiple lawsuits but was unable to prove his script was disclosed to Gowariker or provide sufficient evidence of similarities between his work and the film. Lama ultimately lost the case and was fined for wasting the court's time.
1. Common shareholders have six main rights: voting power on major issues, ownership in a portion of the company, the right to transfer ownership, entitlement to dividends, opportunity to inspect corporate books and records, and the right to sue for wrongful acts.
2. In addition to these six rights, corporate governance policies are also important in determining how a company treats shareholders.
3. A shareholder rights plan outlines what actions a company's board can take to protect shareholder interests, such as exercising rights if another entity acquires a certain percentage of shares in an attempt to take over the company.
The document discusses medical negligence in sports in India. With the rise of professional sports leagues, more players and amateur athletes are participating in sports. This has led to more sports-related injuries that require treatment from team doctors. Some cases of medical malpractice or negligence in treating injuries have caused further harm to athletes and potentially ended their careers. Proper laws and guidelines around sports medicine and liability for negligence are needed as sports participation increases in India.
This document contains contact information for the law firm Altacit in Chennai, Bangalore, and Coimbatore, India. It also provides addresses, phone numbers, and emails. The document then outlines several topics relating to intellectual property and e-commerce issues, including the evolution of e-commerce, rationales for its growth, its status in India and worldwide, and the correlation between IP and e-commerce. It discusses some key legal issues around determining jurisdiction for IP disputes in an online context. Finally, it examines the minimum contacts theory of jurisdiction and summarizes a 2000 US case involving copyright infringement by a Canadian website.
Patentability of graphical user interface designsAltacit Global
The document discusses the patentability of graphical user interface (GUI) designs. It provides information on the following:
1) GUIs are the visual aspects of operating systems, programs, apps, etc. and can be protected by design patents, which protect the look and feel of a design.
2) Design patents are narrow in scope and cover only exact or near-exact copies. They protect specific elements, colors, and placements of GUI components.
3) Copyright can protect individual GUI elements and compilations, as long as the elements demonstrate original expression. GUIs can also be protected as audiovisual works.
This document outlines details of a defamation case filed by Justice Sawant against Times Now news channel. The key details are:
1) Times Now aired Justice Sawant's photo incorrectly identifying him as being involved in a PF scam.
2) Justice Sawant complained but Times Now was slow to apologize and rectify the error, frustrating the judge.
3) Justice Sawant filed a defamation suit. The court ruled the broadcast was defamatory even though the photo was shown briefly.
4) Times Now was ordered to pay Justice Sawant 100 crores in damages for the defamation.
This document provides information about performers' rights under Indian copyright law. It discusses how the Copyright Act of 1957 was amended in 1994 to recognize performers' rights by introducing Section 38, granting performers exclusive rights over their performances. A performer is defined as anyone who makes a performance, including actors, singers, musicians, etc. The rights granted to performers include making sound/visual recordings of their performance and broadcasting or communicating the performance to the public. Performers' rights last for 50 years from the calendar year after the performance. Certain acts like private use and fair use do not constitute infringement of a performer's rights.
The document discusses the intellectual property protection available for yoga in India. It provides details on relevant copyright and trademark cases involving yoga sequences and styles. The key points are:
1. Yoga poses and sequences are generally not eligible for copyright protection as they are functional systems and processes, though a minimal degree of creativity may allow protection of an original expression.
2. Well-known yoga styles like Iyengar Yoga and Bikram Yoga have trademarked their names to protect their unique expressions.
3. The terms used for ancient practices like pranic healing are too generic to be trademarkable due to a lack of distinctiveness. Patents may protect novel yoga processes but not the system itself
This document discusses the rights of minors under intellectual property laws. It provides addresses and contact information for the law firm Altacit Global in Chennai, Bangalore, and Coimbatore. It then summarizes the key types of intellectual property including patents, industrial designs, trademarks, and geographical indications. For each type of IP, it provides the definition and outlines who is eligible to file for protection. It also discusses rights of minors in contracts for artistic or creative services, as well as exceptions under North Carolina law for employment contracts in entertainment fields including movies, music, theater, and sports.
Steps in mergers and acquisitions of a companyAltacit Global
This document discusses key steps and considerations for mergers and acquisitions under Indian law. It provides an overview of the types of mergers and acquisitions, relevant sections of the Companies Act 2013, requirements under competition law, and tax implications under the Income Tax Act 1961. Procedures for obtaining regulatory approvals from the NCLT, RBI, and Competition Commission of India are outlined.
Envelops, labels and mail merge in ms wordAltacit Global
This document discusses how to create envelopes, labels, and mail merge in Microsoft Word. It provides instructions on using the Mailings tab to create envelopes and labels, including how to enter delivery/return addresses and select formatting options. For mail merge, it describes using the Mail Merge wizard to insert recipient fields into a form letter from a database and generate customized letters for each contact.
The document discusses parallel imports and related concepts such as exhaustion of rights. It provides addresses and contact details for Altacit offices in Chennai, Bangalore, and Coimbatore. It defines parallel imports and explains how they work. It discusses the doctrine of first sale and types of exhaustion, including international, national, and regional exhaustion. It outlines Section 107A of the Indian Patents Act, which deals with parallel imports of patented goods. It also summarizes a case related to parallel imports of second-hand goods and the application of the principle of international exhaustion.
The document summarizes the AgustaWestland chopper scam in India. It describes how in 2013, an investigation began into allegations that AgustaWestland bribed Indian officials to secure a contract to supply 12 helicopters. Several politicians and military officials were accused of accepting bribes. The contract was later cancelled after it was found that bribes were paid, and India recovered funds paid to AgustaWestland. The investigation continues as agencies seek evidence against those who accepted bribes in the deal.
Doctrine of public trust in enviromental lawAltacit Global
The document discusses the doctrine of public trust and its origins and implications. It provides the following key points:
1. The doctrine of public trust holds that natural resources vital to people's welfare, like air, sea, waters and forests, cannot be subject to private ownership but must be held in trust by the government for public use.
2. The origins of the doctrine can be traced to Roman and English common law and it was recognized in the US through a landmark Supreme Court case.
3. In India, the doctrine is recognized in the constitution and the courts have applied it to protect natural resources and hold the government accountable as trustee for the people.
Patent of addition and substitution inventionsAltacit Global
This document discusses addition and substitution improvement patents. An improvement patent is granted for an enhancement to an existing patented device that is novel and non-obvious. Addition patents involve adding new components, while substitution patents replace major components or materials. When evaluating an improvement patent, its relationship to the original patent must be considered, such as whether it can be practiced without infringing the earlier patent and whether the differences would be obvious. Both patentability and potential infringement are analyzed.
This document contains contact information for the Altacit company in various Indian cities - Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, and Hyderabad. It also lists an email address and website.
This document outlines the legal dispute between Mattel and MGA Entertainment over the Bratz doll line. It discusses how the Bratz dolls were conceived by a former Mattel employee, Carter Bryant, and then brought to MGA Entertainment. Mattel alleged that Bryant stole their idea and that the Bratz dolls infringed on their copyright of Barbie. The document summarizes the lawsuits between the two companies, the initial ruling in favor of Mattel, and then the overturning of that ruling in favor of MGA Entertainment on appeal. It provides background on the claims made by both sides and the key factors considered in the final judgment in favor of MGA Entertainment.
The document discusses the taxation of income from house property under the Indian Income Tax Act. It provides definitions of key terms like annual value and outlines the process for computing taxable income from a house property. This involves determining the annual rental value, deducting municipal taxes paid, then allowing deductions like a 30% standard deduction and interest paid on loans taken for the property. The summary highlights the essential steps to calculate income from house property for tax purposes in India.
The document discusses cloud computing and provides definitions, examples, models and advantages. It defines cloud computing as delivering hosted services over the internet and consisting of hardware and software resources made available online. It provides examples like email, social networks, and discusses common cloud models including Software as a Service, Platform as a Service, and Infrastructure as a Service. It also covers private and public clouds and advantages like reduced costs, increased storage, flexibility and mobility.
This document contains contact information for Altacit, an intellectual property law firm with offices in Chennai, Bangalore, and Coimbatore. It then provides summaries of their services, which include IP assessment, strategy, valuation, management, training and awareness, protection, enforcement, risk management, and insurance. The final section emphasizes that good IP risk management can improve business operations and distinguish a firm in the market.
The document discusses cyber terrorism, including its definition, tools, methods of attack, and incidents. It provides addresses and contact information for the Altacit company in Chennai, Bangalore, and Coimbatore. It then covers topics such as the definition of cyber terrorism, forms it can take, features that make it challenging to address, and tools that can be used like viruses, worms, and denial of service attacks. Examples discussed include al Qaeda using the internet for 9/11 planning and the Stuxnet attack on an Iranian nuclear facility. It also mentions some cyber terrorism acts and initiatives in India.
An analysis of apple’s patent to block recordingAltacit Global
The document discusses a patent filed by Apple for a system that uses infrared signals detected by device cameras to disable recording functions. It could benefit copyright holders and performers by preventing illegal recording and sharing of content. However, it may also overreach by restricting recording for fair use and prevent the documenting of protests or police brutality. While the technology may never be implemented, its potential for misuse warrants attention to civil liberties.
The document discusses business method patents, which protect novel ways of conducting business. It provides examples of business method patents, such as Amazon's 1-click ordering patent. It outlines the requirements for a business method patent, including being useful, novel, and non-obvious. The legality of business method patents varies by jurisdiction, with the US allowing them but India and the EU prohibiting patents for business methods or algorithms alone.
This document provides information about the Authors Guild Inc. v. Google Inc. copyright infringement case. It outlines that the Authors Guild and individual authors sued Google for scanning copyrighted books from library collections and displaying snippets in search results without permission. Google defended on the basis of fair use. The case involved debates around digital libraries, copyright law, and the application of fair use to Google's book scanning activities.
Themes, page setup, page background, paragraph and arrange in word 2007Altacit Global
The document discusses various formatting and design tools available in Word 2007 including themes, page setup, page background, paragraph formatting, and arranging objects. It provides examples and explanations of tools for applying themes, setting margins and orientation, adding watermarks and page colors, indenting paragraphs, positioning objects, and more. The document is intended as a guide to formatting and styling documents in Word 2007.
The document discusses copyright issues that have arisen in the digital era. It covers topics like how digital technologies have impacted traditional copyright concepts, prominent copyright issues classified into three groups, and techniques developed to protect copyrighted works digitally like digital rights management, access controls, encryption, and digital watermarking. The document also discusses provisions in Indian copyright law addressing emerging digital copyright concerns.
The document discusses software patents in India. It provides an overview of intellectual property protection for software, including copyright and patents. While copyright protects the literal elements, patents provide broader protection for ideas and functionality. In India, software patents are allowed as long as they are not a "computer program per se". The interpretation of this clause has varied, with some claims being granted patents while similar claims being rejected. Overall, the legal framework for software patents in India remains ambiguous.
The document provides information on assessing novelty for patent applications. It describes novelty as a new invention within an existing field. The steps for assessing novelty include checking if the invention falls under non-patentable categories, searching prior art databases using keywords to identify previous similar inventions, and analyzing if the invention has been previously published, used or communicated based on patent law sections. The document also lists several major prior art databases and search techniques.
This document provides contact information for the company Altacit, including addresses and phone numbers for their offices in Chennai, Bangalore, and Coimbatore, as well as their email and website. It also includes several sections about employee involvement, defining it, discussing methods and benefits of involvement, and concluding that effectively engaging employees is important for organizational success.
The document contains contact information for Altacit offices in Chennai, Bangalore, and Coimbatore, including addresses and phone numbers. It also provides information about the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) that was enacted in 2005 to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment per year to rural households in India. Key points covered include eligible applicants, types of work, facilities for workers, and the process for applying for jobs under the Act.
The document discusses intellectual property protection strategies for Formula One racing teams. It notes that while teams do obtain some patents, most innovations are kept as trade secrets due to the fast-paced nature of F1 development. Trade secrets and confidentiality agreements are preferred over patents, as patents require disclosure and take too long to issue compared to the short F1 season. The document also provides examples of two legal cases involving alleged misuse of confidential information between F1 teams.
The document discusses various features in Microsoft Word including pages, tables, illustrations and charts. It describes how to insert cover pages, page breaks, blank pages, tables to organize data, Excel spreadsheets, predesigned tables, pictures, clipart, shapes, SmartArt, and charts to visualize data. Examples are provided on how to create tables and line charts to present information.
Ericsson vs intex an overview of software patentingAltacit Global
This document discusses software patenting and provides examples of software patents granted and refused in India. It begins with an introduction to software patents and reasons for protecting software with patents. It provides an overview of the Indian Patents Act and guidelines on patenting computer-related inventions in India. Examples of both granted and refused software patent claims by the Indian Patent Office are presented. The document also provides background on a patent dispute between Ericsson and Intex Technologies regarding alleged infringement of Ericsson's standard-essential patents.
The document provides information on non-patentable inventions in India according to Section 3 of the Indian Patent Act of 1970. It lists 15 categories of non-patentable inventions, including inventions that are frivolous, contrary to natural laws, injurious to public health, mere discoveries of scientific principles, and methods of agriculture/horticulture. The summary also includes examples for some of the categories.
The document contains information about Altacit, an organization that provides technology transfer services. It lists their office addresses and contact details in Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, and Hyderabad. It then discusses definitions, methods, pros and cons, financial implications, and the conclusion that technology transfer plays an important role in development.
This document discusses standard essential patents (SEPs). It begins by defining an SEP as a patent that claims an invention necessary to comply with a technical standard. It then provides an example of mobile swiping technology being an SEP. The document outlines key differences between essential and non-essential patents. It also discusses challenges around determining fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) licensing terms for SEPs. Specifically, it notes the inherent tension between companies developing standards and those seeking licenses, as well as the intersection of patent and competition law. The document concludes by stating SEPs holders should use their powerful market position constructively for societal betterment.
This document discusses the relationship between competition laws and intellectual property rights. It provides context on the objectives of competition laws such as preventing anti-competitive practices and abuse of dominant positions. It also outlines the nature and intent of intellectual property rights. The document then examines how competition laws can be applied in areas where intellectual property rights extend beyond their intended scope, such as limiting excessive market power or restricting unreasonable conditions. Key sections of the Indian Competition Act relating to anti-competitive agreements and treatment of intellectual property rights are also analyzed.
Protection for jewellery design patent -designs -copyrightAltacit Global
This document provides information about intellectual property protection for jewellery designs through patents, designs/copyright. It defines key terms like jewellery, patent, design. It compares patents and designs and discusses copyright provisions for designs. It also outlines international classification systems for jewellery and potential grounds for cancelling design registrations. Offices and contact details are provided for Altacit Global, the author's firm, which assists with protection for jewellery designs.
The document discusses the issue of sexual harassment during work from home arrangements brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that while employees are physically at home, they are still considered to be in the workplace as per law. Virtual forms of harassment can include inappropriate clothing or behavior during video calls, sending unwanted pictures, or demanding late night calls from female employees. Maintaining professional standards of conduct and being sensitive to how actions could make others uncomfortable are important to prevent virtual harassment during the pandemic.
Information technology guidelines for intermediaries and digital media ethics...Altacit Global
The document provides an overview of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 notified in India.
The key points are:
1. The Rules regulate intermediaries, social media intermediaries, publishers of news/current affairs content, and online curated content publishers.
2. For intermediaries, the Rules prescribe due diligence requirements around user notifications, content takedowns, grievance redressal etc.
3. Significant social media intermediaries must comply with additional obligations regarding local presence, identification of originators, monthly compliance reports etc.
Returns and refunds consumer protection actAltacit Global
This document provides information on the Consumer Protection Act 2019 in India including key definitions, rights of consumers, refund and cancellation policies, and product liability. It discusses that the Act aims to protect consumer interests and provide effective resolution of disputes. Some key points covered include definitions of consumer and consumer rights, time limits for returns, no-cost returns, and provisions for product manufacturer liability for defects. Contact information is also provided for multiple locations of the company.
This document provides contact information for various offices of Altacit, an organization based in India. It then discusses the grounds for divorce under Hindu marriage law in India. The key grounds covered are adultery, cruelty, desertion, conversion, insanity, renunciation, and presumption of death. Examples are provided for what constitutes each ground. It is noted that leprosy and venereal diseases were removed as grounds in 2015 at the suggestion of the UN.
This document provides information about alimony laws in India. It defines alimony as the right to receive maintenance after divorce. The main purposes of alimony are to prevent unfair financial impacts of divorce and allow a spouse to maintain their standard of living. The two types of alimony are interim and permanent. When determining alimony amounts, courts consider factors like earnings, marriage length, misconduct, and standard of living. Alimony is governed by different laws for Hindus, Muslims and other religions.
This document discusses different types of patent licensing. It defines patent licensing as granting permission to a third party to use, sell, and benefit from a patented invention in exchange for royalty payments. There are several types of patent licenses: exclusive licenses grant all rights except title to one licensee; non-exclusive licenses allow a patent owner to grant rights to multiple parties; sub-licenses are granted by licensees to third parties; and cross-licenses allow an exchange of licenses between companies. The document also discusses advantages like risk transfer and access to global markets, as well as challenges like loss of control and difficulty finding licensees.
This document summarizes surrogacy laws in India. It begins by defining surrogacy and explaining the different types, including traditional vs gestational and altruistic vs commercial. It then discusses the history and origins of surrogacy and assisted reproductive technology. The document analyzes India's Assisted Reproductive Technology Regulation Bill of 2010 and 2016, highlighting relevant sections that regulate surrogacy clinics, create oversight boards, ban commercial surrogacy, and penalize violations. Both the pros and cons of the bills are discussed. While banning commercial surrogacy aims to reduce exploitation, it also limits an industry that boosts India's economy. The conclusion acknowledges this is a start but flaws need addressing before the bill becomes law.
This document provides information about IRS Form W-9, including how it is used, how to complete it, acceptable filing methods, and its role in the tax filing process for independent contractors and self-employed individuals. Form W-9 is used by businesses to request taxpayer identification information from contractors to file 1099-MISC tax forms. It can be completed on paper or electronically, and helps payees avoid backup withholding by certifying they are not subject to it. Completing a W-9 is the first step for self-employed workers to have their tax returns filed.
Tamilnadu regulation of rights and responsibilities of landlords and tenants ...Altacit Global
The document discusses the key aspects of the Tamil Nadu Regulation of Rights and
Responsibilities of Landlords and Tenants Act 2017, which was enacted to regulate rental
housing in the state. Some key points include:
- It mandates all tenancy agreements to be in writing and registered with the Rent Authority.
- It applies to existing tenancies which must be registered within 90 days.
- It aims to facilitate landlords and tenants and provide affordable housing for all, given Tamil
Nadu's high rate of urbanization and rental housing.
Rights of employees under insolvent companiesAltacit Global
This document provides contact details for various offices of a company called Altacit located across different cities in India. It also provides the company's email address and website. The subsequent paragraphs discuss provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) related to the rights of employees under the code. It defines key terms like financial creditor, operational creditor, financial debt and operational debt. It explains that employees are considered operational creditors under IBC and unpaid salaries would be treated as operational debt. It discusses the process for initiation of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process by an operational creditor as provided in the code.
The document discusses the doctrine of originality in copyright. It provides details on the tests used to determine if a work is original and eligible for copyright protection including the sweat of the brow test, modicum of creativity test, and skill and judgement test. It also outlines the requirements for originality which include independent creation by the author with a minimal level of creativity. Indian law focuses on whether the author exercised skill and judgement in creating the work.
This document outlines the process for restoring a lapsed patent in India. It discusses how a patent owner can file an application for restoration within 18 months of the patent lapsing due to non-payment of renewal fees. The application must show the failure to pay was unintentional and there has been no undue delay. It describes the publication, opposition, and hearing process and notes restored patents include provisions to protect intervening users.
This document discusses celebrity rights in India. It begins with an introduction to celebrity rights as a significant development in intellectual property law that allows celebrities to benefit financially from their public image and prevent unauthorized commercial use. It then outlines the different types of celebrity rights, including personality rights, privacy rights, and publicity/merchandising rights. Key cases related to celebrity rights in India are also summarized. The document concludes by stating the need for specific celebrity rights legislation in India to protect celebrities while also respecting privacy and fundamental rights.
The Technology Development Board (TDB) of India was established in 1996 to promote development and commercialization of indigenous technology. It provides financial assistance in the form of equity, loans, and grants to industrial companies and research institutions. TDB aims to support innovative projects, foster partnerships between industry and research organizations, and help create new jobs through technological development. It receives funds from government grants and recoveries and operates with the goal of making India a global leader in technology and innovation.
Sebi (prohibition of insider trading) regulations, 2015Altacit Global
This document contains contact details for various offices of a company located in Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, and Cochin. It also contains a brief summary of key aspects of insider trading regulations in India such as the definition of an insider, connected person, unpublished price sensitive information, what constitutes trading, the role of compliance officer in monitoring insider trading, and the concept of trading plans.
This document provides information about the Hague Apostille Convention, including its purpose and members. The key points are:
1. The Hague Apostille Convention established a standardized process for authenticating public documents between its 116 member countries by replacing complex legalization requirements with a standardized apostille certificate.
2. An apostille is issued by a competent authority certifying that the signature, seal, capacity and integrity of the documents, allowing for documents to be accepted as originals in other member countries.
3. India has been a member of the convention since 2005, allowing Indian public documents like birth/marriage certificates and educational degrees to be accepted abroad when accompanied by an apostille.
Bio piracy and protection of traditional knowledgeAltacit Global
This document discusses bio-piracy and protection of traditional knowledge. It provides addresses for the company Altacit in various Indian cities and their contact information. It then covers topics like the definition of bio-piracy, traditional knowledge, why traditional knowledge should be protected, India's position and laws regarding this, and two cases - the turmeric patent case and the basmati rice patent case - where Indian traditional knowledge was misappropriated but later challenged.
This document discusses honour killings in India. It provides addresses and contact details for various offices located in major Indian cities. It then discusses honour killings, defining them as murders committed due to perceived immoral behavior. The main reasons for honour killings are brought dishonour to the family from behaviors related to dress, marriage, or sexuality. Currently, there is no specific law against honour killings in India, but they are prosecuted under homicide laws. Notable court cases establishing legal precedent are mentioned. While laws exist to prosecute honour killings, some argue specific laws could help curb this violence.
This document provides contact information for various Altacit offices located in Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, and Cochin. It then discusses cyber crimes and cyber security in India. It defines cyber crime and outlines various types of cyber crimes such as hacking, identity theft, software piracy, cyber stalking, hate speech online, fraud and financial crimes, phishing, and cyber terrorism. It also discusses legal protections in India, including the Information Technology Act of 2000 and its amendment, which aims to deal with issues related to electronic documents, digital signatures, offenses, and justice systems for cyber crimes.
This document provides information about plea bargaining in India. It begins with definitions and background on plea bargaining. It then discusses how plea bargaining was introduced to the Indian legal system in 2006 and outlines some of the procedures and limitations under Indian law. Some key points covered include advantages like speedy justice but also criticisms around impacts on innocent defendants. The document also examines some cases related to plea bargaining in India and concludes that while it aims to help address backlogs, the system has a long way to go to be as widely adopted as in other countries.
Receivership and liquidation Accounts
Being a Paper Presented at Business Recovery and Insolvency Practitioners Association of Nigeria (BRIPAN) on Friday, August 18, 2023.
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To know more visit: https://www.saini-law.com/
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The legal profession, which has historically been male-dominated, has experienced a significant increase in the number of women entering the field over the past few decades. Despite this progress, women lawyers continue to encounter various challenges as they strive for top positions.
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Sangyun Lee, 'Why Korea's Merger Control Occasionally Fails: A Public Choice ...
Cloud computing
1. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
BY
LENY THOMAS KURAKAR
2. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
The cloud provides computing as a service.
Computing includes storing, processing,
applications, network, servers, and services
The cloud is facilitated by an external server owned
by the Cloud Service Provider (CSP).
They are networked to provide a centralized data
storage and online access to the computer services
or resources
3. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
NIST* Defines…
* National Institute of Standards and Technology
Cloud computing is a model for enabling:
ubiquitous,
convenient,
on-demand network access to a
shared pool of configurable computing
resources that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider
interaction.
4. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Visualization of NIST
definition:
5. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Essential characteristics of
the cloud
On demand self- service: a consumer can provision
computing capabilities
Broad network access: capabilities are over the
network and accessed through standard mechanisms
Resource pooling: providers computing resources as
pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi- tenant
model
Rapid elasticity: computing capabilities can be scaled
rapidly upward and inward commensurate with demand
Measured service: resource use can be monitored,
controlled and optimized in a transparent way
6. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Models of clouds
SERVICE
MODELS
• SAAS
• PAAS
• IAAS
DEPLOYMENT
MODELS
• PUBLIC CLOUD
• PRIVATE CLOUD
• COMMUNITY
CLOUD
• HYBRID CLOUD
7. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Division of labor in SAAS,
PAAS and IAAS
https://www.aippi.org/download/seoul12/presentations/Pres_WS_IV_AN%C3%A9ri_181012.pdf
9. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
A view of the cloud
The Cloud Computing Revelations of 2010,
http://cloudtimes.org/2010/12/18/the-cloud-computing-revelations-of-2010/
10. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
An e-Governance Bulletin from GUJARAT INFORMATICS LTD.
11. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
IndIa enters the cloud
Meghraj
A GI Cloud Initiative
Accelerate delivery of e- services
Optimize the ICT spending of the government
Optimum utilization of infrastructure
ICT services on demand in OPEX model
Main features:
Self service
portal
Multiple cloud
solutions
Secured VPN
access
Multi location
cloud
12. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Darker side of the
cloud
Confidential information can be
compromised
Risk of inappropriate access to personal
and confidential information
Lack of privacy and security of data.
Uncertainty as to location of data
Vendor lock- in and portability problems
Loss of control of data
* GI cloud Strategic Direction Paper
13. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Intellectual property in
the cloud
Intellectual property primarily relates to :
Information, whether confidential or data,
expressions of ideas (protected primarily by
copyright),
Signs and branding (protected by copyright and
trademarks), and
The underlying structures of intellectual
ecommerce, whether hardware or software
(protected by copyright or patents).
14. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
How does cloud computing threaten
intellectual property rights?
The content in digital form can be disseminated
instantaneously, it can be rapidly copied by third parties, it is
difficult to monitor the cloud
3rd party company could change their terms and conditions or
upgrade their hardwaresoftware without your permission or
knowledge. They can even change the privacy policy.
The data is subjected to local laws that are outside control.
This could enable 3rd parties in other countries the to access
the data.
Access to cloud storage data could be removed at any time
and this is also outside your control. This could result in your
account and any related data being deleted
15. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Most probleMatic..
what constitutes infringement?
o Fragments of data are kept in different jurisdictions- the laws in all
these nations must be considered to decide infringement.
o Intellectual property protection is territorial.
So if a Canadian patent is used in US via the cloud, is there any
infringement at all…
o There is no definitive law to tackle divided infringement.
(Infringement may not be done by an individual entity. But by
different elements in the cloud providing system. The cloud is facilitated
by the hardware owners, service providers, and the cloud itself might be
the result of a sub contract among the parties. Hence in these cases
there arises the situation of divided infringement.)
16. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Infringement, liability, etc…
Detection of infringement: The cloud data is stored and
processed in an ambiguous and fragmented manner. Hence it
would be difficult to trace the infringement. Reverse engineering is
unhelpful to understand the locus of infringement.
To fix liability on cloud service providers it is necessary to prove
infringement. The disclaimer clauses and the liability clauses in the
service contracts are usually drafted in such a manner so as to keep
liability risks at bay.
Adding to to all these back up failure (cloud outages) and
Hacking attempts
17. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Threats to trademark
Extensive infringement-
• A sign is visible in a country where a conflicting right exists
• Exclusive right in a trademark will have a worldwide effect
•will be available even in a country in which it was not intended to be used
• thus use of a sign in the computer will be susceptible to infringement claims
literally all over the world
Restrictive infringement-
would require a link between the use of the sign on the internet and the country
in which the trademark requires protection
the user have intended the effect in any of the countries
the activity in the web be distinguished- advertising should
be treated differently from use for mail order/ delivery of digital goods or services
* WIPO document, SCT 2/9, paras 28 to 34 and 62 to 66
18. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Some cases:
2.Tiffany (NJ) Inc. v. eBay Inc (2010)
Tiffany alleged that the eBay users were using eBay resources to sell
counterfeit Tiffany products- court denied injunction as eBay did not have
any specific knowledge of the infringement.
1. Inwood Labs. Inc v. Ives Labs., Inc
A service provider is liable for contributory trademark infringement if one
of two conditions is met:
(a) the provider “intentionally induced another to infringe a trademark,”
or
(b) the provider continued to supply its services to a user who it knew
or had reason to know was infringing on trademarks.
3. Louis Vuitton Malletier, SA v. Akanoc Solutions, Inc., (2011)
Akanoc’s services included the rental of server space, IP addresses,
and bandwidth to foreign resellers of the same services, who then
resold the services to companies which sold counterfeit Vuitton items.
V was able to claim statutory damages from A
19. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Possible solutions:
International consensus on the criteria to
determine the link between the use of a sign and
the trademark protection is required
Disclaimers provide a flexible tool to
territorialize the use of sign and to avoid
infringement claims in particular territories where
there might be conflicting rights. But this is not a
pragmatic solution
* WIPO document, SCT 2/9, paras 37 and 66
20. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Copyright…
Copies of copyright protected material within cloud.. Is it infringement..?
E.g.: if you own software programs or music files, this is in general not
ownership per se, but rather a license to an individual copy. In accordance
with the law in many countries, it is possible for individuals to make copies of
music and film files for private use, as well as to a close circle of friends and
family.
When files are saved on cloud servers, is it still a private use?
What kind of distribution is permissible?
The ways in which material may be spread and to how many.
What responsibility does intermediaries have? (in this case- CSP)
Since copyright protected material is protected in certain countries but not
in others, this can lead to geographical limitations and uncertainty regarding
licensing rights.
21. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Cases..
1.Penguin Group (USA) Inc v American Buddha (2010)
American Buddha maintained a website known as Ralph Nader Library. The
information available in the library website was stored in servers located in States of
Arizona and Oregon. As soon as Penguin found out about the library’s website and
that four of the plaintiffs printed works were available there, it filed a lawsuit against
American Buddha in New York, claiming that the uploading and making
available four books infringed Penguin’s copyright. American Buddha challenged the
jurisdiction of the New York court. The New York District court agreed with the
defendant indicating that the place of the injury was ‘where the books were
electronically copied’. i.e., where the servers were located (Arizona or
Oregon) and not in New York where the Plaintiff Penguin was located.
22. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Confusion in
liability..
2. Disney Enterprises, Inc. et al., v. Hotfile Corp., et al.,
(2011)
The Southern District of Florida dismissed direct
infringement claims brought by a group of movie studios
against Hotfile, an internet storage service, but refused
to dismiss claims for inducement, contributory and
vicarious liability.
3. Perfect 10, Inc. v. Megaupload Ltd., et al., (2011)
Southern District of California upheld direct
infringement claims against a file storage service but
denied claims for vicarious liability.
23. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Safe harbor
Section 512(a) of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act:
Allows an Internet service provider to provide connections for material
that is temporarily stored on its service with impunity, provided it meets
the following conditions:
oAn individual, other than the service provider, initiated or directed the
transmission of the material at issue;
oThe Internet service provider did not select the material being
transferred, routed, or stored, but instead the process is completed
automatically;
oAnother person, not the service provider, selects the recipient of the
material;
oThe material housed on the server is not available to individuals other
than the named recipient, nor is it available to the intended recipient for
an unreasonably long period of time; and
oThe Internet service provider does not alter or modify the material's
content
24. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
to conclude…
Some suggestions:
Cloud Service Providers should have policies and
protocols regarding intellectual property protection
A Global legal framework in the model of the UNCLOS
(UN Convention on the Law of the Sea) should be
formulated
There must be international consensus on the means to
protect rights in the cloud
There must be a cloud registration center on an
international basis to study the technical aspects of the cloud
and to demarcate its boundary.
25. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
Thank u…