I made this ppt file during my 2nd presentation of university life.
A simple overview on citric acid fermentation and future perspectives are included with references.
2. Introduction
• Citric acid is the most important organic acid produced in tonnage
(around 736000 tones/year) and is extensively used in food (60%)
and pharmaceutical industries (10%).
• It is produced mainly by submerged fermentation using Aspergillus
niger or Candida sp.
• from different sources of carbohydrates, such as molasses and
starch based media.
• Major applications include the following industries:
• Beverages
• Candy
• Dairy products
• Pharmaceuticals
• Metal cleaning and so on.
3. Production Techniques And
Raw Materials
• Mostly produced from starch or sucrose based media but a
variety of raw materials such as molasses, several starchy
materials and hydrocarbons have also been employed.
• The submerged fermentation (SmF) process is the
commonly employed technique (about 80% of world
production). Several advantages such as higher yields and
productivity and lower labour costs are the main reasons
for this.
• Two types of fermenters, conventional
stirred fermenters and tower
fermenters are employed.
4. Product Recovery &
Fututre Perspectives
• Accomplished by three basic procedures, precipitation,
extraction, and adsorption and absorption
• Extraction is performed when intended to use as food and
drugs whereas precipitation is the classical pathway that
utilizes calcium oxide hydrate, sulphuric acid, active carbon &
vacuum crystallizers to prepare anhydrous citric acid.
Perspectives:
• Use of alternative raw materials to produce citric acid by SmF,
LSC, and SSF seems to be a suitable possibility.
• Another area is the strain improvement with
improved substrate utilization efficiency.
5. References
• Vandenberghe, L.P., Soccol, C.R., Pandey, A. and Lebeault,
J.M., 1999. Microbial production of citric acid. Brazilian
Archives of Biology and Technology, 42(3), pp.263-276.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_niger#/media/File:Aspergillus_n
iger_SEM.jpg
• http://www.kasel.com/citric-acid-plant-in-czech-republic/
