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CISSP Domain 3: Security Architecture & Engineering Essentials
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- 2. 3.1 KEY PRINCIPLESTO RESEARCH, IMPLEMENT, AND MANAGE ENGINEERING PROCESSES CISSP DOMAIN 3 Threat Modeling Least Privilege Defense in Depth Secure Defaults Fail Securely Separation of Duties (SoD) Zero Trust Privacy by Design Trust but Verify Identify threats, assess vulnerabilities, determine mitigation Minimize access rights, limit permissions Layered security, multiple controls, protect against diverse attacks Use secure default settings to reduce risk Secure state during failures Divide tasks and reduce fraud risks Verify all access requests, continuous monitoring, no implicit trust Embed privacy, protect data throughout its lifecycle, ensure compliance Build trust, validate actions, maintain compliance www.infosectrain.com
- 3. www.infosectrain.com 3.2 UNDERSTAND THEFUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF SECURITY MODELS CISSP DOMAIN 3 Trusted Computing Base State Machine Model Information Flow Model Noninterference Model Take-Grant Model Access Control Matrix BellโLaPadula Model Overview Key Properties Core security components System state validation Controls how information ๏ฌows Isolate actions to prevent interference Rules for transferring access rights Rules for transferring access rights Focus on data con๏ฌdentiality Simple Security Property: No read-up Star (*) Security Property: No write-down (Con๏ฌnement Property) Discretionary Security Property: Enforces DAC through access matrix
- 4. www.infosectrain.com CISSP DOMAIN 3 Biba Model ClarkโWilson Model Brewer and Nash Model GoguenโMeseguer Model Sutherland Model GrahamโDenning Model HarrisonโRuzzoโ UllmanModel Enforce well-formed transactions Dynamic access control for con๏ฌict of interest Noninterference in multilevel security systems Integrity model based on state transitions Formal model for access control with a focus on authorization Secure creation and deletion of subjects/objects 3.2 UNDERSTAND THE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF SECURITY MODELS Overview Key Properties Focus on data integrity Simple Integrity Property: No read-down Star (*) Integrity Property: No write-up
- 5. www.infosectrain.com CISSP DOMAIN 3 Understand System Security Requirements Common Criteria (CC) Framework Typesof Security Controls Con๏ฌdentiality: Ensure data privacy Integrity: Ensure data accuracy and completeness Availability: Ensure data and systems are accessible when needed Evaluation Assurance Levels (EALs) Protection Pro๏ฌles (PPs) Security Targets (STs) Policies and Procedures Training and Awareness Risk Assessment Incident Response Planning Locks and Fences Security Guards Surveillance Cameras Environmental Controls (e.g., HVAC, ๏ฌre suppression) Encryption & Access Controls (e.g., RBAC, ACLs) Firewalls and IDS/IPS Antivirus and Anti-malware Administrative Controls Technical Controls Physical Controls Overview: International standard for evaluating and certifying information security products Key Components of the CC Process 3.3 SELECT CONTROLS BASED ON SYSTEMS SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
- 6. www.infosectrain.com 3.4 UNDERSTAND THESECURITY CAPABILITIES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS CISSP DOMAIN 3 Memory Protection Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Virtualization Purpose: Prevent unauthorized access and corruption of data in memory Techniques Purpose: Isolate and secure virtual environments Types Hardware Virtualization (e.g., Hypervisors) Software Virtualization Purpose: Provide hardware-based security functions Capabilities Segmentation Paging Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) Memory Management Units (MMUs) Secure Cryptographic Operations Secure Boot Process Remote Attestation
- 7. www.infosectrain.com 3.4 UNDERSTAND THESECURITY CAPABILITIES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS CISSP DOMAIN 3 Interfaces Encryption/ Decryption Fault Tolerance Purpose: Secure communication channels between systems Types Purpose: Ensure system reliability and availability Techniques Symmetric Encryption (e.g., AES, DES) Asymmetric Encryption (e.g., RSA, ECC) Purpose: Protect data con๏ฌdentiality and integrity Types Redundancy (e.g., RAID, Failover Systems) Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) Load Balancing Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) User Interfaces (UIs) Network Interfaces
- 8. www.infosectrain.com CISSP DOMAIN 3 Vulnerability Identi๏ฌcation Encryption/ Decryption Threat Analysis Techniques Tools Threat Modeling Risk Assessment Strategies Implementation Steps Techniques Automated Scanners (e.g.,Nessus, Qualys) Manual Testing Tools (e.g., Burp Suite, Metasploit) Source Code Analysis Tools (e.g., SonarQube) Patching and Updates Access Control Enhancements Encryption and Data Protection Plan Mitigation Actions Execute Mitigation Measures Validate and Test Effectiveness 3.5 ASSESS AND MITIGATE THE VULNERABILITIES OF SECURITY ARCHITECTURES, DESIGNS, AND SOLUTION ELEMENTS Vulnerability Scanning Penetration Testing Code Reviews Con๏ฌguration Reviews Identify Assets Evaluate Impact and Likelihoo STRIDE DREAD Assessing Risk Levels (High, Medium, Low) Prioritizing Threats Based on Impact
- 9. www.infosectrain.com 3.6 SELECT ANDDETERMINE CRYPTOGRAPHIC SOLUTIONS CISSP DOMAIN 3 Understanding Security Goals Analyzing Options Considering Implementation Constraints Selecting and Implementing Pros: Faster, simpler Cons: Key distribution challenges Pros: Secure key exchange Cons: Slower, more complex Pros: Data integrity, password storage Cons: Not reversible Pros: Authentication, non-repudiation Cons: Computationally intensive Choosing Algorithms: Select based on security goals and constraints Key Management Con๏ฌdentiality Integrity Availability Performance Compatibility Cost Usage Symmetric Encryption Asymmetric Encryption Hashing Digital Signatures Secure generation Distribution Storage Destruction
- 10. www.infosectrain.com 3.7 UNDERSTAND METHODSOF CRYPTANALYTIC ATTACKS CISSP DOMAIN 3 Brute Force Ciphertext Only Known Plaintext Access to ciphertext only Pattern analysis Mitigation: Strong encryption algorithms Access to plaintext and ciphertext Easier key deduction Mitigation: Unique keys, strong encryption Attempt all combinations Time-consuming Guaranteed success with time Mitigation: Strong, complex passwords
- 11. www.infosectrain.com 3.7 UNDERSTAND METHODSOF CRYPTANALYTIC ATTACKS CISSP DOMAIN 3 Frequency Analysis Man-in-the-Middle Attack Pass the Hash Analyzing character frequency Effective against substitution ciphers Statistical analysis Mitigation: Polyalphabetic ciphers Intercepting communication Capturing/modifying data Exploits weak/no encryption Mitigation: TLS, mutual authentication Reuse hashed passwords Targets NTLM protocols Enables lateral movement Mitigation: Multifactor authentication, limit NTLM, endpoint security
- 12. www.infosectrain.com 3.8 APPLY SECURITYPRINCIPLES TO SITE AND FACILITY DESIGN CISSP DOMAIN 3 Site Selection Facility Design Principles Location: Assess geographic risks Accessibility: Control access points Utilities: Ensure reliable power, water, and communication services Regulatory Compliance: Adhere to regulations Zoning: Public, restricted, high-security zones Natural Surveillance: Lighting, landscape design Territorial Reinforcement: Fences, walls Target Hardening: Reinforced doors, windows Access Control: Badges, biometrics, guards
- 13. www.infosectrain.com 3.8 APPLY SECURITYPRINCIPLES TO SITE AND FACILITY DESIGN CISSP DOMAIN 3 Physical Security Measures Monitoring and Maintenance Perimeter Security Building Security Environmental Controls Fencing Gates Security Lighting Surveillance Cameras (CCTV) Surveillance Inspections Maintenance Incident Response Secure Entrances Intrusion Detection Systems Secure Areas HVAC Systems Fire Suppression Systems Flood Prevention Measures
- 14. www.infosectrain.com 3.9 DESIGN SITEAND FACILITY SECURITY CONTROLS CISSP DOMAIN 3 Wiring Closets/Intermediate Distribution Facilities Server Rooms/ Data Centers Media Storage Facilities Evidence Storage Purpose: Converge networking equipment and cabling Security Measures: Controlled access, monitoring Purpose: House critical IT infrastructure Security Measures: Access control, surveillance Purpose: Store physical media assets (tapes, disks) Security Measures: Restricted access, environmental controls Purpose: Store evidential materials Security Measures: Access restrictions, surveillance
- 15. www.infosectrain.com CISSP DOMAIN 3 3.9 DESIGN SITEAND FACILITY SECURITY CONTROLS Restricted and Work Area Security Utilities and HVAC Fire Prevention, Detection, and Suppression Power (e.g., Redundant, Backup) Purpose: Protect sensitive information/ operations Security Measures: Access controls, handling policies Purpose: Secure essential utilities and HVAC systems Security Measures: Prevent unauthorized access Purpose: Mitigate ๏ฌre risks Security Measures: Detection systems, suppression mechanisms Environmental Issues Purpose: Manage physical environment (climate control, sustainability) Security Measures: Monitoring systems Purpose: Ensure reliable and secure power sources Security Measures: Redundancy, backup systems
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