2. Hormones
• Hormone is a physiological, organic,
chemical substances synthesized
secreted by ductless endocrine
glands which passes into circulatory
system for transport and inhibits,
stimulate or regulate the functional
activity of target organs or tissues.
• They act in minute quantities, have short half
lives, and bind to the specific receptors.
6. Therapeutic Goals
• Managemental purpose (e.g.
estrus/ovulation synchronization)
PG, GnRH and P4
• Diagnostic purpose (admn of hCG or LH
may result in production of testosterone or not, it
will tell about Gonadal insufficiency or testicular
dysfunction)
• Treatment purpose (COD-LH/GnRH and
many others coming in next slides)
7. Gonadotrophin Releasing
Hormone (GnRH)
• Clinical application is based on ability of GnRH
to stimulate a sruge like release of LH and FSH.
• Indications:
– Delayed ovulation/anovulation/short or silent
heat/prolonged heat
– COD(cystic ovarian disease) (Follicular cyst)
– Estrus Synchronization
– Acyclicity
– Repeat Breeder
– Improved pregnancy rates (fertility enhancement)
8. Commercially available products
of GnRH
• Dalmarelin by Fatro Italy containing
Lecirelin (Long acting synthetic analogue).
25 µg/ml; 50-100 µg i.m./ iv
• Serilin by Selmore containing Lecirelin
(Long acting synthetic analogue) 25 µg/ml;
50-100 µg i.m/ iv
• Receptal by Intervet UK/ MSD containing
Buserelin acetate (Synthetic GnRH peptide
analogue) 4.2µg/ ml: 10-20 µg, i.m., i.v.
• Conceptal by Star Lab containing Buserelin
acetate (Synthetic GnRH peptide analogue)
4.2µg/ ml; 10-20 µg, i.m., i.v.
9.
10.
11.
12. Oxytocin
• Milk let down
• Parturition (contraction of myometrium)
• Uterine involution (after dystocia and uterine
prolapse)
• Expulsion of retained placenta
Note: 1). Myometrium respond best when primed with estrogens
2). Adrenaline blocks the receptors for oxytocin action
13. Commercially available Products
of Oxytocin
• Sintocinon by Sandoz containing Oxytocin
10 iu/ ml (1 ml ampule)
• Oxytocin by Star labs Lahore 10 iu/ ml (50
ml vial)
14.
15. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• LH preparations receive relatively little use
in theriogenology because other more
hormones are available, e,g.,
– GnRH causes endogenous LH secretion of
short duration (more effective for bovine)
– hCG injection causes more prolonged LH
secretion (more effective for equine)
17. Commercially available products
of FSH
• FSH injection by Sedico 75 iu
• “Folltropin-V” Porcine Piuitary Follitropin
Extract (PPFE) by Bioniche, PO Box No.
1570, Belleville, Ontario, KBN 5J2. 400 mg
per 20 ml i.m.
• Follotropin 700 mg per 20 ml
• Pluset inj.
• “Ovagen” FSH Ovine Pituitary Extract by
icp Bio Living Science
18.
19.
20. Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin
(eCG)
• Recently it is called Pregnant Mare Serum
Gonadotrophin (PMSG)
• Long half is major advantage.
• Disadvantages:
– inappropriately prolonged period of stimulation
– sensitivity reaction to PMSG also reported
• Single injection is required.
• It action is like FSH in spp. other than equine. Therefore,
it can be used in same conditions as for FSH.
– Out-of-season breeding
– Superovulation in ET
– Impaired spermatogenesis in bulls
– At the time of withdrawal of CIDR/PRID
21. Commercially available Products
of eCG-PMSG
• “Gonadesterina” by Invesa International,
S.A, Spain10-20 ml single dose i.m.
• eCG or serum Gonadotrophin (“Folligon”
by Intervet UK Ltd, Cambridge & “Fostim”
by Pharmacia and upjohn Ltd, Corby, UK
1500-3000 i.u. i.m.
• PMSG 5000 iu intervet
• Chrono-Gest/ PMSG 6000 iu intervet
• Pregnecol inj by Horizon Technology Pvt
Ltd. Australia
24. Commercially available Products
of hCG
1500-3000 i.u. i.m.
• “Profasi” by Serono
• “Chorulon” by Intervet UK Ltd, Cambridge
• IVF-C injection by LG Life Sciences
• Pregnyl inj by Organon, Holland
25.
26. Progestogens
• Used as management aid in veterinary medicine.
– Used to block estrus in feedlot heifers (MGA), mares and
bitches
– Threatened Abortion
– Synchronization of estrus and ovulation. The duration of
their administration prior to withdrawal is important.
Prolonged administration may result in good synchrony but
impaired fertility.
• Feed additives
• Oral tablets
• Injections
• Slow release vaginal sponges (True Anestrus & Estrus
Synchronization) and Subcutaneous Silastic implants
(True Anestrus & Estrus Synchronization), e.g.,Crestar,
Norgestomet, etc
27.
28. Methods for progesterone administration
PRID
PRID (by Sanofi Animal Health, Watford)
Consist of Stainless Steel spiral device
covered with an inert silicon
elastometer with a gelatin capsule
attached. 1.55 g Progesterone is
uniformly distributed throughout the
elastometer, which after insertion
releases hormone at predetermined
rate. The progesterone is absorbed
through vaginal walls resulting in serum
progesterone being maintained at luteal
levels during the treatment period. After
insertion, 10 mg Estradiol benzoate is
released rapidly from the gelatin
capsule and is absorbed through the
vaginal wall, converting rapidly to 17 β
estradiol which assist in premature
regression or in the prevention of
29. Commercially available Products
of Progesterones
• “PRID” by Sanofi Animal Health 1.55 g of Progesterone
and 10 mg of estradiol benzoate, left in vagina for upto
12 days, estrus 2-4 days after withdrawal
• EASI-Breed “CIDR” by Animal Reproductive
Technologies Ltd. Leominster 1.38 g progesterone left
for 7 days
• “Progesterone” by Star Laboratories, Lahore 25 mg/ml,
50-100 mg for 150-300 kg cows i.m.
30.
31. Androgens
• Prolonged administration in either sex
result in gonadal atrophy (due to feed back inhibition)
– Used in male to increase sexual behaviour
with poor libido.
– Used in heifers which are used to be as
estrus detector in estrus detection program.
32. Estrogens
• Induction of behavioural estrus
– semen collection
– libido testing program.
• It can induce preovulatory- like LH surge,
but it does not reliable result in ovulation.
• Used to increase the tone and motility and
evacuation of uterus in case of pyometra.
33. Commercially products of
Estrogens
• “Stilboestrol dipropionate” by Star
Laboratories, Lahore. 10 mg/ml, 10-25 mg
for cows i.m.
• Estradiol benzoate (“Mesalin” by Intervet
UK Ltd, Cambridge (200 µl/ml of hormone
in oil)
34.
35. Corticosteroids
Glucocorticoids released in response to
stress leads to various reproductive
dysfunctions, e.g., PP Anestrus and COD
• Induction of parturition (Incidence of retained placenta
increased but postpartum fertility is not impaired)
43. Intra-uterine pessaries
Indications: (for the treatment and prophylaxis of)
• Abortion
• Premature/difficult labour
• Twin birth
• Uterine Prolapse
• Retention of Placenta
44. Commercially available Products
of Intra-uterine pessaries
• Oxtra by Fatro, Italy; 1 g of oxytetracycline
hydrochloride, 2-4 pessaries may be repeated afer 24
hrs
• Utenol by Star Laboratories, Lahore
• Sulphathiazole 1750 mg
• Penicillin G 10000 i.u.
• Streptomycin 50 mg
• Ethinylestradiol 5 mg
• Utavet by Farmavet Veterinary pharmaceutical, Karachi
(Cows: 2-4 & 4-8)
(Composition & dose same as above)
• Utasil by Epla Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd,
(Composition & dose same as above)
• Utocyl by Nova Artis (Cows: 2-6 & 6-12)
(Composition same as above)
45. Commercially available Products
of Intra-uterine pessaries
• Fatroxymin by Fatro Italy. (cows: 2-4)
Rifaximin 300 mg per pessary
• Fatroxymin Intrauterine foam by Fatro, Italy
• Neo-uterotabby Bremer Pharma GMBH, 2850 Bremerhaven,
Germany (cows 1-3 for treatment)
Nitrofurazone 100 mg
Neomycin sulphate 1000mg
• Injecur by Richter Pharma Austria (cow: 1-2 fpor treatment)
Tetracycline hydrchloride 1000 mg
Furazolidon 500 mg
Iodochloroxyquinoline 500 mg
• Uterus Floor Injector (Just like intramammary applications) by Floris
Veterinary Production, B.V. Vught, Holland
Oxytetracycline hydrchloride 500 mg
Furazolidon 500 mg
Iodochloroxyquinoline 500 mg
Vitamin E 200 mg
