The document discusses essential newborn care interventions recommended by the WHO to reduce neonatal mortality. It outlines interventions for mothers, including tetanus toxoid immunization, iron and folate supplementation, and treatment of infections like malaria and syphilis. For newborns, it recommends essential care like cleanliness, thermal protection, exclusive breastfeeding, eye care with antibiotic ointment, and immunizations. It emphasizes the importance of these low-cost interventions for improving newborn health outcomes in developing countries.
It includes the five most common immunization vaccines for the infant and these are the BCG, DPT, OPV, Hep B and Measles and also the Tetanus Toxoid for both infant and mother.
The MMR vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine given subcutaneously to provide protection against measles, mumps and rubella. It is recommended as a 2-dose series, with the first dose at 12-15 months and the second dose at 4-6 years. Common side effects include fever and rash. Certain high-risk groups should not receive this vaccine, including those with severe immunodeficiencies or egg allergies. There is no scientific evidence that MMR or other vaccines cause autism.
Important pregnancy vaccines that mommies to-be should getNavya_Sharma
Maternal vaccines help in preventing serious infections like the ones above. If you have more questions regarding the right vaccination for you, please consult your gynecologist. Visit, https://www.cordlifeindia.com/blog/important-pregnancy-vaccines-mommies-get/
Immunization protects children from deadly diseases by making their immune systems resistant. It has saved millions of lives through vaccines for diseases like smallpox, polio, measles and more. Vaccines work by exposing the body to a weakened or dead form of the disease so the immune system can build defenses. While very safe, they come with minor side effects like soreness or fever in some cases. Maintaining high global vaccination rates keeps diseases from returning and spreading to new populations.
The document discusses acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and polio eradication efforts. It defines AFP and lists potential causes. It then outlines the components of AFP surveillance, including case notification, investigation, follow up, and data management. Specifics of case investigation, stool sample collection and transport are provided. Details are given on poliovirus transmission and pathogenesis. The global polio eradication strategy involves high routine immunization, national immunization days, active surveillance of AFP cases, and mop-up activities in areas of transmission. Milestones for achieving eradication by 2012 are proposed.
This document discusses vaccination during pregnancy. It notes that live, attenuated virus vaccines are not recommended during pregnancy, but inactivated vaccines and vaccines containing non-infectious components are considered safe. The flu and Tdap vaccines are routinely recommended during each pregnancy to protect both mother and baby. Prior to pregnancy, it is important for women to be vaccinated against measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, and HPV in order to avoid health risks if exposed during pregnancy.
This document provides an overview of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) including its objectives, strategies, elements, and principles of vaccinating children. The key points are:
1) EPI aims to reduce childhood diseases through vaccination coverage of at least 90% for diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, neonatal tetanus, polio, hepatitis B, and measles.
2) General principles of EPI include administering multiple vaccines on the same day, continuing the vaccination schedule if doses are delayed, and strictly following vaccine storage and handling guidelines.
3) Contraindications to vaccination include severe allergic reactions to previous doses or known vaccine components,
It includes the five most common immunization vaccines for the infant and these are the BCG, DPT, OPV, Hep B and Measles and also the Tetanus Toxoid for both infant and mother.
The MMR vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine given subcutaneously to provide protection against measles, mumps and rubella. It is recommended as a 2-dose series, with the first dose at 12-15 months and the second dose at 4-6 years. Common side effects include fever and rash. Certain high-risk groups should not receive this vaccine, including those with severe immunodeficiencies or egg allergies. There is no scientific evidence that MMR or other vaccines cause autism.
Important pregnancy vaccines that mommies to-be should getNavya_Sharma
Maternal vaccines help in preventing serious infections like the ones above. If you have more questions regarding the right vaccination for you, please consult your gynecologist. Visit, https://www.cordlifeindia.com/blog/important-pregnancy-vaccines-mommies-get/
Immunization protects children from deadly diseases by making their immune systems resistant. It has saved millions of lives through vaccines for diseases like smallpox, polio, measles and more. Vaccines work by exposing the body to a weakened or dead form of the disease so the immune system can build defenses. While very safe, they come with minor side effects like soreness or fever in some cases. Maintaining high global vaccination rates keeps diseases from returning and spreading to new populations.
The document discusses acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and polio eradication efforts. It defines AFP and lists potential causes. It then outlines the components of AFP surveillance, including case notification, investigation, follow up, and data management. Specifics of case investigation, stool sample collection and transport are provided. Details are given on poliovirus transmission and pathogenesis. The global polio eradication strategy involves high routine immunization, national immunization days, active surveillance of AFP cases, and mop-up activities in areas of transmission. Milestones for achieving eradication by 2012 are proposed.
This document discusses vaccination during pregnancy. It notes that live, attenuated virus vaccines are not recommended during pregnancy, but inactivated vaccines and vaccines containing non-infectious components are considered safe. The flu and Tdap vaccines are routinely recommended during each pregnancy to protect both mother and baby. Prior to pregnancy, it is important for women to be vaccinated against measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, and HPV in order to avoid health risks if exposed during pregnancy.
This document provides an overview of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) including its objectives, strategies, elements, and principles of vaccinating children. The key points are:
1) EPI aims to reduce childhood diseases through vaccination coverage of at least 90% for diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, neonatal tetanus, polio, hepatitis B, and measles.
2) General principles of EPI include administering multiple vaccines on the same day, continuing the vaccination schedule if doses are delayed, and strictly following vaccine storage and handling guidelines.
3) Contraindications to vaccination include severe allergic reactions to previous doses or known vaccine components,
Child Healthcare addresses all the common and important clinical problems in children, including:immunisation history and examination growth and nutrition acute and chronic infections parasites skin conditions difficulties in the home and society
The document discusses primary health care in the Philippines, focusing on family health programs. It describes the objectives of maternal health, family planning, child health, and immunization programs, which aim to improve health outcomes for families and reduce mortality and morbidity rates. Key activities include antenatal care, contraceptive services, newborn screening tests, and vaccinations through the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI).
Vaccinations during pregnancy can provide protection for both mother and baby. Common vaccines recommended include tetanus, influenza, hepatitis B, and meningococcal vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines like MMR and varicella are generally avoided due to theoretical risk of transmission to fetus. Inactivated and toxoid vaccines are considered safe. The benefits of vaccination usually outweigh potential risks. Immunoglobulins may also be recommended post exposure to certain pathogens. Timing and type of vaccine depends on the disease risk and trimester of pregnancy.
The document summarizes key information about several vaccine-preventable diseases including measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, tetanus, and chickenpox. It provides details on the infectious agents, reservoirs, modes of transmission, incubation periods, typical clinical manifestations, and potential complications for each disease. Vaccine recommendations for children and adolescents are also listed for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis combinations.
This document provides national operational guidelines for introducing the measles-rubella vaccine in India. It begins with messages highlighting India's commitment to eliminating measles and controlling rubella/congenital rubella syndrome by 2020. To achieve this, a measles-rubella campaign will be launched targeting all children ages 9 months to 15 years. The campaign aims to vaccinate over 410 million children, making it the largest measles-rubella campaign ever conducted. The guidelines provide detailed guidance on planning and implementing the campaign at various administrative levels to ensure safety and success.
This document discusses ways to prevent childhood tuberculosis, including:
1) BCG immunization to reduce the risk of disseminated TB and TB meningitis in children.
2) Avoiding exposure to untreated TB patients through improved living conditions and screening contacts of active cases.
3) Giving isoniazid prophylaxis to children under 5 who are contacts of active TB cases to prevent infection from progressing to disease.
4) Reporting and recording cases of childhood TB and those receiving prophylaxis to monitor the tuberculosis program's effectiveness.
Vaccine , vaccine preventable disease and national immunizationDeepeshJanathiya
This document provides information on vaccines, the diseases they prevent, and the national immunization schedule in India. It lists various vaccines such as BCG, DPT, hepatitis B, JE, MR/MMR, oral polio vaccine, pentavalent vaccine, TT/Td, and newer vaccines including PCV. For each vaccine, it specifies the diseases prevented. It then outlines the national immunization schedule, indicating the appropriate ages to administer different vaccines, doses, administration routes, sites, and maximum ages. The schedule includes vaccines for infants, children, pregnant women, and adults.
FAQs on Measles Rubella vaccination campaign including routine immunizationdpmo123
This document provides frequently asked questions (FAQs) about measles-rubella vaccination campaigns. It addresses questions for doctors, parents, and health workers. Key points covered include: who should be vaccinated and reasons for vaccinating children as young as 9 months; that campaign doses are in addition to routine immunization doses; common adverse events after vaccination are generally mild; and plans for addressing any adverse events following immunization during the campaign.
The document summarizes the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). It discusses that EPI is a global immunization program launched by the WHO in 1974 to prevent six major childhood diseases through vaccinations. The program aims to reduce illness, disability, and mortality from these preventable diseases. It outlines the eight diseases currently targeted and provides a brief history of EPI's development and objectives to achieve high immunization coverage rates and disease elimination goals. The document also discusses key aspects of EPI implementation including the vaccine schedule, supplemental immunization activities, disease surveillance, and the importance of maintaining the cold chain for vaccine effectiveness.
The document discusses the importance of immunization through vaccination. It explains that vaccines work by introducing a weakened form of a disease antigen to stimulate antibody production and immune system memory. This allows the body to fight off the actual disease in the future. While vaccines carry small risks like soreness or fever, they have greatly reduced the risks of severe illnesses and complications. The document urges immunization as a key preventative public health measure to reduce disease transmission and protect those who cannot receive vaccines.
Measles, Mumps and Rubella
Measles illness during pregnancy leads to increased rates of premature labor, spontaneous abortion, and low birth weight among affected infants and also birth defects11
Mumps developed in women during the first trimester of pregnancy, leads to an increased risk for fetal death11
Rubella developed in women during preganancy may lead to Congential Rubella syndrome11
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1978 to vaccinate approximately six million children aged 0-11 months against nine deadly vaccine-preventable diseases. The immunization schedule outlines the different vaccines administered at birth, 6 weeks, 10 weeks, 14 weeks, and 9-15 months to protect against diseases like tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, and measles. A crucial part of EPI is maintaining an effective cold chain through trained personnel, proper storage and transport equipment, and efficient management procedures to ensure vaccine efficacy from factory to recipient. Additional protocols include temperature monitoring and documentation, as well as written cold chain management policies.
introduction , immunizing agents,vaccines, antisera & antitoxins,description of vaccines,National Immunization Schedule,Nutritional needs of the newborn, nutritional requirements,human milk , role of nurse
This document provides information about newborn care, infections, and diseases. It discusses common newborn infections like group B streptococcal disease and listeriosis. It also covers signs of infection like fever, meningitis, and sepsis. Additionally, it mentions congenital infections babies can be born with like rubella, toxoplasmosis, and cytomegalovirus. The document emphasizes the importance of prenatal care and visiting a health facility if a newborn appears troubled to help prevent and treat infections early.
Pulse Polio is an immunization campaign established by the government of India to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against the polio virus.
The project fights polio through a large-scale , pulse vaccination programme and monitoring for poliomyelitis cases.
Vellore(Tamil Nadu) was the first Indian state to become 100% polio-free through the pulse strategy, and rest of India adopted the strategy in 1995.
this ppt contain history, causes, symptoms, who ,india , pulse polio programme, vaccination,future benefits of vaccination
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide despite available treatments. The small size of TB droplets allows them to remain suspended in the air for long periods, increasing risk of infection in enclosed and poorly ventilated spaces. Common symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and weight loss. While antibiotics exist to treat TB, multidrug-resistant strains are increasingly common and have high mortality rates.
Fatema, a 30-year-old woman, came in for an MMR vaccine. She was given the vaccine during her fourth day of her period. However, she later discovered she was pregnant and was concerned about potential risks of the MMR vaccine during pregnancy causing congenital malformations. While rubella infection during early pregnancy poses high risks of congenital rubella syndrome, studies have found no evidence of congenital defects in infants when the rubella vaccine was inadvertently administered during pregnancy. Vertical transmission of the vaccine virus from mother to fetus has been demonstrated without resulting in congenital defects.
This document outlines 8 steps for neonatal sepsis infection control in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Step 1 is to prevent entry of microbes into the NICU through cleaning, standardizing care areas, and policies on hand hygiene, gowning, and visitors. Step 2 is preventing proliferation of microbes through cleaning routines and proper waste disposal. Step 3 prevents spread between babies through nurse ratios, disposables, and sterile drug preparation. Steps 4-7 focus on preventing entry into babies and supporting immunity. Step 8 establishes infection control protocols through management, committees, and antibiotic stewardship.
Sexually transmitted disease in pregnancyDR MUKESH SAH
An STI during pregnancy can pose serious health risks for you and your baby. As a result, screening for STIs , such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, chlamydia and syphilis, generally takes place at the first prenatal visit for all pregnant women.
Infections acquired during pregnancy or birth, known as TORCH infections, can cause fetal and neonatal mortality and birth defects. The TORCH acronym originally referred to toxoplasmosis, other (syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV), rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes infections, which commonly present with rash and eye findings. While some TORCH infections can be asymptomatic, others can cause issues like hearing loss, developmental delays, and organ damage in the fetus or newborn if acquired during pregnancy. Screening, treatment, and prevention efforts aim to reduce the risk of maternal-fetal transmission and effects of TORCH infections.
Child Healthcare addresses all the common and important clinical problems in children, including:immunisation history and examination growth and nutrition acute and chronic infections parasites skin conditions difficulties in the home and society
The document discusses primary health care in the Philippines, focusing on family health programs. It describes the objectives of maternal health, family planning, child health, and immunization programs, which aim to improve health outcomes for families and reduce mortality and morbidity rates. Key activities include antenatal care, contraceptive services, newborn screening tests, and vaccinations through the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI).
Vaccinations during pregnancy can provide protection for both mother and baby. Common vaccines recommended include tetanus, influenza, hepatitis B, and meningococcal vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines like MMR and varicella are generally avoided due to theoretical risk of transmission to fetus. Inactivated and toxoid vaccines are considered safe. The benefits of vaccination usually outweigh potential risks. Immunoglobulins may also be recommended post exposure to certain pathogens. Timing and type of vaccine depends on the disease risk and trimester of pregnancy.
The document summarizes key information about several vaccine-preventable diseases including measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, tetanus, and chickenpox. It provides details on the infectious agents, reservoirs, modes of transmission, incubation periods, typical clinical manifestations, and potential complications for each disease. Vaccine recommendations for children and adolescents are also listed for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis combinations.
This document provides national operational guidelines for introducing the measles-rubella vaccine in India. It begins with messages highlighting India's commitment to eliminating measles and controlling rubella/congenital rubella syndrome by 2020. To achieve this, a measles-rubella campaign will be launched targeting all children ages 9 months to 15 years. The campaign aims to vaccinate over 410 million children, making it the largest measles-rubella campaign ever conducted. The guidelines provide detailed guidance on planning and implementing the campaign at various administrative levels to ensure safety and success.
This document discusses ways to prevent childhood tuberculosis, including:
1) BCG immunization to reduce the risk of disseminated TB and TB meningitis in children.
2) Avoiding exposure to untreated TB patients through improved living conditions and screening contacts of active cases.
3) Giving isoniazid prophylaxis to children under 5 who are contacts of active TB cases to prevent infection from progressing to disease.
4) Reporting and recording cases of childhood TB and those receiving prophylaxis to monitor the tuberculosis program's effectiveness.
Vaccine , vaccine preventable disease and national immunizationDeepeshJanathiya
This document provides information on vaccines, the diseases they prevent, and the national immunization schedule in India. It lists various vaccines such as BCG, DPT, hepatitis B, JE, MR/MMR, oral polio vaccine, pentavalent vaccine, TT/Td, and newer vaccines including PCV. For each vaccine, it specifies the diseases prevented. It then outlines the national immunization schedule, indicating the appropriate ages to administer different vaccines, doses, administration routes, sites, and maximum ages. The schedule includes vaccines for infants, children, pregnant women, and adults.
FAQs on Measles Rubella vaccination campaign including routine immunizationdpmo123
This document provides frequently asked questions (FAQs) about measles-rubella vaccination campaigns. It addresses questions for doctors, parents, and health workers. Key points covered include: who should be vaccinated and reasons for vaccinating children as young as 9 months; that campaign doses are in addition to routine immunization doses; common adverse events after vaccination are generally mild; and plans for addressing any adverse events following immunization during the campaign.
The document summarizes the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). It discusses that EPI is a global immunization program launched by the WHO in 1974 to prevent six major childhood diseases through vaccinations. The program aims to reduce illness, disability, and mortality from these preventable diseases. It outlines the eight diseases currently targeted and provides a brief history of EPI's development and objectives to achieve high immunization coverage rates and disease elimination goals. The document also discusses key aspects of EPI implementation including the vaccine schedule, supplemental immunization activities, disease surveillance, and the importance of maintaining the cold chain for vaccine effectiveness.
The document discusses the importance of immunization through vaccination. It explains that vaccines work by introducing a weakened form of a disease antigen to stimulate antibody production and immune system memory. This allows the body to fight off the actual disease in the future. While vaccines carry small risks like soreness or fever, they have greatly reduced the risks of severe illnesses and complications. The document urges immunization as a key preventative public health measure to reduce disease transmission and protect those who cannot receive vaccines.
Measles, Mumps and Rubella
Measles illness during pregnancy leads to increased rates of premature labor, spontaneous abortion, and low birth weight among affected infants and also birth defects11
Mumps developed in women during the first trimester of pregnancy, leads to an increased risk for fetal death11
Rubella developed in women during preganancy may lead to Congential Rubella syndrome11
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1978 to vaccinate approximately six million children aged 0-11 months against nine deadly vaccine-preventable diseases. The immunization schedule outlines the different vaccines administered at birth, 6 weeks, 10 weeks, 14 weeks, and 9-15 months to protect against diseases like tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, and measles. A crucial part of EPI is maintaining an effective cold chain through trained personnel, proper storage and transport equipment, and efficient management procedures to ensure vaccine efficacy from factory to recipient. Additional protocols include temperature monitoring and documentation, as well as written cold chain management policies.
introduction , immunizing agents,vaccines, antisera & antitoxins,description of vaccines,National Immunization Schedule,Nutritional needs of the newborn, nutritional requirements,human milk , role of nurse
This document provides information about newborn care, infections, and diseases. It discusses common newborn infections like group B streptococcal disease and listeriosis. It also covers signs of infection like fever, meningitis, and sepsis. Additionally, it mentions congenital infections babies can be born with like rubella, toxoplasmosis, and cytomegalovirus. The document emphasizes the importance of prenatal care and visiting a health facility if a newborn appears troubled to help prevent and treat infections early.
Pulse Polio is an immunization campaign established by the government of India to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against the polio virus.
The project fights polio through a large-scale , pulse vaccination programme and monitoring for poliomyelitis cases.
Vellore(Tamil Nadu) was the first Indian state to become 100% polio-free through the pulse strategy, and rest of India adopted the strategy in 1995.
this ppt contain history, causes, symptoms, who ,india , pulse polio programme, vaccination,future benefits of vaccination
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide despite available treatments. The small size of TB droplets allows them to remain suspended in the air for long periods, increasing risk of infection in enclosed and poorly ventilated spaces. Common symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and weight loss. While antibiotics exist to treat TB, multidrug-resistant strains are increasingly common and have high mortality rates.
Fatema, a 30-year-old woman, came in for an MMR vaccine. She was given the vaccine during her fourth day of her period. However, she later discovered she was pregnant and was concerned about potential risks of the MMR vaccine during pregnancy causing congenital malformations. While rubella infection during early pregnancy poses high risks of congenital rubella syndrome, studies have found no evidence of congenital defects in infants when the rubella vaccine was inadvertently administered during pregnancy. Vertical transmission of the vaccine virus from mother to fetus has been demonstrated without resulting in congenital defects.
This document outlines 8 steps for neonatal sepsis infection control in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Step 1 is to prevent entry of microbes into the NICU through cleaning, standardizing care areas, and policies on hand hygiene, gowning, and visitors. Step 2 is preventing proliferation of microbes through cleaning routines and proper waste disposal. Step 3 prevents spread between babies through nurse ratios, disposables, and sterile drug preparation. Steps 4-7 focus on preventing entry into babies and supporting immunity. Step 8 establishes infection control protocols through management, committees, and antibiotic stewardship.
Sexually transmitted disease in pregnancyDR MUKESH SAH
An STI during pregnancy can pose serious health risks for you and your baby. As a result, screening for STIs , such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, chlamydia and syphilis, generally takes place at the first prenatal visit for all pregnant women.
Infections acquired during pregnancy or birth, known as TORCH infections, can cause fetal and neonatal mortality and birth defects. The TORCH acronym originally referred to toxoplasmosis, other (syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV), rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes infections, which commonly present with rash and eye findings. While some TORCH infections can be asymptomatic, others can cause issues like hearing loss, developmental delays, and organ damage in the fetus or newborn if acquired during pregnancy. Screening, treatment, and prevention efforts aim to reduce the risk of maternal-fetal transmission and effects of TORCH infections.
This document provides information on routine immunization including the types of vaccines, how they work, and the diseases they protect against. It discusses vaccines for tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, hepatitis B, and MMR. It also covers key aspects of immunization like the cold chain, adverse events, contraindications, and surveillance. The overall message is that immunization is one of the most cost-effective health interventions and a child's right to protect them from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Tetanus is a neurological disease caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It causes painful muscle spasms and can be fatal. It occurs worldwide but is more common in developing nations. Neonatal tetanus is a major cause of death in infants. Prevention relies on immunizing mothers during pregnancy through tetanus toxoid vaccines. Treatment involves managing spasms and complications through supportive care like mechanical ventilation. Strict clean delivery practices and ensuring mothers receive tetanus vaccines can eliminate neonatal tetanus globally.
The top five causes of under-five deaths in Sega, Kenya are pneumonia, diarrheal disease, malaria, malnutrition, and delivery complications within the first two weeks of life. Preventing these deaths requires building a community that can prevent, diagnose, and treat each cause through vaccination, nutrition, sanitation, medical equipment and supplies, and skilled birth attendants. Malnutrition is associated with half of all under-five deaths.
HIV causes AIDS by weakening a person's immune system. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood and from mother to child. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent mother-to-child transmission which occurs during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. With treatment, transmission can be reduced to less than 5%, but without around 15-30% of babies will be infected. Managing HIV in pregnancy requires antiretroviral treatment, nutritional support, monitoring for infections, and strategies to prevent transmission during delivery such as cesarean section instead of breastfeeding.
1) Interventions to reduce under 5 mortality include improving maternal health, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and increasing access to clean water and sanitation.
2) Pneumonia is a leading cause of death that can be addressed through vaccination, breastfeeding, and ensuring access to antibiotics.
3) Diarrhea can be reduced by 25-85% through handwashing, water/sanitation improvements, oral rehydration, and rotavirus vaccines.
4) Malaria interventions focus on preventing mosquito bites through nets/repellents and larvaecide as well as early diagnosis and treatment of cases.
Neonatal infections are common and can cause illness or death in newborns. Newborns are susceptible to infections due to exposure to microorganisms in the uterus, during delivery, and in the hospital environment, as well as an immature immune system. Common infections discussed in the document include toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, and syphilis. Signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each infection.
This document provides information on rubella (German measles), including:
- It is a viral disease that mainly affects children and causes a rash and lymph node swelling.
- The virus was isolated in the 1960s and a live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967.
- Infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the baby.
- Transmission is via respiratory droplets and the infection is usually mild but can cause birth defects if a woman is infected during pregnancy.
- Rubella vaccination is recommended to control the disease.
Neonatal infections, especially sepsis, continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Sepsis is caused by microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or tissues. There are two patterns of neonatal bacterial infection - early-onset within 24-48 hours of birth often caused by maternal vaginal flora, and late-onset after 2 weeks of age which may be acquired from the birth canal or external environment. Risk factors include preterm birth, prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal fever or infection. Signs of sepsis include respiratory distress, temperature instability, feeding intolerance and jaundice. Treatment involves administering IV antibiotics and supportive care while monitoring for improvement.
Infections can occur in the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal periods in babies. Common infections transmitted from mother to baby include toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, parvovirus B19, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV, group B streptococci, and Listeria. Clinical manifestations in babies can include rash, jaundice, pneumonia, sepsis, and central nervous system abnormalities. Diagnosis involves testing amniotic fluid or infant samples. Treatment may involve antiviral medications for the mother or infant.
This document discusses HIV and syphilis in pregnancy. It provides details on:
1) How syphilis and pregnancy can affect each other, increasing risk of congenital syphilis transmission.
2) The various clinical manifestations of prenatal syphilis in infants, including skin lesions, bone lesions, and neurologic involvement.
3) How HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Interventions to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission are discussed.
Newborn sepsis-introduction, definition, symptoms, Bacterial pathogens in the newborn,The Magnitude Of The Problem,How Newborn Acquired Infection, intrauterine infection, Intrapartum infections,postpartum infections, Prevention of bacterial infections in the Newborn,Choice of antibiotics for sepsis ,INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL RESEARCH -What is clinical research?,How does clinical research differ from standard care,Why do we perform clinical research?,Study designs.
Tetanus is a severe illness of the central nervous system caused by bacteria. It can cause death and is not contagious but can be prevented by vaccination. The document discusses that tetanus is caused by toxins produced by tetanus bacteria typically entering through a skin wound. Symptoms include muscle stiffness, spasms and lockjaw. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antitoxin shots and antibiotics. Vaccination with DTaP shots starting in infancy is recommended to prevent tetanus.
Measles is a highly contagious disease that was one of the leading causes of death among children worldwide prior to widespread vaccination. While vaccination strategies using measles vaccines have controlled the disease in many areas, measles still causes over 100,000 deaths annually. Achieving and maintaining high vaccination rates of over 95% with two doses of measles vaccine is critical to eventually eliminating the disease globally. Challenges remain in reaching elimination targets due to weaknesses in immunization systems and changing epidemiology in certain populations.
The document discusses pulmonary tuberculosis, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and spreads through airborne droplets. Symptoms include cough, fever, weight loss, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum and chest x-rays. Tuberculosis can affect the lungs and other organs. While pregnancy increases risks for both mother and baby, treatment aims to cure the mother's infection to prevent spread. Management involves multidrug therapy, monitoring for side effects, and ensuring treatment adherence and compliance.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
2. Presentation Outline: Part One
Background: the problem of neonatal mortality
WHO “Essential Interventions” for Mothers
Tetanus Toxoid Immunization
Iron and Folate supplementation
Treatment of infections: especially Malaria, Syphilis
WHO “Essential Interventions” for Newborns
Essential care for all newborns
Cleanliness
Thermal protection
Early and exclusive breast-feeding
Eye Care
Immunization
3. Presentation Outline: Part Two
Essential care for sick newborns:
Care of low birth weight babies
Management of newborn illnesses
Neonatal Resuscitation*
Review Questions
4. Background: Neonatal Mortality
Neonatal mortality: death < 28 days after birth
40% of all child deaths (<5 yo) are neonatal!
Highest rates in sub-Saharan Africa
Africa: > 1 million neonatal deaths every year
38% die of infections
Most are low birthweight (LBW) & many preterm
Liberia: very high rate – 6.6% die in first month
5. Causes of Neonatal Death
(WHO 2001)
Birth Asphyxia
31%
Complications of
Prematurity
25%
Congenital
Anomalies
11%
Infections
33%
6. Background: Neonatal Mortality
325,000 deaths from sepsis & pneumonia in Africa .
Simple preventive practices can save most!
Existing interventions can prevent 35-55%
neonatal deaths worldwide
These interventions include:
Treating pregnant women
for example, tetanus toxoid administration
Treating newborns
Bellagio, Lancet Survival Series
7. WHO Essential Interventions
This presentation will review the principles
behind the “essential interventions” identified
by the WHO as having the greatest potential to
reduce newbown mortality:
Interventions for Mothers
Interventions for Newborns
8. Essential Antenatal Care for Pregnant
Women
Tetanus Toxoid Immunization
Iron and Folate supplementation
Treatment of infections: especially Malaria, Syphilis
9. Tetanus
Caused by Clostridium tetani
G+, anaerobic bacterium sensitive to heat & oxygen
Spores are very resilient and found in soil & animals
GI tract of horses, sheep, cattle, dogs, cats, chickens, others.
Spore inoculation occurs through dirty wounds.
Once inside, spores germinate and produce tetanospasmin
A very potent neurotoxin
Tetanospasmin dissminates in lymph and blood to all nerves
Toxin blocks neurotransmitter release and causes unopposed muscle
contraction and painful muscle spasms
10.
11. Tetanus
The shortest peripheral nerves are affected first
facial distortion
back and neck stiffness
Generalizes in a descending fashion
Seizures may occur
Autonomic nervous system may also be affected
12. Tetanus cases reported worldwide (1990-2004). Ranging
from strongly prevalent (in dark red) to very few cases (in
light yellow) (gray, no data).
13. Tetanus
Tetanus kills an estimated 70,000 newborns in Africa
each year
six percent of all neonatal deaths
It is very hard to treat neonatal tetanus!!
Preventing the disease by immunizing mothers is critical!
14. Tetanus
Tetanus can be prevented through immunization with
tetanus-toxoid (TT) -containing vaccines
Mothers should receive at least 2 TT vaccines during
pregnancy!!
This protects the mother and - through a transfer of
tetanus antibodies to the fetus - her baby
15. Iron and Folate Supplementation
Iron deficiency anemia affects almost half of all women
Maternal anemia contributes significantly to maternal mortality
and causes an estimated 10,000 deaths per year
Newborns of mothers with anemia are more likely to have low
birth weight, be born too early, or die shortly after birth
Also at greater risk for cognitive impairment
Folate supplements before and around conception can reduce
the occurrence of neural tube defects in newborns
17. Treatment of Maternal Malaria:
Malarial infection causes 400,000 cases of severe maternal
anemia yearly
And responsible for 75,000-200,000 infant deaths annually
Effects on fetus:
fetal loss
premature delivery
intrauterine growth retardation
low birth-weight infant
18. Treatment of Maternal Malaria
In high malaria areas, women have some immunity that wanes during
pregnancy
Malaria infection results in severe maternal anemia and delivery of low birth-
weight infants
In low malaria transmission areas, women have not developed immunity
Malaria infection results in severe malaria disease, maternal anemia, premature
delivery, or fetal loss
Malaria is a major factor in low birth weight babies and amenable to
intervention!
20. WHO guidelines for the treatment of
Malaria in pregnancy
Intermittent Preventive Treatment
All pregnant women in areas of stable malaria transmission should receive at least 2 doses of
IPT after quickening
The World Health Organization recommends a schedule of 4 antenatal clinic visits, with 3
visits after quickening
The delivery of IPT with each scheduled visit after quickening will assure that a high
proportion of women receive at least 2 doses
The most effective drug for IPT is sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) because of its safety for
use during pregnancy, effectiveness in reproductive-age women, and feasibility for use
IPT-SP doses should not be given more frequently than monthly.
Insecticide-Treated Nets
ITNs should be provided to pregnant women as early in pregnancy as possible.
Their use should be encouraged for women throughout pregnancy and during the
postpartum period.
21. Placental Infection
Malaria-infected human placenta examined under the microscope. The
intervillous spaces (central area of the picture) are filled with red blood cells, most
of which are infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites
22. Treatment of Maternal Syphilis
Provide screening and treatment in areas
where syphilis is endemic
Untreated syphilis can cause malformation, illness,
or death of a fetus or newborn
23. Treatment of Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a spirochete ~
Treponema pallidum
Syphilis can cause miscarriages, premature birth, still-birth, or
death of newborn babies:
40% of births to syphilitic mothers are stillborn
40-70% of the survivors will be infected
12% of these will subsequently die
24. Syphilis
Some infants have symptoms at birth, most develop symptoms
later
Late congenital syphilis occurs in children greater that 2 years of age:
Hutchinson teeth
Interstitial keratitis
Deafness
Frontal bossing
Saddle nose
Swollen knees
Saber shins
Short maxillae
Protruding mandible
Sores on infected babies are infectious
25. Congenital Syphilis
Failure to gain weight
Fever
Irritability
No bridge to nose (saddle nose)
Early rash -- small blisters on the palms and soles
Later rash -- copper-colored, flat or bumpy rash on the face, palms, soles
Rash of the mouth, genitalia, and anus
Severe congenital pneumonia
Watery discharge from the nose
Blindness
Clouding of the cornea
Decreased hearing or deafness
Gray, mucous-like patches
26.
27. Treatment of Syphilis
One dose of penicillin will cure a person who has had
syphilis for less than a year
More doses are needed to cure someone who has had it
for longer
A baby born with the disease needs daily penicillin
treatment for 10 days
28. Essential Care for Newborns
Essential care for all newborns
Cleanliness
Thermal protection
Early and exclusive breast-feeding
Eye Care
Immunization
Essential care for sick newborns
Care of low birth weight babies
Management of newborn illnesses
Neonatal Resuscitation*
29. Routine Supportive Care for All
Newborns after delivery
Keep baby dry and warm
Keep baby with mother – room in
Initiate breast-feeding within 1 hour
Give Vitamin K
Keep umbilical cord clean and dry
Apply eye ointment to prevent infection
Give oral polio, BCG, and hepatitis B injections
30. Cleanliness
The six “cleans” of the WHO
1. Clean hands of the attendant
2. Clean surface
3. Clean blade
4. Clean cord tie
5. Clean towels to dry the baby and then wrap the
baby
6. Clean cloth to wrap the mother
31. Cleanliness
Hygiene during delivery:
Clean hands, perineum, delivery surface
Sterilized equipment
Clean cutting of umbilical cord
Clean hands with soap and water, under the nails
Sterile razor blade for cutting cord
Sterile ties or gauze to tie cord off
Umbilical cord care
Umbilical stump is main source of entry for infections
Cord should be kept clean and dry, no dressings should be applied if stump is able
to be kept clean without them
Infant’s clothes and blanket should be kept clean
If cord becomes dirty, it should be washed and then dried with clean cotton or
gauze
32. Cleanliness
Prevention of hospital infections:
Rooming-in with mother:
Allows micro-organisms from mother to be given to infant
These tend to be non-pathogenic
Mother can give antibodies to these organisms to the baby through
breast-milk
Reduces risk of cross-infection when babies are not being roomed
together
No over-crowding
Clean water
Importance of hospital staff hand-washing!!!
34. Thermal Protection
Hypothermia can be a sign of infection!!!
Hypothermia is temperature less than 36.5 degrees C
Large surface area
Poor insulation
Small body mass to produce heat
Signs of hypothermia
cool hands and feet
less active or lethargic
Hypotonic
poor suck
weak cry
shallow breathing
redness of face and skin
35. Thermal Protection
Preventing hypothermia:
deliver infant in warm room
dry thoroughly after birth, including drying the head,
wrap in warm dry cloth
give to mother as soon as possible for skin to skin contact
no washing in the 1st 6 hours after birth
Treatment:
skin to skin contact
warm water bottles
loosely wrapped warm blanket
37. Thermal Protection
Hyperthermia is a temperature > 37.5 degrees C
Signs:
Irritable
Rapid respirations
Rapid heart rate
Hot and dry skin
Lethargic
Convulsions
Hyperthermia is often accompanied by dehydration and re-
hydration should be considered if infant is showing any signs
38. Thermal Protection
Prevention:
Hyperthermia in an infant is environmental
Do not expose infant to high temperatures, sunlight, heaters,
etc!!
Treatment:
Active cooling
39. Early and Exclusive Breast-feeding
Early and exclusive breastfeeding is one of
the least expensive and most cost-effective
interventions for saving children’s lives!!!!
40. Early and Exclusive Breastfeeding
Exclusive breastfeeding for six months and continued
breastfeeding for the first year could avert 13 percent of the
more than 10 million deaths among children
Benefits:
including improved cognitive development
reduced risk of infections
better overall chances of survival
41. Early and Exclusive Breastfeeding
Formula feeding raises risk of illness by depriving infants of
infection-fighting components of human milk
Bottle feeding carries risks of possible contamination of water
and formula
In areas with a high level of infectious disease and unsafe water,
an infant who is not breastfed during the first 2 months of life is
up to 23 times more likely to die from diarrhea
42. 1. Initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth
colostrum
continuous skin-to-skin contact
2. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months
3. Assess for good attachment and positioning
4. Prompt treatment of breast conditions
5. Frequent breastfeeds, day and night
(8-12 times per 24 hours)
6. Continuation of breastfeeding when mother or newborn is ill
7. Extra support for feeding more vulnerable newborns
low birthweight or premature babies
HIV-infected women
sick or severely malnourished babies
43. Early and Exclusive Breast-feeding
Breast-feeding and HIV:
Exclusive breastfeeding recommended for all mothers in
HIV-endemic areas, including HIV-positive mothers where
alternatives are not acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and
safe
This applies to much of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, among
other places.
Exclusive breastfeeding is associated with two to four times lower
rates of mother to child transmission of HIV compared to non-
exclusive breastfeeding
44. Eye Care: application of topical
antibiotic
Tetracycline eye ointment
Prevents infection of tissues surrounding the eyes
caused by bacteria from the birth canal
The most significant of these bacteria are gonorrhea and
chlamydia
Also helps prevent infection with other bacteria
Untreated, gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause permanent
visual impairment and also spread to other parts of the body
such as the lungs causing pneumonia
45. Immunization
Each year, over four million African children die before their
fifth birthday, many from vaccine-preventable diseases
Immunizations will be covered in later lecture
But, notably, there are a number of vaccines given to babies just
after birth to be aware of:
• BCG vaccination to reduce the risk of tuberculosis
• Hepatitis B vaccination to prevent hepatitis B infection
• OPV to prevent polio infection
46. Supportive Care for All Newborns after
delivery: KEY POINTS!!!
Keep baby dry and warm
Keep baby with mother – room in
Initiate breast-feeding within 1 hour
Give Vitamin K
Keep umbilical cord clean and dry
Apply eye ointment to prevent infection
Give oral polio, BCG, and hepatitis B injections
48. Management of Sick Infant: Outline
Care for ALL sick infants
Recognizing danger signs
Treating serious bacterial infection
Treating convulsions
Treating low birth weight baby
Review of key points
49. Management of Newborn Illness
Neonates and young infants present with non-
specific symptoms which may indicate a serious
illness or serious bacterial illness
It is imperative to monitor for and recognize
these danger signs to initiate treatment early
Treatment is aimed at stabilizing child and
preventing deterioration
50. General principles of management of all
sick infants:
Keep infant dry and warm
Wrap infant
Cap
Kangaroo infant with mother if possible
Follow temperature closely
51. General principles of management of
sick infants:
Encourage frequent breast-feeding if infant is alert
If baby is lethargic or having frequent convulsions, avoid
oral feeding
52. General principles of management of
sick infants:
If giving IV fluids, follow the TOTAL amount of fluids given
to infant
This includes oral and IV fluid
WHO recommends:
60cc/kg/day on Day 1
90cc/kg/day on Day 2
120cc/kg/day on Day 3
150cc/kg/day thereafter
Note: Infant may need more fluids if kept under radiant warmer
Note: Following infant’s weight is good measure of over or under-
hydration
53. General principles of management of
sick infants:
Oxygen should be given by nasal prongs at initial
flow rate of 0.5L/min
If able to follow pulse oximeter, goal is oxygen
saturation greater than 90%
54. Recognizing Danger Signs
Danger signs in a newborn:
• Convulsions
• Drowsy or unconscious
• Not feeding well
• Fast breathing (more than 60 breaths per minute)
• Slow breathing (less than 20 breaths per minute or not
breathing)
• Grunting or severe chest in-drawing
• Fever (above 38°C)
55. Recognizing Danger Signs
Danger signs in a newborn:
• Hypothermia (below 35.5°C),
• Very small baby (less than 1500 grams or born more than two
months early)
• Bleeding
• Severe jaundice
• Severe abdominal distension
• Bulging fontanelle
• Signs of local infection (ex: swollen joints, skin pustules or
redness)
• Central cyanosis
56. Emergency Treatment of Danger Signs
Give oxygen by nasal prongs or catheter to
any ill-appearing infant
Especially if having respiratory symptoms
Provide bag and mask ventilation if breathing
is too slow or labored
With oxygen if available, or room air
57. Emergency Treatment of Danger Signs
Give penicillin/ampicillin and gentamicin as
soon as possible to any infant presenting with
signs of illness
58. Emergency Treatment of Danger Signs
If convulsing, give Phenobarbital (IM 15mg/kg)
If patient is drowsy, unconscious, or convulsing:
Check blood sugar if possible, give IV glucose if blood
sugar is low
If unable to check blood sugar, give IV glucose
If unable to give IV glucose, give either expressed breast-
milk or glucose through a nasogastric tube
59. Emergency Treatment of Danger Signs
Give vitamin K injection to all sick newborns
if they have not already received it
60. Serious Bacterial Illness
Serious bacterial infection should be suspected if
an infant presents with any DANGER SIGN
Risks for serious bacterial infection include:
maternal fever
rupture of membranes for more than 24 hours
foul-smelling amniotic fluid
61. Serious Bacterial Illness
Also look for signs of a local infection:
swollen joints
many severe skin pustules
bulging fontanelle
redness around umbilicus
pus from umbilicus
62. Serious Bacterial Illness
Treatment of suspected serious bacterial illness:
Admit to Hospital
Send blood cultures if possible
Ampicillin/Penicillin and Gentamicin for 10 days
If no improvement in 2-3 days consider changing antibiotics
If extensive skin infection consider giving Cloxacillin if
available instead of Penicillin for staph aureus coverage
63. Convulsions
Treatment:
Initial dose of Phenobarbital is 15mg/kg IM
If convulsions continue, give 10mg/kg IM in repeat
doses up to maximum of 40mg/kg
Monitor for apnea or slowed breathing and assist
breathing if needed
Check for low blood sugar
Continue daily Phenobarbital at 5mg/kg if needed
64. Low Birth Weight Baby
Most newborn deaths are among low
birthweight babies
Low birth weight is baby weighing less than
2500 grams
Simple care of these small babies, close
monitoring and early treatment of problems
could save many newborn lives
65. Low Birth Weight Baby
Birthweight of 2.25-2.5kg
These infants normally do well with routine newborn care
Monitor carefully
Ensure proper warmth and infection control
66. Low Birth Weight Baby
Birthweight 1.75 to 2.25kg
Initiate Kangaroo Care for warmth
Start feeding within 1 hr
If infant is able to nurse, allow normal, frequent
breast-feeding
If infant cannot breast-feed, give expressed breast-
milk by cup and spoon
Monitor carefully for signs of infection
67. Low Birth Weight Baby
Birthweight less than 1.75 kg
These infants need to be admitted to special care nursery for
extra care
Give oxygen by nasal prongs or nasal catheter if there are any
signs of difficulty breathing, fast breathing rate or cyanosis
Maintain temperature of 36-37 deg C
Kangaroo Care
Humidicrib if available
Hot water bottle wrapped in a towel if no heating source
68. Low Birth Weight Baby
Birthweight less than 1.75 kg
If possible, give IV fluids
Give 2-4ml of expressed breastmilk every 2 hours by
nasogastric tube IF:
baby looks well
no abdominal distension
bowel sounds present
baby has passed meconium,
If baby is tolerating these feeds, increase volume slowly
69. Low Birth Weight Baby
Birthweight less than 1.75 kg
Monitor for signs of infection and begin antibiotic
therapy if any sign prsent
If infant has apnea, treat:
caffeine citrate 20mg/kg PO or IV x 1, then daily 5mg/kg
OR aminophylline 10mg/kg x 1, then 2.5 - 4 mg/kg q 12
hours
70. Low Birth Weight Baby
Kangaroo Care:
The baby is undressed except for cap, nappy, and socks
Placed upright between the mother’s breasts, with head turned to one side
Then tied to the mother’s chest with a cloth and covered with the mother’s
clothes
If the mother is not available, the father or any adult can provide skin-to-skin care
Provides warmth, breastfeeding, protection from infection, stimulation, and
love
Effective way to care for a small baby weighing between 1,000 and 2,000
grams who has no major illness
71. Low Birth Weight Baby
Kangaroo Care:
This care is continued until the infant no longer
accepts it, usually when the weight exceeds 2,000
grams
Research has shown that for preterm babies, KMC is
at least as effective as an incubator
Shorter average stay in hospital compared to
conventional care, have fewer infections, and gain
weight more quickly