Factors such as sleep deprivation, missed anti-epileptic drug doses, alcohol, infections, and metabolic diseases can trigger epileptic seizures. There are several types of seizures including focal seizures which cause involuntary limb movements or sensory changes, generalized absence seizures which cause brief lapses of consciousness, and tonic-clonic seizures which involve an initial tonic muscle contraction phase followed by a clonic shaking phase. Different types of seizures present with varying symptoms such as impaired awareness, loss of consciousness, muscle jerking, or loss of postural tone.

1. CLINICAL
FEATURES
OF
EPILEPSY
BY VIDHI
(108)

2. FACTORS TRIGGERING
EPILEPSY
Sleep
deprivation
Missed doses of
anti epileptic
drugs
Alcohol
Physical and
mental
exhaustion
Flickering lights-
TV ,computer
screens
Infections
Metabolic
disease-
hypoglycemia
,uremia
Loud noise

3. F0cal seizures
• Involuntary jerking movements of a limb
• Loss of sensation
• Flashing lights
• Flushing, sweating, piloerection

4. Focal seizures
Jacksonian march- initially
smaller area later
progresses to larger portion
Todd's paralysis-localized
paresis for min to hrs after
seizures
• Alteration in hearing or
smelling
• Déjà vu
• Impaired awareness
• Loss of consciousness,
anterograde amnesia

5. Generalized- absence
seizures
• Sudden brief lapses of
consciousness without
postural loss
• No postictal confusion
• Rapid blinking, chewing
movements clonic
movements of hand.

6. Tonic- clonic seizures-
initial tonic phase
• Ictal cry –due to spasm
of laryngeal muscles
• Secretions in oral cavity
• Tongue biting-
contraction of jaw
muscles
• Increased sympathetic
tone-increased HR ,BP,
Pupillary size
• Impaired respiration
• cyanosis

7. Tonic-clonic seizures- later
clonic phase
• Bowel, bladder
incontinence
• Striador
• Gradual regain of
consciousness
• Headache ,fatigue and
muscle ache

8. Atonic seizures
• Sudden loss of postural
muscle tone
• Usually occurs only for 1-
2 s hence appears like a
quick head drop
• No post-ictal confusion

9. Myoclonic seizures
• Sudden brief muscle
contraction produces jerky
movements
• Mostly caused due to
brain hypoxia

10. Thank you