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5. Clinical Laboratory Management 2nd Edition Bachner
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Bachner, Paul; Garcia, Lynne Shore
ISBN(s): 9781555817282, 1555817270
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 38.47 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english

7. Clinical
Laboratory
Management
SECOND EDITION

9. WASHINGTON, DC
Clinical
Laboratory
Management
Lynne S. Garcia, EDITOR IN CHIEF
LSG & Associates, Santa Monica, California
EDITORS:
Paul Bachner
Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University
of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
Vickie S. Baselski
Clinical Microbiology, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center at Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
Michael R. Lewis
Department of Pathology, Fletcher Allen Health Care,
Burlington, Vermont
Andrea J. Linscott
Department of Pathology, Ochsner Medical Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana
Dale A. Schwab
Nichols Institute, Quest Diagnostics, Inc., San Juan
Capistrano, California
John C. H. Steele, Jr.
Clinical Pathology Laboratories, Department of Pathology,
Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University,
Augusta, Georgia
Alice S. Weissfeld
Microbiology Specialists Inc., Houston, Texas
David S. Wilkinson
Department of Pathology, VCU School of Medicine,
Richmond, Virginia
Donna M. Wolk
Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, and Wilkes
University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
SECOND EDITION

10. Copyright © 2014 American Society for Microbiology. ASM Press is a registered trademark
of the American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced or transmitted in whole or in part or reutilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage
and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Disclaimer: To the best of the publisher’s knowledge, this publication provides information
concerning the subject matter covered that is accurate as of the date of publication. The publisher
is not providing legal, medical, or other professional services. Any reference herein to any
specific commercial products, procedures, or services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer,
or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favored status by the
American Society for Microbiology (ASM). The views and opinions of the author(s) expressed in
this publication do not necessarily state or reflect those of ASM, and they shall not be
used to advertise or endorse any product.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Clinical laboratory management / Lynne S. Garcia, editor in chief, LSG & Associates, Santa Monica,
CA ; editors, Paul Bachner, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of
Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY [and eight others]. ­
— 2nd edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-55581-727-5 — ISBN 978-1-55581-728-2 (e-ISBN) 1. Medical laboratories—
Administration. 2. Pathological laboratories—Administration. I. Garcia, Lynne Shore, editor of
compilation. II. Bachner, Paul, editor of compilation.
[DNLM: 1. Laboratories—organization & administration. 2. Clinical Laboratory Techniques.]
R860.C56 2014
610.72’4—dc23
2013036960
doi:10.1128/9781555817282
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Address editorial correspondence to: ASM Press, 1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC
20036-2904, USA.
Send orders to: ASM Press, P.O. Box 605, Herndon, VA 20172, USA.
Phone: 800-546-2416; 703-661-1593. Fax: 703-661-1501.
E-mail: books@asmusa.org
Online: http://www.asmscience.org

11. v
Section I
Basic Concepts and the Current Healthcare Environment 1
Contributors xxiii
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments xxviii
Contents
1 Principles of Management 3
Jeffrey Casterline and John R. Snyder
Introduction 3
Leadership, Management, and Administration 4
Leadership • Management • Administration
Management Concepts 6
Cultural Lag • Review of Management Thought
Decision Making 11
What Is Decision Making? • Types of Decisions • Individual versus
Group Decision Making • The Problem-Solving/Decision-Making
Process • Risk
Management Ethics 17
Definitions • Characteristics of High-Ethics Organizations •
Benefits of Strong Workplace Ethics • Management Roles and
Responsibilities
Summary 19
KEY POINTS 19
GLOSSARY 19
REFERENCES 20
OTHER READING 21
APPENDIX 22
2 Management Functions 23
Laurence P. Vetter
Introduction 23
Planning 24
Strategic Planning • Selecting a Planning Group • Environmental
Analysis • SWOT Analysis • Vision and Mission Statements • Goals
and Strategies • Prioritization • Accountability • Measuring Success
(Metrics)
Organizing 28
Organizational Chart • Time Management • Policies • Procedures •
Workflow • Staffing
Directing 31
Communicating • Delegating • Motivating • Managing Change •
Coaching
Controlling 35
Setting Performance Standards • Evaluating Employee
Performance • Problem Solving • Decision Making
Summary 38
KEY POINTS 38
GLOSSARY 38
REFERENCES 39
APPENDIXES 40
3 Relevant Economic and Business
Concepts 43
Roxanne Mercer and Ann L. Harris
Introduction 43
Overview of Laboratory Industry Trends during the Past Decade •
Forecast for the Future
Strategic Business Planning Overview 45
Market Assessment • Key Strategies
Competitive Environment 47
Clinical Laboratory Competitive Market • Business Entities,
Strategic Alliances, Joint Ventures, Mergers and Acquisitions, and
Integrated Networks
The Economic Environment 49
Four Stages of the Business Cycle • The National Economy:
Fiscal and Monetary Policies • Assess Infrastructure and Develop
Production Strategies • Cost Accounting Principles • System-Wide

12. vi Contents
Approach to Establishing a Fee Schedule • Consumer Price Index •
Pricing Strategies
Promotional (Marketing and Sales) Strategies 53
Market Research • Marketing Strategies • Sales Strategies •
Advertising Strategies
Customer-Focused Concepts and Service
Strategies 59
Who Is the Customer? • Understanding Customer Behavior • Key
Concepts and Recognized Customer Service Strategies • Service
Delivery Strategies
Summary 64
KEY POINTS 64
GLOSSARY 65
REFERENCES 67
ADDITIONAL READING 68
APPENDIX 70
4 Current Challenges to Financial
Stability within the Diagnostic
Laboratory 71
Roxanne Mercer and David S. Wilkinson
Introduction 71
Workforce 71
Availability of Personnel • Training Programs • On-the-Job
Training • Recruitment and Retention • Generational Diversity
Workplace 74
Centralized versus Decentralized Operations • Local and Regional
Integration of Laboratory Services
Work Flow 76
New Technology • Testing Site Options
Doing More with Less 78
Systematic Approaches to Managing Change • Rightsizing
Shrinking Reimbursement 79
Gross versus Net Revenue • Medicare • Managed Care • Billing
Regulations and Unfunded Mandates 79
Regulations • Unfunded Mandates
Summary 80
KEY POINTS 80
GLOSSARY 80
REFERENCES 81
APPENDIX 83
5 The Impact of Regulatory
Requirements 84
Susan D. Roseff, Denise E. Russell, Christina E.
Anderson, and Roxanne Mercer
Introduction 84
Brief History • Overview of the Current State of Laboratory
Regulations
Regulation of Workplace Safety and Human Resource
Management 85
Occupational Safety and Health Administration • American
National Standards Institute • National Institute of Occupational
Safety and Health • CLSI • Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention • Food and Drug Administration • Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission • Department of
Transportation and International Air Transport Association •
Hazard Communication Standard • Blood-Borne Pathogens •
Ergonomics • Tuberculosis • Latex • Sharps • General Laboratory
Safety • Chemicals • Transportation of Clinical Specimens •
Employment Discrimination
Accreditation and Licensure 93
Brief History • Laboratory Inspection and Accreditation •
Personnel Certification and Licensure
Regulations Affecting Transfusion Medicine 99
Overview of Changes in Transfusion Medicine that Have Resulted
in Increased Scrutiny • Safety • Regulatory Organizations that
Specifically Impact Transfusion Medicine • Biological Product
Deviation Reporting • The Cost of Increasing Regulatory Oversight
Regulation of Laboratory Business Practices 109
Negotiated Rule-Making Process • Corporate Compliance • Key
Elements of a Model Compliance Plan for Hospitals • The Legal
Environment
Laboratory Reimbursement and Medical
Necessity 113
Medicare • Other Federally Funded Programs • National
Coverage Determination and Local Medical Review Policies •
Reimbursement Methods • Code of Medical Necessity (Reasonable
and Necessary Services) • Overview of the Reimbursement Process
• Registration and Coding • Claims Processing and Submission •
Remittance Advice • Audit and Benchmark Monitors
Compliance—the Next Generation: HIPAA 124
Covered Entities • Privacy Standards: Rules Governing Protected
Health Information • Administrative Requirements • Personnel
Policies and Procedures • Patient Informed Rights • Business
Associates and Business Associate Agreements • Standards for
Electronic Transactions • HIPAA Compliance and Enforcement
Summary 128
KEY POINTS 128
GLOSSARY 128
REFERENCES 133
APPENDIXES 137
6 The Changing Practice of
Medicine 139
Susan D. Roseff, Denise E. Russell, and Margaret
M. Grimes
Introduction 139
Overview of Major Changes 139
Shift from Inpatient to Outpatient Care • Shift from Centralized
to Decentralized Testing • Shift to Primary Care: Patient-Centered
Medical Home • Shortages of Qualified Staff • Quality of Care
and Error Reduction • Pay for Performance • Healthcare Reform
• Advances in Technology • Wellness and Prevention • The Aging
Population • Recognition of Women’s Health Needs

13. Contents
vii
The Impact of Technology 142
The Electronic Medical Record • Meaningful Use/Value-
Based Purchasing • Patient Access to Information • Patient
Confidentiality • Advances in Diagnostic Testing
The Emergence of Clinical Practice Guidelines 144
The Role of Evidence-Based Medicine and Outcomes
Data • Concerns about Utilization and Quality • Clinical Practice
Guidelines and Clinical Pathways Defined • Use of Clinical Practice
Guidelines • Pros and Cons • Developing Clinical Pathways and
Guidelines
Medicolegal Issues 148
Malpractice Litigation • Patient Safety • Disclosure of Adverse
Events/CMS Never Events • CMS Serious Reportable Events •
Enterprise Risk Management • Insurance • HIPAA and Patient
Confidentiality • Contracts • Specimens • Documentation •
Research Liability
Training Physicians for Practice in the 21st
Century 153
The Educational Goal: The Complete Physician • New Paradigms
in Medical Training • Incorporating New Knowledge and Training
Techniques into the Curriculum • Training Physicians for the
Managed-Care Environment
External Forces Impacting Undergraduate and
Graduate Medical Education 156
Finding the Right Mix: How Many Physicians Do We Need? •
Current Challenges to Academic Centers
Summary 157
KEY POINTS 157
GLOSSARY 157
REFERENCES 159
APPENDIX 163
7 The Changing Healthcare
Environment 164
Ann Harris and David S. Wilkinson
Introduction 164
Changing Reimbursement Models 168
Change from Traditional Indemnity to Managed-Care
Insurance • Four Stages of Managed-Care Market Development •
Reimbursement Strategies in a Managed-Care Market • Healthcare
Stakeholders in a Managed-Care Market
Impact of Healthcare Reform 173
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act • Payment Reform and
Provider Reimbursement Strategies • Current Trends and Issues
with Healthcare Reform • Hospitals and Laboratories: Concerns in
Healthcare Reform
Changing Emphasis on Quality and Value 179
Health Maintenance Organization Network Management •
Patient Management • Disease Management • Healthcare Reform:
Demonstration Projects
The Educated Consumer 184
Baby Boomers and Generation Xers: The Educated and Savvy
Consumer • Consumer-Driven Healthcare • The Increasingly
Litigious Environment
Changing Technology 186
Technological Advances • Direct Consumer Access • Direct Access
Testing • Advances in Genetic Testing and Molecular Pathology •
Personalized Medicine • New Regulations to Address Changing
Technology: HIPAA • Impact of Reform on Electronic Health
Records and Meaningful Use
Consolidation in the Healthcare Industry 198
Overview: Laboratories, Hospitals, Physician Practices,
and Managed-Care Organizations • Integrated Delivery
Systems • Laboratories: Change from Revenue Centers to Cost
Centers • Internal Consolidation in Hospital Laboratories •
Regional Integrated Laboratory Networks
Strategies for Success in the 21st Century 200
Strategic Redesign • Developing System-Wide Thinking and a
Common Culture • Differentiating a Competitive Advantage •
Training Adequate, High-Quality Laboratory Professionals for
the Future Workforce • Moving from Top-Down Management
to Bottom-Up Customer Focus • Evidence-Based Medicine •
Meaningful and Relevant Information
Summary 205
KEY POINTS 206
GLOSSARY 206
REFERENCES 210
APPENDIXES 214
Section II
Managerial Leadership 217
8 The Foundations of
Leadership 219
David S. Hefner and Katharine R. Becker
Introduction 219
Distinguishing Management from Leadership 219
What Is “Leadership” and How Do You Become a Leader? •
Management • Leadership
The First Foundational Factor Is Integrity 221
The Definition of Integrity • Honoring Your Word • The Pitfalls in
Honoring Your Word • What Is Your Word? • What Is the Current
State of Your Word? • Trust and Its Relationship to Honoring Your
Word • Preparation for Making a Commitment or Giving Your
Word
The Second Foundational Factor Is Authenticity 224
The Definition of Authentic • Knowing Yourself • How Do You
Respond in Various Situations? • The Importance of Context • The
Path to Authenticity

14. viii Contents
The Third Foundational Factor Is Commitment to
Something Bigger than Yourself 226
Succeeding as a Leader • What Happens Next?
Summary 227
KEY POINTS 227
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 229
REFERENCES 229
APPENDIXES 231
9 Employee Needs 232
John C. H. Steele, Jr.
Introduction 232
The Laboratory Workforce—Is There an Approaching
Crisis? 232
Theories of Human Needs 233
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Alternative Theories
Meeting Employee Needs 234
Level 1 and 2 Needs • Level 3, 4, and 5 Needs • Higher-Level Needs
The Role of Generational Differences 236
Characteristics of the Generations • Meeting the Needs and Wants
of the Four Generations
Summary 240
KEY POINTS 240
GLOSSARY 240
REFERENCES 240
APPENDIX 242
10 Motivating through Intelligent
Leadership 243
Christa Pardue
What Is Motivation? 243
Knowledge of Self 244
Creating the Vision • Humility • Basic Needs
Knowing What Others See in You 245
Factors of Motivation • The Right People Need the Right Leader •
Actually Fix the Problems
Knowing the Emotions of Leading 246
Emotional Intelligence • The Need for Purpose • Human
Motivation Theory
Summary 248
KEY POINTS 248
GLOSSARY 248
REFERENCES 249
11 Successful Communication 250
Diane C. Turnbull
Introduction 250
Channels of Communication 251
Formal Channels of Communication • Informal Channels of
Communication
Types (Methods) of Communication 251
Oral (Face-to-Face) Communication • Telephone Communication •
Written Communication • PowerPoint Presentation • Electronic
Communication • Visual Communication • Body Language and
Other Nonverbal Communication
Barriers to Communication 255
Physical Barriers • Nonverbal Barriers • Verbal Barriers •
Psychological Barriers
The Importance of Listening 256
Effective Listening • Ineffective Listening • Stages of Listening
Types of Listening 257
Nonlistener • Marginal Listener • Evaluative Listener • Active
Listener
Elements of Effective Communication 257
Skills for Effective Communication • Organizational Climate •
Using Body Language • Using Positive Language
Leadership Essentials for Improving
Communication 259
The Interaction Process • Adapting Communication Styles
Summary 260
KEY POINTS 260
GLOSSARY 261
REFERENCES 261
APPENDIX 263
12 Effective Meetings 264
Mark G. Hanly
Introduction 264
Things To Do before the Meeting 265
Determine If There Is a Need for a Meeting • Determine What
Type of Meeting Is Needed • Develop the Agenda • Use of the
Consent Agenda • Determine Whom To Invite to the Meeting •
Determine the Venue of the Meeting • Determine the Technology/
Equipment Required for the Success of the Meeting
Things To Do during the Meeting 268
Things To Do after the Meeting 269
Calculating the Cost of Meetings 269
Recurrent Meetings 269
How To Be an Effective Participant in a Meeting 269
Summary 270
KEY POINTS 270
GLOSSARY 271
REFERENCES 271
13 Conflict Management 272
Jean Egan
Introduction 272
Conflict Defined 272

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1355. Renewal of English invasion of France 80
“ Charles IV. crowned Emperor in Rome 114
“ Important meeting of States-General in France 81
“ Conspiracy and death of Marin Falier in Venice 169
“ Peace between Venice and Genoa 171
“ Assassination of Matteo Visconti. Partition of
Milanese territories between Bernabo and Galeazzo
176

28. “ Death of Stephen Dushan, King of Servia 501
1356. Battle of Poitiers, and capture of John of France 81
“ States-General under the guidance of Etienne
Marcel
83
“ Charles IV. issues the Golden Bull 115
“ Genoa repudiates Milanese suzerainty 171,
176
1358. Rising of the Jacquerie in France 87
“ Assassination of Marcel, and restoration of order
and royal authority by Charles, Duke of Normandy,
acting as regent during his father’s captivity
88
“ Death of Albert II. of Austria, leaving his territories
to the joint rule of four sons
136
1359. Death of Orchan. Succeeded by Amurath or
Murad I.
502
1360. Treaty of Bretigni (May 8) ends first period of
the Hundred Years’ War
89
“ Cardinal Albornoz recovers Bologna from the
Visconti
161,
177

29. 1361. Death of Philip de Rouvre. Duchy of Burgundy
granted by John of France to his fourth son, Philip
90
“ Sack of Wisby by Waldemar III. Beginning of war
between Denmark and the Hanseatic League
433
“ Amurath I. seizes Adrianople, which becomes the
European capital of the Turks till 1453
502
1362. Death of Pope Innocent VI., and election of
Urban V.
161
“ Defeat of the Hanseatic League by Danish fleet 434
1363. Death of Meinhard, Duke of Upper Bavaria and
Count of Tyrol. Upper Bavaria united with Lower
Bavaria: Tyrol acquired by the Hapsburgs
120
“ Marriage of Margaret of Denmark to Hakon of
Norway
435
1364. John of France returns to England and dies
there. Accession of Charles V.
188
“ Treaty of mutual inheritance between the houses of
Luxemburg and Hapsburg
120
“ Charles of Blois killed at battle of Aurai 92
“ Deposition of Magnus of Sweden in favour of Albert
of Mecklenburg
436

30. 1365. Death of Rudolf of Hapsburg 137
“ Settlement of Breton war by the recognition of John
de Montfort
92
“ Treaty of Wordingborg between Waldemar III. and
Hanse towns
436
1366. Peter the Cruel, driven from Castile by Henry of
Trastamara, flies to the Black Prince at Bordeaux
93,
473
1367. The Black Prince wins the battle of Najara, and
restores Peter the Cruel in Castile
93,
473
“ Urban V. returns from Avignon to Rome 162
“ Meeting of Hanseatic League at Cologne declares
war against Denmark
437
1368. Charles IV. visits Urban V. in Rome 162
“ Death of Cardinal Albornoz 162,
177
“ Triumph of the Hanseatic fleet: capture of
Copenhagen
438
1369. Battle of Montiel. Death of Peter the Cruel.
Accession of Henry of Trastamara (Henry II.) in Castile
94,
474
“ Renewal of war between France and England 94

31. “ The eastern Emperor John V. visits Rome, and
agrees to a union between the Greek and Latin
Churches
503
1370. Partition of Hapsburg territories between Albert
III. and Leopold
137,
398
“ Massacre at Limoges by order of the Black Prince 95
“ Urban V. returns from Rome to Avignon 162
“ Treaty of Stralsund. Hanseatic League at the zenith
of its power
438
“ Death of Casimir the Great of Poland. Succeeded by
Lewis of Hungary
459
1372. Defeat of the English fleet by Spaniards and
French off La Rochelle
95
1373. Disastrous expedition of John of Gaunt to
France
95
“ The Emperor Charles IV. acquires Brandenburg 441
1375. Truce between England and France, leaving
England in occupation of Calais, Bordeaux, and
Bayonne
96
“ Death of Waldemar III. of Denmark. Accession of
Olaf
442

32. 1376. Death of the Black Prince (June 8) 96
“ Election of Wenzel as King of the Romans 121
1377. Death of Edward III. of England. Accession of
Richard II.
96
“ Gregory XI. leaves Avignon for Rome 162,
185
1378. Death of Gregory XI. in Rome. Election of Urban
VI.
162,
185
“ Rising of the ‘Ciompi’ in Florence 164
“ Outbreak of war between Venice and Genoa 172
“ Galeazzo Visconti dies and is succeeded by Gian
Galeazzo
177
“ Election of anti-pope Clement VII. (Sept. 20).
Beginning of the great schism
122,
162,
186
“ Death of the Emperor Charles IV. (Nov. 29). Partition
of his dominions
123
1379. The Genoese seize Chioggia and blockade
Venice
172
“ Death of Henry II. of Castile, and accession of John
I.
474

33. 1380. Death of Charles V. of France, and accession of
Charles VI.
97,
315
“ Death of Hakon of Norway. Union of Norway and
Denmark under Olaf
442
“ The Genoese are forced to capitulate at Chioggia.
Triumph of Venice
173
“ Death of Lewis the Great, King of Hungary and
Poland
190,
459
1381. Rising of the lower classes in England 316
1382. Counter-revolution in Florence establishes
oligarchy
166
“ Rising of the Maillotins in Paris 317
“ Rising of the Flemings under Philip van Artevelde 317
“ French defeat of the Flemings at Roosebek 318
“ Suppression of the Maillotins in Paris 318
“ Death of Joanna I. of Naples. Accession of Charles
III.
154
1383. Death of Lewis de Mâle. His son-in-law, Philip
of Burgundy, acquires Flanders, Artois, Nevers,
Rethel, and Franche-Comté
320

34. 1385. Gian Galeazzo Visconti imprisons his uncle,
Bernabo, and reunites the Milanese dominions
177
“ Charles III. of Naples claims crown of Hungary 191
“ Portuguese victory at Aljubarrota over Castilians 474
“ Death of Louis of Anjou, who had obtained
Provence but had been defeated by Charles III. as a
claimant to Naples
154
1386. Jagello of Lithuania marries Hedwig, younger
daughter of Lewis the Great, becomes a Christian,
and is crowned King of Poland
191,
459
1386. Valentina Visconti married to Louis of Orleans 178,
321
“ Charles III. of Naples assassinated in Hungary 155,
191
“ Swiss victory at Sempach. Defeat and death of
Leopold of Hapsburg
138
“ John of Gaunt advances the claim of his wife,
Constance, in Castile
474
“ Schleswig ceded by Denmark to Count of Holstein 442
1387. Sigismund of Luxemburg crowned King of
Hungary
192

35. “ Outbreak of town-war in Germany 189
“ Death of Peter IV. of Aragon. Accession of John I. 482
“ John of Gaunt withdraws his wife’s claim and makes
peace with John I. of Castile
475
“ Gian Galeazzo seizes Verona and Vicenza, and ruins
the house of Scala
179
“ Death of Olaf of Denmark and Norway. Succeeded
by his mother, Margaret
443
1388. Padua subjected by Gian Galeazzo Visconti 179
“ Albert of Sweden deposed; crown offered to
Margaret of Denmark and Norway
443
1389. Peace of Eger closes the town-war in Germany 190
“ Hapsburgs recognise by treaty the independence of
the Swiss Confederation
138
“ Turkish victory at Kossova 503
“ Amurath I. succeeded by Bajazet I. 503
“ Death of Urban VI. Election of Boniface IX. 187

36. 1390. Death of John I. of Castile, and accession of
Henry III.
475
1391. Mary of Sicily marries Martin the Younger, son
of Martin I. of Aragon
482
“ Death of Greek emperor, John V., and accession of
Manuel II.
504
1392. Charles VI. becomes insane. The Dukes of
Burgundy and Orleans dispute for the government of
France
319
1394. Death of Avignon Pope, Clement VII. Election of
Benedict XIII.
187
1395. Wenzel creates Gian Galeazzo Duke of Milan 178
1396. Genoa submits to France through fear of Milan 180
“ Battle of Nicopolis 193,
322,
504
1397. The three Scandinavian kingdoms accept the
Union of Kalmar
443
1398. Meeting of Wenzel and Charles VI. of France at
Rheims
194
1399. Gian Galeazzo obtains rule in Pisa and Siena 181

37. “ Ladislas, son of Charles III., finally secures crown of
Naples against Louis II. of Anjou
155,
266
1399. Revolution in England. Accession of Henry IV.
(of Lancaster)
325
1400. A party of German princes depose Wenzel and
elect a rival King of the Romans, Rupert III.
181,
195
1401. Battle of Brescia (Oct. 24): Milanese troops rout
the forces of Rupert III.
181,
196
1402. Death of Gian Galeazzo Visconti (Sept. 3) 181,
241
“ Battle of Angora: Timour defeats the Turks and
captures Bajazet I. Constantinople saved for the time
505
1404. Death of Philip the Bold of Burgundy.
Succeeded by John the Fearless
322
“ Death of Boniface IX. Election of Innocent VII. 187
“ Venice allied with Milan against Francesco Carrara 245
1405. Death of Innocent VII. Election of Gregory XII. 187
“ Venice acquires Verona and Padua 245
“ Death of Timour or Tamerlane, the Tartar leader 505

38. 1406. Pisa subjected to Florence (Oct. 9) 244
“ Death of Henry III. of Castile, and accession of John
II.
475
1407. Assassination of Louis of Orleans in Paris 322
1408. Ladislas of Naples occupies Rome 266
1409. Council of Pisa. Election of a third Pope,
Alexander V.
199
“ Exodus of Germans from Prague 210
“ Death of Martin the Younger. Sicily passes to his
father, Martin I. of Aragon
482
1410. Outbreak of civil war between Burgundians and
Armagnacs in France
326
“ Death of Pope Alexander V. Election of John XXIII. 201
“ Death of Rupert III., King of the Romans 201
“ Double election of Sigismund (Sept.) and Jobst
(Oct.)
203
“ Recovery of Rome from Ladislas of Naples 267
“ Battle of Tannenberg: defeat of the Teutonic knights
by the Poles
460

39. “ Death of Martin I., King of Aragon and Sicily.
Disputed succession
483
1411. Death of Jobst of Moravia (Jan. 12) 203
“ Sigismund again elected King of the Romans 204
“ The Cabochiens supreme in Paris 327
“ Ladislas defeated by papal and Angevin forces at
Rocca-Secca
267
“ Peace of Thorn between Poland and the Teutonic
Order
461
1412. Assassination of Gian Maria Visconti. Filippo
Maria rules in Milan
246
1412. Death of Margaret, ‘the Union Queen.’
Accession of Eric of Pomerania, in the Scandinavian
kingdoms
444
“ Crowns of Aragon and Sicily given to Ferdinand I. (of
Castilian house of Trastamara)
483
1413. The Armagnacs seize Paris and put down the
Cabochiens
327
“ Ladislas of Naples drives John XXIII. from Rome 267
“ Mohammed I. reunites the Ottoman dominions 505

40. 1414. Defeat of the Burgundians. Treaty of Arras 327
“ Death of Ladislas of Naples. Accession of Joanna II. 205,
267
“ Meeting of the Council of Constance 205,
211
1415. Henry V. invades France. Capture of Harfleur
(Sept. 22). Battle of Agincourt
328
“ Deposition of John XXIII. at Constance (May 29) 216
“ Sigismund gives Brandenburg to Frederick of
Hohenzollern
216
“ John Hus put to death at Constance (July 6) 217
“ Sigismund leaves Constance to travel through
Europe
217
“ Spanish kings abandon Benedict XIII. and adhere to
the Council of Constance
218
1416. Death of Ferdinand I. of Aragon and Sicily.
Succeeded by Alfonso V.
484
1417. Sigismund returns to Constance 219
“ Election of Pope Martin V. ends the schism 220

41. “ Death of Louis II. of Anjou, unsuccessful claimant to
Naples
269
“ Death of Maso degli Albizzi, leader of the Florentine
oligarchs
289
“ Henry V. renews the invasion of Normandy 331
1418. Dissolution of the Council of Constance 220
“ Burgundians seize Paris from the Armagnacs 331
1419. Death of Wenzel. Vacancy of Bohemian throne 224
“ Fall of Rouen completes the English conquest of
Normandy
331
“ Assassination of John the Fearless at Montereau
(Sept. 10)
332
“ Philip the Good, who succeeds to the Burgundian
dominions, allies himself closely with England
332
1420. Martin V. publishes a crusade against the
Hussites
225
“ Treaty of Troyes (May 21) gives the regency and the
succession in France to Henry V.
332
“ The Hussites in Bohemia formulate the ‘four articles
of Prag’
223

42. 1421. Martin V. re-enters Rome with the help of the
Colonnas
221
“ Battle of Baugé: defeat and death of Thomas of
Clarence
333
“ Death of Mohammed I. Succeeded by Amurath II. 506
1422. Death of Albert III., the last Ascanian Elector of
Saxony
226
“ Establishment of the house of Wettin in Saxony 226
“ Death of Henry V. of England (Aug. 31), and
accession of Henry VI.
333
“ Death of Charles VI. of France. Succeeded in the
north by Henry VI., in the south by Charles VII.
333
“ Attempted reform of military and financial system in
Germany
227
1423. English and Burgundian victory at Crevant 337
“ Francesco Foscari becomes Doge of Venice 249
1424. John, Duke of Bedford, defeats French and
Scots at Verneuil
337
“ Gloucester marries Jacqueline of Hainault and
quarrels with Philip of Burgundy
337

43. “ Death of the Hussite leader, John Ziska 225
1425. Death of Manuel II., and accession of John VI. in
Constantinople
506
“ Bedford recalled to England by quarrel of Gloucester
and Beaufort
338
“ League of Florence and Venice against Filippo Maria
Visconti
249
1426. Venice acquires Brescia from Milan 249
1427. Defeat of fourth crusade against the Hussites.
Proposed constitutional reforms in Germany
227
1428. Siege of Orleans by English and Burgundians 340
“ Venice acquires Bergamo from Milan 249
1429. Jeanne Darc raises siege of Orleans (April 19) 341
“ Charles VI. crowned at Rheims 341
1430. Jeanne Darc captured at Compiègne 344
1431. Trial and execution (May 28) of Jeanne Darc 345
“ Death of Martin V., and election of Eugenius IV. 229

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