cities_beyond_oil

autonomous global gothenburg
— a scenerio for moving gothenburg towards semi self-sufficiency
c i t i e s b e y o n d o i l
gothenburg sweden

Autonomous Global Gothenburg
Gothenburg, 2008
© Gotheburg University, Chalmers and the authors
Editors: Erika Andén, Per Blomqvist, Gary Cullen, and Elisabeth Undén,
Co-editors: Gloria Alcázar and David Gavin
“June 18, 2050” by Erika Andén
Gloria Alcázar
Erika Andén
Sara Andersson
Giorgia Annovi
Eva Aronsson
Martin Berg
Pia Bergenholtz
Per Blomqvist
Delphine Bouet
Elina Cuéllar
Gary Cullen
Lucia Ferrari
Moa Festin
David Gavin
Karin Gildebrand
Niklas Hill
Sandra Jenevall
Maria Karlsson
Chelsey Laird
Maria Magnusson
Alba Martin
Kristina Nordfeldt
Francesca Rotundo
Lisen Runsten
Elin Slätmo
Anna Stark
Claudia Teràn
Alisa Tosawat
Khué Tran
Richard Waern
Magnus Wennergren
Lu Xu
Josefin Åhman
Ulf Ernstsson
Joanna Gregorowicz
Ingrid Johansson
Per Knutsson
Martin Bae Pederson
Knut Strömberg
Roger Trancik
Elisabeth Undén
Lena Viktorsson
Participants
Advisors
Programs
Environmental Science
Environmental & Social Science
Global Studies
Marine Biology
Sustainable Energy Systems
Urban Design & Development

table of contents
june 18, 2050
introduction
definition of sustainable development
june 18, 2050
1
3
5
7
scenario9
conclusion18
June 18, 205019
bibliography21
executive summarya.

gothenburg site
The Autonomous Global Gothenburg project
investigated possibilities for a sustainable planned
city district within the Gothenburg region by the year
2050 creating a scenario for how the Gothenburg
region and the city district of Angered can develop
towards a sustainable society. This was done with the
prerequisite of transforming the region into a fossil fuel
free society.
With 500,000 inhabitants Gothenburg is Sweden’s
second largest city. Gothenburg is an old port and
naval town, situated on the West coast, with the largest
port in Scandinavia. The Gothenburg region with
its 900,000 inhabitants consists of 13 municipalities
located around the city of Gothenburg.
Angered is a satellite settlement, envisioned as a part
of the Gothenburg city expansion plan of the 1960s
and was built in the 1960s and 1970s in a rural area
outside the city center. According to commonly held
prejudices, Angered is a socially problematic area. It
consists mostly of apartment buildings mostly located
in close proximity to forests and parks.
executive summary
semi self-sufficiency
To be more sustainable the region will be made semi
self-sufficient.This will be beneficial to the goal of social
sustainability within the ecological frame. In other
words, the Gothenburg region must exist both as part
of the greater globalized world but also retain more of
its independence from larger networks. Maintaining a
certain level of autonomy by producing more goods,
energy, fuel and food locally, creating jobs and secutity
while reducing energy needs.
energy
In order to remain within the frame, fossil fuels and
uranium will not be employed at all. Instead, the main
solutions for sustainable energy production will be
the reduction of per capita energy consumption, the
employment of large scale continuous hydro power
production, an increase large scale wind and wave
power production capacity, the use of waste and waste
energy for the production of heat, electricity and fuel,
and the use of roofs, facades and other surfaces for the
small scale production of heat, electricity and biomass.
This network of small-scale production sites will be a
major contributor to the energy system.
agriculture
Urban and peri-urban agriculture will be used as
a complement to rural agriculture to increase food
production substancially. Urban areas will feature a
variety of agricultural activities, which will provide
better access to food, income and a food consciousness
among the inhabitants in comparison to the present
situation.The variety of community, allotment, rooftop,
vertical, and balcony gardens along with fruit trees will
offer greening of the dense urban dwellings.
urban design
To tackle segregation we propose a mixed function
city, relevant for people of different backgrounds and
from different parts of the city taking into account the
connections between different areas in the densification
plans of the suburban areas.
Improving connections within the area of Angered is
one of the main focuses in improving Angered’s social
situation. An esplanade has been proposed to connect
several of Angered’s sub-areas and has been used as a
guiding element for urban growth.
transportation
An impoved public transport system is essential to keep
energy use down and to increase interaction between
inhabitants. For Angered ,a PRT system is suggested,
Personal Rapid Transit is an on demand railbound,
efficient transport system that will improve the internal
transportation. The PRT system will complement the
tram, bus and train to improve efficiency. The most
highly prioritized modes of travel, however, will be
walking and bicycling as they are the most energy
efficient and contribute to a socially sustainable
society.

evaluation
Ecological footprints have been used as local and
regional indicator for ecological sustainablity. An
ecological footprint measures how much biologically
productive land is used to produce the resources that
are consumed by a population and to conversely how
much land is required to absorb the waste created by
the same. Ecological footprints are measured in global
hectares (gha) which are equal to the productivity of
one hectare using the average productivity of the 11.2
billion biologically productive hectares existing on earth
(Göteborgs Stad, miljö, 2007). This number is then
divided by the world’s population. Presently this allows
for 1.8 gha/person. The current ecological footprint
of the world population, however, is 2.2 gha/person,
implying that our use resources is not sustainable. For
the year 2050 it is estimated that the population of the
globe will be 9 billion, meaning that each person must
sustain on 1.2 gha.
Despite the solutions suggested in the scenarios,
sustainability within the ecological frame will not be
reached by 2050, according to ecological footprint
evaluation. Nevertheless, the proposals made will have
a large impact on resource use and are possible to carry
out within present conditions. If adopted the proposals
made here will contribute to a decrease in the footprint,
from 5.2 to 2.1 gha/person. It would, however, be
possible to achieve even better results by adopting even
more drastic steps to reach the sustainable level of 1.2
gha/person.
The project definition for sustainable development
focuses on the goal of creating and maintaining
a favorable life experience for a given population
without consuming more of nature then nature can
renew, in the process. This environmental dimension is
envisioned as a frame in which all activities must take
place. The tools used to achieve this goal are seen
to exist within the frame and are economic, political,
technological, educational, and design related.
our definition of
sustainable development

1
June 18, 2050
The petals swirl thick off the trees like
snowflakes through the air. I walk slowly, pausing
every now and then to catch the soft scent of lilac
or honeysuckle off a mild breeze. Spring has finally
arrived in Gothenburg and in its wake the sun has
returned bringing a new sense of hope and awakening
to the city. People trace the paths through the woods
as I do soaking in the warmth and sun on their way
out to the fields of vegetables that fill the valley beyond
Angered Centrum or to the ‘pert’ stop just a few steps
from the edge of the wood.
Dawn has only recently broken on this mid June
morning, and I find myself en route to work. It’s a short
walk from home to the university annex so I amuse

2
myself by taking different routes; this morning it’s the
path through the garden wood. Yesterday I crossed the
knoll before turning down into the valley so I could take
in the entire stretch of snap pea and cucumber fields
that extend beyond the annex and the agro-industrial
complexes that surround it.
The path narrows as it nears the campus’ edge
and I follow it around a final pine crossing from
the dirt and pebbles onto the rounded paving stones
that eventually give way to an expanse of brick and
concrete. I wend my way across the square past an
early student who sits perched on the guiding wall, his
nose buried in the middle of a slightly worn copy of
“Theories and Techniques in Urban Agriculture.” For
a moment, I entertain the idea of asking him how he
likes Basic Agricultural Theory, but before I even have
the opportunity to finish the thought I hear my name
ring out and echo across the open square. The student
looks up from his book in mild concern, but now I
ignore him and hasten towards the Annex door.
“Professor, professor!” Bjorn, my T.A. is out of
breath and looking disturbingly flustered, “Professor
Johansson, you have to come quick, it’s already all over
the newsfeeds.” He barely finishes his thought before
he’s moving again, this time in the direction from which
he’d come. “And the municipal board,” he continues,
“they’ve already called. Did you turn off your phone
again?” Bjorn glances back at me knowingly but I
remain impassive. “They need you in the city as soon
as possible, but I think you should take a look at this
first.”
Bjorn takes a left out of the gleaming hall and leads
me into a small office. I’m not sure whom it belongs to,
but the single framed pencil drawing of a turn of the
century tractor and the perfectly rowed pens lying out
on the desk aren’t giving up their secrets to me. I look
up at the screen on the far wall and watch Bjorn type in
the access code to the university feed wondering what
sort of event could possibly be of such importance that
it would merit a summons from the board.
Then there it is and suddenly I realize why.

3
introduction
The task of this project is to create a scenario for how
the Gothenburg region and the city district of Angered
can develop towards a sustainable society by 2050.
This research based foray into urban planning in
western Sweden’s Gothenburg region was viewed from
a sustainable fossil-fuel free, future perspective.
This project was conducted as a transdiscipilary case
study featuring students and advisers from a variety
of academic backgrounds, including natural sciences,
social sciences, engineering and urban design and
architecture.
The project was conducted on two levels, macro and
micro, to show both the potential for interaction and
integration between the different levels, but also to
identify important local differences and preconditions
within the Gothenburg region. The 13 municipalities
that constitute the Gothenburg region make up the
macro level, which involves issues related to regional
development. Angered represents the micro level,which
involves issues related to local urban development.
Angered is a satellite settlement that is a part of the
municipality of Gothenburg. The concrete outcome of
a political strategic development plan, Angered was
envisioned as a part of the city expansion plans in the
1960s and was built in the 1960s and 1970s in a rural
area outside the city center. According to commonly
held prejudices, Angered is a socially problematic
area. It consists mostly of apartment buildings situated
within a close proximity to areas of wild nature.
During the research phase of the project workshops,
interviews and project exhibitions were conducted with
a variety of municiple and local stakeholders. These
different methods allowed the public to share their
thoughts, opinions and visions for local development
and to view and critique the proposed scenarios
created by the case study. Information gathered in
early workshops was integrated into the planning of
later parts of the study, and ultimately affected the final
scenarios.
The group process was also guided by a number
of different working methods, such as:
Rotating Chairpeople, that together formed a coor-
dinating group.
Meetings with open discussion, for strategic deci-
sions, delegation and planning.
Sharing of responsibilities and tasks among students
and among advisors and experts.
Clear and respected responsibilities.
Consistant reporting of all deliverables produced by
individual students.
Continuous and systematic documentation, filing
and report-writing.
Dynamic and cross-cutting groups.
work process

4
In an effort to move the Gothenburg region to a place
of optimal sustainability by 2050 it is essential that the
region achieve a state of semi self-sufficiency. In other
words, the Gothenburg region must exist both as part
of the greater globalized world but also retain more of
its independence from the larger networks.Maintaining
a certain level of autonomy will allow the region to
produce more goods, energy, fuel and food locally
creating jobs and reducing energy needs. By improving
the production capacity of the local networks for a
portion of the region’s consumables Gothenburg can
lessen not only its demand on the global distribution
networks and its ecological footprint, but also increase
the security of the region’s supply chain.A similar move
will also be implemented on a micro scale, giving each
district or municipality in the region semi-autonomy
from the whole, both as a means of reducing their
impact on the environment but also to increase the
relative level of security of their supply systems.
This innovation will tie together a number of more
common solutions both old and new to create a
sustainable system or internal network that the region
and the districts within it can depend on during times
of disruption in the global network. This system is
modular in that directed solutions can be added to or
removed from the system at any time to increase its
self-sufficiency and effectiveness.
semi self-sufficiency
Macro
Meso
Micro

5
Our definition of sustainable development is twofold
and focuses both on society’s capacity to create and
maintain a favorable life experience for its population
and well as the long-term ecological sustainability of
the planet in terms of this experience. Instead of seeing
these two dimensions as equally weighted portions
of sustainable development this definition views
social sustainability as the main goal of sustainable
development,whileecologicalsustainabilityisboundary
within which social sustainability must remain. In
order to reach and maintain the goal five major tools
are employed, they are politics, technology, education,
design and economy.
The frame represents the ecological system, which
enablesallhumanactivities.Forecologicalsustainability
to be achieved, society must not demand more of
nature than nature itself can renew. In other words,
the scenarios are created with the aim of achieving a
socially sustainable region, none of the tools employed
to achieve social sustainability should cause the region
to become ecologically unstable, as this would be
detrimental to the achievement and maintenance of the
goal.
frame
To assess if the frame is functioning as intended, the
concept of an ecological footprint was chosen as
an evaluation tool. Although it does not give a full
assessment, ecological footprints provide quantitative
information about the use of land and resources and
can be used to compare districts.
Anecologicalfootprintmeasureshowmuchbiologically
productive land is used to produce the resources that
are consumed by a given an individual or population
and also how much land is required to absorb the
waste created by the same. Ecological footprints are
measured in global hectares (gha) which are equal
to the productivity of one hectare using the average
productivity of the 11.2 billion biologically productive
hectares existing on earth (Göteborgs Stad,miljö,2007).
When divided amongst the world’s current population
one finds that there are approximately 1.8 gha to
support each person on earth today. The ecological
footprint of the world population is presently 2.2 gha/
person, implying that our use of ecosystem’s services
and resources is not at a sustainable level. In 2050 it
is estimated that the population earth will be 9 billion,
lowering the amount of land per person to 1.2 gha.
The ecological footprint for Angered in 2008 is 5.2
gha/person. This is comparable to Sweden’s average
of 6.1 gha/person and North America’s 9.4 gha/person
(Global Footprint Network, 2006). The model used to
calculate the footprint for Angered has been created
by the Environmental Department in Gothenburg City
(Göteborgs Stad miljö, 2008).
goal
Social sustainability, or the capacity of a society to
create and maintain a favorable life experience for its
population, is thought to be acheivable through the
following sub-goals:
Security includes food, water, economic and physical
security, or the maintenance of a certain level of
resilience within these areas, with resilience being
defined as the ability to withstand or recover from
disturbance or disaster in the system.
Safety refers to one’s personal safety in terms of crime
rates, traffic safety etc, and to an individual’s perception
of safety in her/his surroundings.
Public health is the availability of, and access to,
our definition of sustainable development

6
an affordable health care system, as well as, the
actual physical health of a population and access to
information regarding health and health care.
Participation in society alludes to the feeling that
one has relevance in society and in the actual act of
participation. Participation in this sense means being
involved in decisions that affect the individual and
her/his society, and even more simply interacting with
other community members, effectively creating a social
structure.
Equality is defined as equal opportunities in relation to
all demographics, including but not limited to gender,
socioeconomic, cultural, ethnic, sexuality, disability,
and age groups.
Integration refers to the mixing, both physically and
socially, of the above-mentioned demographic groups.
Satisfactory living environment alludes to the
contentment with and respect for one’s surroundings.
Potential for self-realization is about having access
to resources believed to contribute to self-realization,
such as education, leisure activities, employment
opportunities, funding etc.
The sub-goals have been placed in a hierarchical
relation, based on Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs (Maslow, 1943), which is often expressed as a
pyramid where the bottom needs are the most crucial
for healthy development, and the higher needs become
more important as the lower needs are met. If the
factors fitted into the lower layers of the hierarchy are
achieved, they will form the conditions necessary for
the potential for self-realization to be achieved. (Simons
et al, 1987)
tools
In order to fulfill the mentioned sub-goals of social
sustainability, five categories of tools are suggested.
These tools are to be used within the boundaries set
by the ecological frame or in order to maintain the
boundaries of the ecological frame.
Political tools: Political decisions with the purpose
of creating changes to reach a goal, such as laws,
restrictions and incitements. Examples include
legislation against discrimination or the establishment
of a nature reserve.
Educational tools: Educational measures aimed at
raising the knowledge level and stimulating life-long
learning within all demographic groups. Examples
include museums or education on equality in the
workplace.
Economic tools: Economically oriented decisions and
actions resulting in consequences to the economy
of a society or an individual. Examples include
congestion charges or emission licenses for industry
and companies.
Technological tools: Technological solutions aiming
to increase the possibility of reaching the goal without
exceeding the frame. Examples include low-energy cars
or communication systems which decrease the need for
transportation, such as video conferencing.
Design tools: Creative solutions aimed at increasing
the sustainability of products and structures. Examples
include urban planning and architectural design.

7
The ‘pert’ stop is deserted when I arrive so I push
the call button and watch as the shiny silver car
zooms to meet me. It’s slightly too cool in the cabin
and the seats at the front end of the cab bear a bright
tag of the word “Fututre!” though I am at a loss as
to why. Puzzled, I slide into a forward facing seat and
choose my destination on the automatic touch screen
in the center console. The door closes with a satisfying
“pop” and my mind begins to wander back to the office
where Bjorn is hard at work contacting the list of names
I jotted off for him before leaving. I glance down at my
phone hoping he’ll update me soon.
The ‘pert’ speeds along the rail, whooshing past
other stops with their waiting ‘perts’ and tired looking
passengers, ferrying me directly to Hjallbo and
depositing me rather uneventfully on a raised platform
above a silently waiting line of trams. I rush down the
steps and onto a 9 tram to the city center.
Brunnsparken is a bustle of activity even at this early
hour so I’m forced to people slalom through the crowd
June 18, 2050

8
The upper floors are airier then those below with
glass enclosed offices that allow daylight to spill into
the halls painting long beams of gold on the white
marble floor. My eyes follow the streaks of light back
the windows where small gardens hang, growing
colorful heritage lettuces that ripple leisurely in the
early morning breeze.
“The council will want every assurance that the
farms can deliver as promised.” Lena is looking stressed
again and I gather it is because we’ve finally reached
the meeting room.
“Don’t worry, Lena.” I reply, “I’ve overseen them
for some time. They will yield enough.”
Lena looks less convinced then I’d like, but before
I have a chance to say more she’s opened the door to
the meeting room meaning any further words on my
part would become the sudden subject of discussion
for the whole room and I’m not sure I’m ready for such
scrutiny.
The air in the room is thick; tense. Torsten is indeed
pacing in a manner that suggests another cup of coffee
might be his end. Beyond him Vi sits silently, her hands
clasped tightly in a gesture of forced meditation. Felix
and Joa seem almost impassive but the ticking of Joa’s
leg and the slight furrow of Felix’s brow suggest that
they aren’t nearly as calm as they might wish. And then
there is Anjali who, though held to be outspoken and
rather opinionated, isn’t betraying much of mood at all,
that is until the door snaps shut behind me then she
looks at me and smiles.
“Yan, thank you for coming.” Anjali is calm,
almost unmoved. “As you may have heard my colleges
and I are in something of a predicament. I had a feeling
maybe you could help us climb out of it.”
I smile broadly. Anjali’s support is not easily won
and I know that now I have it the board will hear my
proposal with eager ears.
to make my way to cityhall. Lena is waiting for me on
the steps looking harried.
“Yan, thank goodness.” She sighs as I approach.
“The council is in upheaval they’re talking about
rationing; about shuttering stores.”
I can’t help but smile, this isn’t the first time a large-
scale break in the supply chain has brought me to the
council, but it seems things have not changed so very
much.
“Everything will be fine,” I tell her earnestly. “I
have my assistant making the appropriate calls. There
shouldn’t be any need to shutter stores. It won’t be a
long term solution of course, but we should be able
to cover the demands of the city for at least a few
weeks.”
“A few weeks, really?” She sounds relieved as she
ushers me into the entrance hall. “Can you please
explain that to Torsten? He’s been running circles all
morning. Honestly, I think one more cup of coffee will
put him over the edge.” She smiles weakly at me as we
begin climbing the stairs.

9
scenario
geographical location
On the West coast of Sweden, just where the Göta
river meets the sea lies Gothenburg, Sweden’s second
largest city. Gothenburg is an old port and naval town,
its port is the largest in Scandinavia, and therefore an
important logistics center. There are approximately
500,000 inhabitants in the city and about 900,000 in
the Gothenburg region.
Historically, Gothenburg has been a city of big
traditional engineering industries, and while much
of that remains, in the recent decades the economic
importance of softer industries, such as pharmaceutical
and information technology has increased. This has
created a very visible urban transformation, with some
of the old industrial areas being transformed into office
spaces and exclusive housing areas.
The Gothenburg region consists of 13 municipalities
on the West coast of Sweden. They are located around
the city of Gothenburg and share infrastructure and
public services. The municipalities vary a great deal
from urban to rural. The climate in the region is mild
with average daily temperatures varying from -1ºC in
the winter to +25ºC during the summer.
The chosen case area for the Gothenburg region is
Angered. Angered is a satellite suburb on the urban
fringe of Gothenburg city. Rapidly built during the
1960s in an attempt to meet the high housing needs and
improve the living standards for people moving into the
city.Today, Angeredhasabadreputationandisgenerally
considered a problem area, with high unemployment
rates and an undeserved reputation for being violent
and unsafe. In comparison to Gothenburg, Angered has
a young population with a relatively high percentage
of immigrants. Since the Gothenburg region wants to
grow in both economy and population, the large land
resources and close proximity to the city center makes
Angered a very interesting site for densification. The
challenge, however, is taking advantage of this situation
to improve the existing sub-areas of Angered by using
the young and multicultural population as an attractive
force for continued development.
history of angered
In 1967 the city of Gothenburg bought an area situated
to the northeast of Gothenburg proper, called Angered.
This was done as a step in pursuing the so called Million
Program, a Swedish political agenda aimed at building
one million new residences in a decade in order to
accommodate the large number of people migrating to
the towns and cities of Sweden. Angered was planned
as a satellite settlement, with Angered Centrum, the
commercial center, located at the geographical center
of the area with six residential areas radiating out from
it. The lack of an adequate work force led to the use of
highly industrialized building techniques, disregarding
the natural landscape.
However, in the seventies the demand for housing
dropped due to an international economic recession,
and the construction of Angered was discontinued
with only about one third of the original master plan
completed (Göteborg stad, 2007). Today, Angered has
about 46,000 inhabitants (Göteborg stad, 2008c) and
a younger population than the rest of Gothenburg
city. The area is highly multicultural, as generations
of immigrants have settled here. Of the population
within Angered, 45% of inhabitants were born abroad.
(Göteborg City Museum, 2005).

10
strengths and weaknesses of angered
Angered has a number of assets,but also some important
problems.
strengths:
The natural landscape and high quality farmlands
High quality apartments
The multicultural composition of the population, and
multitude of non-profit organizations
Vast unused land resources ready for development
weaknesses:
Bad reputation: today Angered is considered an
unattractive suburb
Alienationandsegregation:Angeredispoorlyconnected
within itself and to Gothenburg city center; Angered is
an ethnically segregated area
Lack of diversity in housing opportunities: mainly a
lack of larger dwellings
High unemployment rate: Employment rate in Angered
is considerably lower than the average in Gothenburg
Poor health: the public health average is lower in
Angered in comparison with Gothenburg
population prognosis for 2050
The population of Sweden is estimated, by the Swedish
government, to be approximately 10.5 million in
2050 (SCB, 2008), as compared with 9.2 million in
2008. Currently, the Gothenburg region is home to
approximately 9.7% of the population of Sweden. In
accordance with the mild urbanization trend in this
scenario it is assumed that the region will be home to
approximately 12% of the national population in 2050.
Based on these assumptions, the predicted population
of the Gothenburg region in 2050 is approximately
1.25 million.
The population of Angered is estimated to 85,000 by
the year 2050. This estimate was based on Angered’s
ability to support population growth.
In order to have an increase in population that does
not cause urban sprawl, and detrimentally affect the
conditions for local biodiversity, a specific growth
strategy is needed. To that end, the densification of
existing settlements and strengthening of the public
transport infrastructure are proposed, this should not
onlyallowthesedevelopmentareastobemoreaccessible
from the city center but also to allow them to be more
accessible to each other. Furthermore this strategy
should focus on creating codependency between the city
centre and the surrounding developments, allowing for
a more mixed use of the city. Thus we must incorporate
areas with mixed functions and facilitate a decrease in
the need for transportation within the suburban areas.
consumption patterns
Theyearsleadingupto2050willseeachangeinregional
consumption patterns with the consumption of goods
reduced and the consumption of services increased.
As such the current trend of privately purchasing and
owning large quantities of items will likely cease in
favor of more collective use and ownership, as large-
scale, private consumption costs a great deal of time,
money and natural resources. Such a change will
therefore mean less economic and ecological stress on
the region as a whole.
By sharing items communally, amongst friends and
neighbors, people will not only lower their individual

11
expenses, but also reduce their ecological footprint.
Spending less money on personal ownership will
naturally prompt a reduction in the need for economic
resources. This will open up the possibility of lower
work hours, which should create more time for other
activities and thus be a boon to social sustainability.
Maintaining contact with businesses, family and friends
from all over the world will continue to retain a high
level of importance. However, the
modes of contact will change to
some degree since international
travel will consume both more
time and more financial resources.
Thus, much contact in the future
will have to be done by means of
telecommunication technologies.
integration
Today, the suburbs on the urban
fringe are in many cases highly
segregated from each other, both
ethnically and socio-economically.
In some cases there is even
segregation within suburbs, with
some secluded, high-status areas in, what are generally
considered to be, low status suburbs. To tackle
segregation people from different ethnic and socio-
economic backgrounds must interact. This makes
integration very difficult to measure through statistics
alone. An important part of the strategy towards
increased integration is to build a mixed function city,
relevant for people of different backgrounds from
different parts of the city. Thus the densification of
the suburban areas should be undertaken with careful
attentions paid to connections between existing areas.
Public spaces will be transformed into natural
meeting points through the situation and design of the
connection network. This endeavour will be aided by
a looped tram system designed to connect the suburbs
to each other and to a proposed PRT system. Schools
will also be an important tool for social integration,
not only because of the educational opportunities they
afford the population, but also as a natural meeting
place for community members.
connectivity
One of Angered’s main problems is the pattern of
segregated residential ‘islands,’ which have poor
connection with the main commercial centres. Thus
the solution to many of Angered’s current problems
involves connecting these segregated residential
areas. To this end we propose connecting Angered on
multiple levels, strengthening the public transportation
infrastructure, densifying existing areas, and creating a
new urban spine to connect key areas.
The overall solution is to make Angered an area
that is not only dependent on Gothenburg, but also
ESPLANADE.masterplan
Green urban esplanade mixed use
Housing
High tech industrial park
Agricultural,university campus
Accessible nature
Wild nature
Park
Hammarkullen
Angered Centrum
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pic nic
outdoorcinemrcinemaexibitionexibitioninternetconnectiontion
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ESPLANADE.square identities

12
codependent with Gothenburg. Angered will take
advantage of being close to Gothenburg city but have
its own niche that also makes Gothenburg dependent
on being close to Angered.
Increasing employment is a key point for creating a
healthier more economically stable society. In order to
improve the socio-economic status in Angered and to
better the reputation of the area, a high-tech industry
is proposed. The ripple effect of such an industry
will create a need for better services in the area, thus
creating more of both professional and service-based
job opportunities.
The population ofAngered is projected to almost double
by 2050, therefore living and working locally to reduce
commuter traffic will be a common practice. By doing
this there is a risk of making the internal segregation
within Angered permanent, which makes it important
to integrate the new public spaces in such a way as to
render them genuinely usable for the entire population
of Angered. To do this an urbanised spine is proposed;
this will allow a mix of functions and should create
a healthier vibrant urban lifestyle along the series of
proposed esplanades between Angered’s sub areas.
esplanades
An esplanade system is proposed between Angered
Centrum, Hammarkullen and Gårdsten. These
esplanades will be similar to an inner city street and
will be composed of a wide, green, partially paved
strip, as well as, two car lanes, and a series of walking
and bicycle paths. On street level there will be a mix of
commercial, cultural and public service functions. The
upper stories of the surrounding buildings will mainly
consist of housing.
The goal here is to make the esplanades safe, active and
attractive urban spaces with meaningful functions for
all of the people living and working in Angered. The
reason to gather a mix of functions into these strips is
that it will increase the economic base for shopkeepers
and increase the number of people on the esplanades.
More people on the street will improve the perceived
safety in the area through passive surveillance.
The esplanades will be strategically located just
inbetween the new housing and the industrial park. By
placing them there they will be populated throughout
the day, not soully in the daytime or in the nighttime.
The new university and high tech industries will
take advantage of being close to a vibrant urban
environment, and will help to create the customer base
needed to support the services along the esplanades.
transportation
In order to make Angered a natural center for the
northeastern suburbs of Gothenburg and to increase
the economic strength of Angered, an improved
transportation system is required. This proposal
focuses on strengthening the public transport systems
as opposed to the car based transport systems. There
are several reasons for doing this, first, it is questionable
31 2phase
phase phase
SCHOOL
SCHOOL
SCHOOL
SCHOOL
SCHOOL
SCHOOL
ESPLANADE.square evolution

13
Gothenburg city centre
Kortedala/Bergsjön
Angered
if there will be a renewable fuel source that can provide
enough fuel to run the same number of cars in 2050
as exist in the world today. In addition to that, a car
based system makes for a dispersed city with many
infrastructural barriers caused by amount of land
needed for and the placement of parking and roads. By
removing the driving/parking culture and focusing on
public transport, the creation of a dense and attractive
mixed city is possible. The ecological footprint of an
area mainly relying on a public transport system will
be smaller than one using a car based system, due to
both the land needed for the production of fuel and the
dispersed structure of a car based city.
Public transportation will also be effected by the change
in consumption patterns with a reduction in private
vehicle ownership, especially cars. Modern day car
ownership is a huge stress on the financial situation for
many inhabitants of Sweden. In Swedish rural areas the
car cost in a family is usually the biggest expenditure
in the monthly budget (BilSweden, 2005). This implies
that an improvement in the quality and convenience of
public transport to the point where it allows private
car ownership to be reduced on a large scale will
dramatically improve the economy of families.
We proposed a strengthening of the public transport
system on four levels, internal (connections within
Angered), neighboring (links to close areas on the
fringe, such as Bergsjön and Kortedala, as well as the
city center), regional and national/international.
biking and walking
Making use of biking and walking as increasingly
significant modes of transport is of high importance due
to a number of social and environmental factors. First,
both walking and cycling are energy efficient modes of
transport, which employ food as fuel thereby making
them environmentally friendly. Second, the presence of
cyclists and pedestrians creates a heightened perception
of safety on streets and in other public spaces. This
is due to the increased number of eyes on the street,
which creates a sense of passive surveillance. However,
since the effective range of these modes of transport is
relatively low, it is important to create a mixed urban
environment in order to keep as many functions as
possible within a short distance. Thirdly both biking
and walking have strong positive effects on public
health. In all planning biking and walking will be the
most highly prioritized modes of transport and the first
choice for most people when traveling less then 5 km.
PRT-personal rapid transit
PRT, or personal rapid transit, is a rail bound public
transport system using small, on-demand vehicles,
which act almost like regular cars. In order to get a
high capacity the rails are elevated off the ground, and
there is a bypass option at each station enabling the
PRT to ferry its passengers directly to their destination.
The scenario proposes the use of a PRT system mainly
in suburban areas in order to improve their internal
connections.
This new high-tech public transport system will be
composed of three big loops linking each of the Angered
satellites so that there will no longer be any dead
ends in the line. This reduces the sense that Angered
is composed of number of dead end islands of built
environment,which is especially valid for the residential
areas Rannebergen, Gårdsten and Lövgärdet.
Stations will be placed closer to each other than the
tram stops and the waiting time will be less than 1
minute, with travel speeds that will range from 40-130
km/h.
The cost of the system is estimated to be 30 to 50
million SEK/km, or approximately one fourth the cost
of a tramline.

14
tram and bus
Trams are expected to retain their importance to
the greater transportation network in 2050, but a
rearrangement of the tram infrastructure is needed
in order to improve the capacity and decrease the
vulnerability of the system. Today all tramlines pass
through one station in the city center; this station has
become a bottleneck, which severely limits increased
capacity. In the scenario for 2050 a tram network with
several nodes in the city center is proposed in order to
raise the capacity.
Buses will still act as a complement to the tram network
since their flexibility is higher than that of rail bound
systems.
The same strategy of creating a looped transport system
goes for the tram and bus connections to neighboring
areas and the city center. A tram connection to the
neighboring areas Bergsjön and Kortedala is proposed,
which will remove the dead ends in the northern
suburbs. By connecting the tram rails in the north we
will create an additional route for the tram to the city
center, which will decrease the vulnerability of the
entire system. Another advantage is that it will give the
residents of a wider area than just Angered access to the
well functioning services and workplaces in Angered
Centrum and the new esplanade area.
train and tram-train
Trains should be the natural first choice for any long
distancetripduetotheirhighspeedandenergyefficiency.
The capacity of the rail infrastructure will be increased
in relation to demand. As the city, and especially the
center, is expected to retain its importance, the number
of people commuting by train within the Gothenburg
region will increase.
The use of so called tram-trains, trams that can run
on both train and tram rail, is proposed for everyday
commuting because they will make more efficient use
of the rail networks and decrease the vulnerability of
the train system by giving the train the option of taking
alternate routes via the tram network. The tram-train
will act as a tram while passing through denser areas
and as a train, going faster and stopping at less stops,
when passing less dense areas.This will make it possible
for commuters to reduce their need to change modes of
transport and therefore making commuting by public
transport more convenient.
To improve the regional connections a ring line,
commuter and goods, train going to Hisingen, the
area just west of Angered and a connection to Ale,
the municipality just north of Angered are proposed.
In addition the ‘tram–train’ system will connect to the
western part of the region. This will run from Angered
Centrum over to Torslanda in Hisingen; which will not
only contribute to the tourist market for the northern
archipelago of Gothenburg, but will also give the
residents of Gothenburg easier access to the sea for
recreational purposes. The tram-train solution will
link the regional heavy rail links with the urbanised
tram routes without the necessity of building more
infrastructure.
boat and flight
For international travel, especially intercontinental
trips, boats will become an increasingly important
option due to their relatively high, energy efficiency.
Technical innovations, such as the use of an aiding kite
sail will be implemented in order to further increase the
speed and energy efficiency of boats. Since fuel costs
are expected to increase dramatically, air travel will
be reserved for those trips where exceptional speed is
needed; otherwise train and boat will become the main
options for international travel.
transport of goods
Due mainly to its heavily trafficked harbor Gothenburg
will continue to be an important hub for the
transportation of goods to and from Scandinavia.
The harbor will remain a vital part of the sustainable
transport system, which will become a primarily train
and boat network by 2050.
The proposed system of goods transportation to and
from the region will be sea-based, depending on boats,
forintercontinentalshipping,andland-based,depending
primarily on train, for national and continental
transport. These modes of transportation will make the
most efficient use of both land and energy.
For goods transport within the region trains and tram-
trains will be employed where possible, while trucks
will be used for local transportation to areas that
cannot be reached by train.

15
agriculture
The Gothenburg region will make more efficient use
of its 50,000 ha of agricultural land to attain a level of
semi self-sufficiency for food and biofuels by 2050 (SCB,
2004). Employing only organic farming techniques, for
both economic and ecological reasons, the farms will
not make use of non-organic fertilizers and pesticide,
as the production of these products is quite energy
intensive. For health, economic and ecological reasons
the normal diet for the inhabitants of the area in 2050
will be mostly vegetarian, and the majority of regional
farms will produce mainly vegetables.
In the rural areas of the region large scale farming,
growing produce for both food and biofuels will be
combined with smaller scale high intensive farms. Small
farms are generally much more energy efficient and less
land consuming than large industrial farms and thus
more sustainable.
The layout of Gothenburg city features a large number
of green wedges,which allow for peri-urban agriculture,
or agriculture at the fringes of urban areas, to a great
extent. In Gothenburg this form of agriculture will
encompass everything from strictly commercial
production to private or collective activities. The more
non-commercial food production will also serve as a
community building activity. This locally grown food
will reduce both the economic and ecological cost of
food production.
Rural and peri-urban agriculture will be more labor
intensive in 2050 in comparison to regional farming in
2008 making a higher yield possible. A larger variety
of crops will be grown, some of which are uncommon
in modern Swedish agriculture. This development will
be linked to the increased self-sufficiency and new local
ecological knowledge. With these changes the region
will move to the forefront of peri-urban and urban
agriculture.
For the urban areas in the region agriculture will also be
something that is engaged in within homes or in close
proximity thereof. This will serve as means for both
the region and inhabitants to be more independent of
the larger food supply chain and also help to enhance
economic sustainability.

16
urban agriculture & an urban agricultural
university
Angered, in particular, will see many benefits from
specializing in agriculture, which will be used as a tool
to work with some of the weaknesses in the area such
as segregation, unemployment, and low education
levels, among others.
The specialisation of Angered in local farming and
urban agriculture will be done in collaboration with
the new Urban Agricultural University situated
between Hammarkullen and Angered Centrum. Urban
agriculture is a growing trend world wide, based both
on need and the desire for a more sustainable lifestyle.
The university will make it possible for a broad
knowledge based industry connected to Agri-tech
and research and development programmes to be
established. Moreover, it will introduce agricultural
knowledge early in life thus awakening interest in the
natural world. Elementary and high schools will have
close collaboration with local farmers and the university
making growing food a natural part of one’s life.
In addition, the establishment of small farms on the
outskirts of Angered (in the valley of Lärjeån) will
create a vivid and thriving landscape.
In the more urban areas ofAngered,and the region,there
will be variety of agricultural activities, which provide
better food access, income and a food consciousness
among the inhabitants. The assortment of community,
allotment, rooftop, vertical, and balcony gardens as
well as fruit trees will offer greening to the dense urban
dwellings.
energy systems
In order to remain within the boundaries of the
ecological frame, fossil fuels and uranium will not
be employed at all in 2050 Gothenburg. Instead the
main solutions to reach ecologically sustainable
energy production will be to reduce per capita energy
consumption, to employ large scale hydro power in a
continuous fashion, to increase the large scale wind
and wave power production capacity, to use waste
and waste energy for the production of heat, electricity
and fuel, and to make use of roofs, facades and other
hard surfaces for the small scale production of heat,
electricity and biomass. In total this network of small-
scale production sites will be a major contributor the
energy system.
large-scale energy production
Nationally hydro power will continue to be the
most important source of electricity. However, in the
Gothenburg region large-scale offshore and coastal
wind farms and wave power plants together with land
based wind farms will be also be important sources of
electricity.
For instance, some parts of Angered are very windy
due to their topography making them suitable for wind
farms. One example of the local wind park capacity can
be found at the proposed park situated northwest of
Hammarkullen close to the Göta river, which will likely
have an installed capacity of 20GWh/year, enough to
fulfill the electricity needs for 5,000 apartments.
small-scale energy production
Small roof-mounted windmills will be an important
part of the locally produced electricity. Used in
combination with photovoltaic and solar panels
placed on roofs and facades the windmills will give
inhabitants and companies a possibility for personal
energy production, which will prove a boon to both
economic and ecological sustainability.
Photovoltaic and solar panels for heating will be placed
on the facades of apartment blocks in Angered when
they are renovated. In addition they will be placed
on roofs and other accessible spaces where suitable.
For example, they could be used as a part of shading
rooftop seating in place of an umbrella or in allotment
areas.
heating solution
In urban areas district heating will be used in
combination with solar panels placed on the buildings
as the main source of heating and hot water. In
rural homes biofuels such as wood and locally gown
agricultural residue will be used for production of heat
and hot water, but will be widely used in combination
with solar panels.
In 2050, district heating will be fueled mainly through

17
the incineration of biofuels in combined heat and power
plants, but will also be supplemented by solar panels.
District heating, now mostly “imported” from other
districts, will to a larger extent be locally produced,
but still be connected to the city system. More local
production will reduce distribution losses since the
distance hot water is pumped will be reduced. The
heat produced will be distributed by the district heating
system.
In 2008 the existing oil based heating plant in Angered
produces heat only during the coldest days of the year.
This plant will be converted to a biofuel based facility
that will run as a base-load plant, providing hot water
throughout the year, and not only during the coldest
days.
A new plant will be located south of Gårdsten and will
have a production potential of about 50 GWh of heat.
Much of the fuel used will be based on fast growing
willows and other locally grown biofuels. The heat
produced at this plant can supply heat to approximately
3600 houses.
fuels for non-grid connected vehicles
Biogas, used in combination with electricity, will be the
most common fuel for vehicles such as cars, trucks and
buses. In those areas, within the region, where public
transport is not easily accessible there will be the
option to use private or collectively owned cars where
necessary.
In addition, local industrial centers will be placed
in various locations within the region to enable the
production and distribution of goods locally, thus
allowing the region an additional area of semi self-
sufficiency. This semi self sufficiency will also be visible
in the use of exterior building surfaces for food and
energy production, and waste treatment.
ecological footprint of Angered in 2050
The average footprint for an inhabitant in Angered
will be 2.1 gha/person in 2050, according to our
calculations. This is based on the aforementioned
model which uses an average calculation of 11.2 billion
hectares of biologically production land on earth and
divides it evenly over the global population to descerne
what can be considered a sustainable per person use
of land. Our global population projections for 2050
suggest that if there is an even distribution of resource
consumption and land use the ecological footprint
in 2050 should be 1.2 gha/person. Therefore, while
the reduction in resource use proposed within these
scenarios is dramatic, further steps are needed to bring
the ecological footprint of the Gothenburg regional
population of 2050 to within sustainable levels.
social sustainability in Angered in 2050
By forming an internal network of production and
distribution for large portions of the food, water and
energy supply Angered, and the greater Gothenburg
region are assured a reasonable level of resilience in
regards to disturbances in the national and global
distribution networks. This new found level of
resilience will help the population meet the first rung
of needs in acheiving social sustainability. Also on
this level is the matter of individual human safety, a
need that will be met through a number of changes
made to infrastructure, planning in the urban space,
design and location of meeting points, access routes
and the like. With reasonable success in meeting the
afforementioned factors the groundwork will be laid
for solving the somewhat more complex social issues
such as equality and integration. Integration will be
tackled further through local densification strategies,
such as mixed use areas and mixed housing and
changes to the design and location of meeting points
within the area. If these factors are met then, given the
stipulations laid out in Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs,
it is reasonable to assume that the foundation will be
in place for the most complex of the social factors,
the potential for self realization. This is, of course,
an immessurable entity that means different things to
different people, but according to Maslow, if the lower
level needs are met then the opportunity or potential
for self realization should exist as a result. All that
remains to be seen is whether or not the populous acts
on that opportunity.

19
In addition, we also propose a reduction in the use
of consumables to aid in not only the acheivment of
semi-independence but also in lowering the regional
ecological footprint. However, the solutions currently
proposed in this scenario are too conservative to reduce
the ecological footprint of the Gothenburg region to
a sustainable level. While the conservative nature of
these proposals might be realistic on a more global
scale, given the social acceptability of energy efficiency
and conservation in Sweden it would be easy to adopt
even more drastic measures to reduce the ecological
footprint of the region to within sustainable levels.
In recent years the goal of sustainable development
has become a viewed as a panacea for all of society’s
ills, but the reality is not as simple as the concept’s
admirers would have it seem. Sustainable development
in itself is not a single solution and those solutions
that encourage it are not applicable to all sites or all
situations. What we have discovered in our exploration
of sustainable development scenarios for Angered and
the greater Gothenburg region is that there are a few
thematic solutions that could be easily transferable to
other sites.
One of these transferable thematic solutions that we
chose to apply to the Gothenburg case is the concept
of semi self-sufficiency, or the ability of the region to
be both independent of the greater global networks
while at the same time being connected to them. In
this case we chose to adopt more local production of
food, energy and other consumables to create a semi
autonomous region. Importation of these products will
remain, but the resilience of the region will have been
increased, enhancing its ability to withstand many of
the drastic changes that might occur within the global
networks in the future.
conclusion

20
Lost in thought I meander down the esplanade.
It is far more quiet then usual especially for such
a beautiful day in late May. I imagine that many of
the people of Angered are off catching the newsfeeds
somewhere. The regional board should be having their
press conference any moment, announcing to the city
and the municipalities just beyond it that there will be
no shortage as warned on the news. The region will be
fine. It will tap more heavily into its own supplies of
food, energy and power to sustain through the crisis.
There is even talk of exporting some of the excess out
beyond the regional borders in an attempt to support
other communities that haven’t the same built in buffers
as Gothenburg. Of course, the news from the outside
world is not quite as rose colored, but the region will
endure admirably as planned.
I stop for a moment and purchase a small bouquet
of cut flowers from a street vendor. I smile to myself. It
is going to be a beautiful afternoon.
June 18, 2050

21
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