China is one of the largest and most populous countries in the world, with over 1 billion people. It has a long history and is home to one of the oldest continuous civilizations. China has a vast land area and long coastline, sharing borders with 12 countries. Chinese culture is also among the oldest in the world, with traditions varying widely between different regions. Calligraphy and architecture are important parts of Chinese cultural heritage.
This document provides information on various aspects of Chinese culture, including:
- Key cultural elements like the dragon, Forbidden City, Great Wall, Shaolin Temple, and use of chopsticks.
- Important festivals in Chinese culture such as Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Duanwu Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival.
- Other topics covered include Chinese folklore, architecture, music, cuisine, leisure activities, numbers, and table manners in Chinese culture. The document explores the origins and meanings behind many of these cultural traditions.
1. Ancient Chinese architecture, such as the Great Wall and Forbidden City, reflects traditional Chinese pursuits of symmetry and harmony with nature.
2. Beijing Opera combines drama, music, costumes, and facial makeup into a unique performance art rooted in Chinese culture.
3. Chinese Kung Fu aims for balance and prevention of conflict rather than competition, as exemplified by the spiritual and martial traditions of Shaolin Kung Fu.
China has a population of over 1.4 billion people and its capital is Beijing. Mandarin is the most widely spoken language, while Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are the major religions. Traditional Chinese clothing includes the Pien Fu tunic and skirt, the Chang Pao one-piece dress, and the Shenyi stitched one-piece dress. Chinese New Year, lantern festivals, and the lunar calendar are important parts of Chinese culture. China has a long history and significant historical sites include the Great Wall, Forbidden City, and Terracotta Army.
The document provides information about China and its culture. It discusses China's population, geography, and official atheism. It then summarizes some of China's most famous attractions, including the Great Wall of China, Forbidden City, and Terracotta Warriors. It also briefly describes some Chinese festivals like Chinese New Year and Chinese cuisine, including the use of chopsticks and preference for pork.
The document provides information about China in a country profile, including:
- Basic facts about China's population, size, GDP, capital, climate, ethnic groups, religions, and languages.
- Details about Chinese culture like their emphasis on collectivism over individualism, importance of non-verbal communication, and use of characters in their writing system.
- Key aspects of Chinese history, traditions and inventions like silk, their new year, and ancient contributions.
- Statistics about China's population, infrastructure, and economy that illustrate its scale and growth.
Information about China. The dos and the dont's, business etiquette, general informatin about the country. The document was created for the project Info4migrants. Project number UK/13/LLP-LdV/TOI-615
East asian cultures_in_perspectiv(bookzz.org)_2Rithy Kay
East Asia has a long and fascinating history. China in particular has a very large population and diverse ethnic groups. Family is extremely important in Chinese culture, and traditionally large families would include multiple generations living together. While the Communist government does not officially support religion, traditional beliefs such as Buddhism are still important to many Chinese people. The country has a rich cultural heritage and customs, though it has also modernized in recent decades.
1) China is the most populous country in the world with over 1.3 billion people and the fourth largest country by area.
2) Chinese culture is ancient and influential, with many important inventions originating from China such as paper, printing, gunpowder, and the compass.
3) The Great Wall of China is the longest man-made structure in the world at over 6,000 km, and was built over 2,000 years ago to defend against northern invaders. An estimated 1 million people died constructing it.
This document provides information on various aspects of Chinese culture, including:
- Key cultural elements like the dragon, Forbidden City, Great Wall, Shaolin Temple, and use of chopsticks.
- Important festivals in Chinese culture such as Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Duanwu Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival.
- Other topics covered include Chinese folklore, architecture, music, cuisine, leisure activities, numbers, and table manners in Chinese culture. The document explores the origins and meanings behind many of these cultural traditions.
1. Ancient Chinese architecture, such as the Great Wall and Forbidden City, reflects traditional Chinese pursuits of symmetry and harmony with nature.
2. Beijing Opera combines drama, music, costumes, and facial makeup into a unique performance art rooted in Chinese culture.
3. Chinese Kung Fu aims for balance and prevention of conflict rather than competition, as exemplified by the spiritual and martial traditions of Shaolin Kung Fu.
China has a population of over 1.4 billion people and its capital is Beijing. Mandarin is the most widely spoken language, while Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are the major religions. Traditional Chinese clothing includes the Pien Fu tunic and skirt, the Chang Pao one-piece dress, and the Shenyi stitched one-piece dress. Chinese New Year, lantern festivals, and the lunar calendar are important parts of Chinese culture. China has a long history and significant historical sites include the Great Wall, Forbidden City, and Terracotta Army.
The document provides information about China and its culture. It discusses China's population, geography, and official atheism. It then summarizes some of China's most famous attractions, including the Great Wall of China, Forbidden City, and Terracotta Warriors. It also briefly describes some Chinese festivals like Chinese New Year and Chinese cuisine, including the use of chopsticks and preference for pork.
The document provides information about China in a country profile, including:
- Basic facts about China's population, size, GDP, capital, climate, ethnic groups, religions, and languages.
- Details about Chinese culture like their emphasis on collectivism over individualism, importance of non-verbal communication, and use of characters in their writing system.
- Key aspects of Chinese history, traditions and inventions like silk, their new year, and ancient contributions.
- Statistics about China's population, infrastructure, and economy that illustrate its scale and growth.
Information about China. The dos and the dont's, business etiquette, general informatin about the country. The document was created for the project Info4migrants. Project number UK/13/LLP-LdV/TOI-615
East asian cultures_in_perspectiv(bookzz.org)_2Rithy Kay
East Asia has a long and fascinating history. China in particular has a very large population and diverse ethnic groups. Family is extremely important in Chinese culture, and traditionally large families would include multiple generations living together. While the Communist government does not officially support religion, traditional beliefs such as Buddhism are still important to many Chinese people. The country has a rich cultural heritage and customs, though it has also modernized in recent decades.
1) China is the most populous country in the world with over 1.3 billion people and the fourth largest country by area.
2) Chinese culture is ancient and influential, with many important inventions originating from China such as paper, printing, gunpowder, and the compass.
3) The Great Wall of China is the longest man-made structure in the world at over 6,000 km, and was built over 2,000 years ago to defend against northern invaders. An estimated 1 million people died constructing it.
Chinese culture has a long history spanning over 5,000 years. It has been shaped by major philosophies like Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Confucianism focuses on social harmony and hierarchy. Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature. Buddhism teaches the path to enlightenment. In modern business culture, relationships or "Guanxi" and respect or "Face" are very important. Chinese cuisine and arts also reflect the diverse regional cultures within China.
1) China has a long history dating back over 6,000 years and was first unified by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC, establishing imperial rule that lasted until 1912.
2) China is the world's most populous country with over 1.3 billion people as of 2014 and has major cultural exports like tea, silk, and gunpowder.
3) Major Chinese inventions include paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder, while traditions include martial arts, cricket fighting, and lantern festivals.
The document provides information about China, its culture, holidays, food, and history. It discusses that China has over 1 billion people and Mandarin is the most common language. Several Chinese holidays are described, including the Dragon Boat Festival celebrated in May/June, the Mid-Autumn Festival on the 15th day of the 8th moon, and Chinese New Year which occurs in late January to early February. Details are given about traditional Chinese meals, with families typically sharing several dishes at dinner. The construction of the Great Wall of China and the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989 are also mentioned.
The document summarizes several important Chinese festivals, including their timing, location, and activities. It discusses the New Year of the Miao Ethnic Group celebrated in November in Guizhou with bull fighting and horse racing. The Shoton Festival in Tibet in August features opera performances and drinking yogurt. The Water Splashing Festival in Yunnan in April involves splashing water on each other. It also briefly outlines Chinese New Year, the Lantern Festival, Winter Solstice Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Double Seventh Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival, noting their cultural significance and traditional celebrations.
The Spring Festival is an important Chinese holiday that originated in the Shang Dynasty and falls on the first day of the first lunar month. Traditions include cleaning homes, decorating with couplets and pictures, hanging lanterns, and spending time with family over the first three days. The Lantern Festival falls 15 days later and involves watching lanterns, guessing riddles, and eating rice dumplings. Other festivals described include Qingming (sweeping tombs), Dragon Boat Racing, the Double Seventh Festival celebrating the Cowherd and Weaver Maid star-crossed lovers, and the Mid-Autumn Festival involving the story of Hou Yi.
The document provides an overview of Chinese culture, including:
1. China has over 1.4 billion people from 56 ethnic groups, with the largest being the Han people who live in eastern China.
2. The three main religions in China are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, which have influenced Chinese philosophy and way of life.
3. Traditional Chinese arts include calligraphy, painting, pottery, silk, and architecture. Paintings often feature nature and calligraphy commenting on the artwork.
Chinese and Persian New year CeremoniesARASH IZADI
The document compares and contrasts Chinese and Persian New Year ceremonies and traditions. Both cultures celebrate New Years with families and emphasize cleaning houses before the new year. Key traditions include:
- Visiting family and exchanging gifts on the first day of the new year.
- Cleaning houses thoroughly before the new year to remove bad luck from the past year and welcome good fortune in the new one.
- Celebrating with families and following traditions over a 13 day period for Persians and 15 day period for Chinese to mark the transition to the new year.
China ,chinese language & chinese culturelearnerashish
The document provides information about China, the Chinese language, and Chinese culture. It notes that China has a population of over 1 billion people and borders many countries in Eastern Asia. It also discusses the main ethnic group, the Han Chinese, as well as China's ethnic and religious diversity. Additionally, it summarizes some key aspects of Chinese culture like cuisine, literature, architecture, music, and the Chinese language itself including its writing system and dialects like Mandarin.
The document summarizes some key cultural traditions in Japan and China. It discusses that the two main religions in Japanese culture are Buddhism and Shintoism, and provides details on some of their core teachings. It also describes several Japanese traditions including the tea ceremony, kimono clothing, sumo wrestling, tatami mats, haiku poetry and festivals like the New Year celebration. For Chinese traditions, it outlines aspects of tea culture, weddings, chopsticks, and the Chinese New Year celebration.
China is home to over 1.9 billion people and has a long history and rich culture. The capital is Beijing and the most populous city is Shanghai. Some of the country's most famous landmarks include the Great Wall and Forbidden City. The predominant religions are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. The Chinese writing system uses symbols called hanzi rather than an alphabet. Popular dishes include dim sum, shark fin soup, and rice congee. Famous Chinese figures include Laozi, Confucius, Bruce Lee, and Jackie Chan. The national flag features red with stars representing unity under communist leadership. The official currency is the yuan.
Chinese culture has a long history spanning over 5,000 years. It has been shaped by major philosophies like Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Chinese culture places great importance on relationships, etiquette, and saving face. Key aspects of Chinese business culture include the importance of guanxi or relationships, avoiding direct rejections, and gift giving customs. Chinese cuisine also varies greatly across its eight major regional styles.
The population density of China as a nation is 145 people per square kilometer. It has had a rough population history, covered with war and cataclysmic events. Six of the twelve most fatal wars over the globe occurred in China, killing about 123 million individuals or more... http://populationof2019.com/population-of-china-2019.html
China has the world's largest population at over 1.3 billion people, representing 20% of the global population. It has a long history spanning dynastic periods and underwent major events like the Opium Wars and Cultural Revolution. While officially atheist, the major religions practiced are Daoism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. Mandarin is the dominant language while the terrain is mostly mountainous. Traditional Chinese food and the Lunar New Year are an important part of the culture.
The document discusses several traditional Japanese and Chinese cultural practices. It describes the Japanese tea ceremony which originated in China and focuses on harmony, respect, and purity. It also outlines Japanese theatrical forms like Noh drama and Kabuki, New Year celebrations involving cleaning and decorating with pine, and traditional clothing like kimonos and yukatas. Sumo wrestling and its religious origins are also discussed. For China, it mentions tea as a necessity and the tea ceremony's emphasis on nature, humility and peace. Chinese weddings, chopsticks, the New Year dragon dance, and gift wrapping traditions are briefly outlined.
The document provides information about the geography, culture, and way of life in China. It discusses key locations like the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the Tibetan Plateau, and major deserts. It also describes traditional Chinese housing, clothing, food, education, recreation, and transportation. Important cities, landmarks, and animals of China are also mentioned.
China has a long and rich history spanning thousands of years. Some of the earliest dynasties include the Xia Dynasty around 2100 BC, noted for developing agriculture and early writing, and the Shang Dynasty from 1700-1100 BC, known for using oracle bones for divination. The Zhou Dynasty from 1100-221 BC saw the development of iron tools, money, and written laws. Confucius lived during this period and his teachings became China's dominant philosophy. Later dynasties like the Tang Dynasty from 618-907 AD and Han Dynasty from 206 BC - 220 AD were periods of cultural and economic prosperity, as well as influence on neighboring regions like Japan and introduction of Buddhism to China.
Chinese culture varies greatly by geography and ethnicity but includes some common elements. With over 1 billion people across 56 ethnic groups, China has many regional customs. The largest ethnic group is the Han Chinese. Some key aspects of Chinese culture discussed in the document include religion, language, food, arts, customs and celebrations, literature, and values, with influences from Confucianism and Taoism. Malaysian culture draws from its diverse population of Malays, Chinese, Indians, and other groups, featuring various festivals, music, arts, cuisine, religious beliefs, architecture, literature, clothing traditions, and more. African culture is also very diverse but shares similarities, expressed through varied arts and crafts, folklore, religions, and clothing styles
This document provides a catalogue of 17 units that summarize key aspects of Chinese culture. The units cover topics such as Chinese geography, history, ethnic groups, festivals, language, zodiac signs, religions, Confucianism, kung fu, tea culture, food, calligraphy, paintings, music, traditional medicine, opera, and names. Each unit provides subsections that delve deeper into the cultural topic at hand.
Chinese New Year is the longest and most important festival in the Chinese calendar. It is celebrated in countries with significant Chinese populations and marks the end of winter. Traditions include cleaning the house, decorating with red colors, family reunions, giving money in red envelopes, dragon dances, fireworks, and wearing traditional costumes. The dragon dance symbolizes power, strength, and good luck and is an important part of celebrations.
Beijing is the capital city of China with over 15 million people. It has a long history dating back 700 years. Culturally, China values collectiveness over individualism. In Beijing, etiquette like waiting to be seated for meals and not making noises with chopsticks is important. Public transportation includes trains, subways, buses and bicycles. The climate is continental with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers. Mandarin is the national language and traditional dress and modern fashion reflect Chinese culture.
Chinese culture has a long history spanning over 5,000 years. It has been shaped by major philosophies like Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Confucianism focuses on social harmony and hierarchy. Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature. Buddhism teaches the path to enlightenment. In modern business culture, relationships or "Guanxi" and respect or "Face" are very important. Chinese cuisine and arts also reflect the diverse regional cultures within China.
1) China has a long history dating back over 6,000 years and was first unified by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC, establishing imperial rule that lasted until 1912.
2) China is the world's most populous country with over 1.3 billion people as of 2014 and has major cultural exports like tea, silk, and gunpowder.
3) Major Chinese inventions include paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder, while traditions include martial arts, cricket fighting, and lantern festivals.
The document provides information about China, its culture, holidays, food, and history. It discusses that China has over 1 billion people and Mandarin is the most common language. Several Chinese holidays are described, including the Dragon Boat Festival celebrated in May/June, the Mid-Autumn Festival on the 15th day of the 8th moon, and Chinese New Year which occurs in late January to early February. Details are given about traditional Chinese meals, with families typically sharing several dishes at dinner. The construction of the Great Wall of China and the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989 are also mentioned.
The document summarizes several important Chinese festivals, including their timing, location, and activities. It discusses the New Year of the Miao Ethnic Group celebrated in November in Guizhou with bull fighting and horse racing. The Shoton Festival in Tibet in August features opera performances and drinking yogurt. The Water Splashing Festival in Yunnan in April involves splashing water on each other. It also briefly outlines Chinese New Year, the Lantern Festival, Winter Solstice Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Double Seventh Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival, noting their cultural significance and traditional celebrations.
The Spring Festival is an important Chinese holiday that originated in the Shang Dynasty and falls on the first day of the first lunar month. Traditions include cleaning homes, decorating with couplets and pictures, hanging lanterns, and spending time with family over the first three days. The Lantern Festival falls 15 days later and involves watching lanterns, guessing riddles, and eating rice dumplings. Other festivals described include Qingming (sweeping tombs), Dragon Boat Racing, the Double Seventh Festival celebrating the Cowherd and Weaver Maid star-crossed lovers, and the Mid-Autumn Festival involving the story of Hou Yi.
The document provides an overview of Chinese culture, including:
1. China has over 1.4 billion people from 56 ethnic groups, with the largest being the Han people who live in eastern China.
2. The three main religions in China are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, which have influenced Chinese philosophy and way of life.
3. Traditional Chinese arts include calligraphy, painting, pottery, silk, and architecture. Paintings often feature nature and calligraphy commenting on the artwork.
Chinese and Persian New year CeremoniesARASH IZADI
The document compares and contrasts Chinese and Persian New Year ceremonies and traditions. Both cultures celebrate New Years with families and emphasize cleaning houses before the new year. Key traditions include:
- Visiting family and exchanging gifts on the first day of the new year.
- Cleaning houses thoroughly before the new year to remove bad luck from the past year and welcome good fortune in the new one.
- Celebrating with families and following traditions over a 13 day period for Persians and 15 day period for Chinese to mark the transition to the new year.
China ,chinese language & chinese culturelearnerashish
The document provides information about China, the Chinese language, and Chinese culture. It notes that China has a population of over 1 billion people and borders many countries in Eastern Asia. It also discusses the main ethnic group, the Han Chinese, as well as China's ethnic and religious diversity. Additionally, it summarizes some key aspects of Chinese culture like cuisine, literature, architecture, music, and the Chinese language itself including its writing system and dialects like Mandarin.
The document summarizes some key cultural traditions in Japan and China. It discusses that the two main religions in Japanese culture are Buddhism and Shintoism, and provides details on some of their core teachings. It also describes several Japanese traditions including the tea ceremony, kimono clothing, sumo wrestling, tatami mats, haiku poetry and festivals like the New Year celebration. For Chinese traditions, it outlines aspects of tea culture, weddings, chopsticks, and the Chinese New Year celebration.
China is home to over 1.9 billion people and has a long history and rich culture. The capital is Beijing and the most populous city is Shanghai. Some of the country's most famous landmarks include the Great Wall and Forbidden City. The predominant religions are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. The Chinese writing system uses symbols called hanzi rather than an alphabet. Popular dishes include dim sum, shark fin soup, and rice congee. Famous Chinese figures include Laozi, Confucius, Bruce Lee, and Jackie Chan. The national flag features red with stars representing unity under communist leadership. The official currency is the yuan.
Chinese culture has a long history spanning over 5,000 years. It has been shaped by major philosophies like Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Chinese culture places great importance on relationships, etiquette, and saving face. Key aspects of Chinese business culture include the importance of guanxi or relationships, avoiding direct rejections, and gift giving customs. Chinese cuisine also varies greatly across its eight major regional styles.
The population density of China as a nation is 145 people per square kilometer. It has had a rough population history, covered with war and cataclysmic events. Six of the twelve most fatal wars over the globe occurred in China, killing about 123 million individuals or more... http://populationof2019.com/population-of-china-2019.html
China has the world's largest population at over 1.3 billion people, representing 20% of the global population. It has a long history spanning dynastic periods and underwent major events like the Opium Wars and Cultural Revolution. While officially atheist, the major religions practiced are Daoism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. Mandarin is the dominant language while the terrain is mostly mountainous. Traditional Chinese food and the Lunar New Year are an important part of the culture.
The document discusses several traditional Japanese and Chinese cultural practices. It describes the Japanese tea ceremony which originated in China and focuses on harmony, respect, and purity. It also outlines Japanese theatrical forms like Noh drama and Kabuki, New Year celebrations involving cleaning and decorating with pine, and traditional clothing like kimonos and yukatas. Sumo wrestling and its religious origins are also discussed. For China, it mentions tea as a necessity and the tea ceremony's emphasis on nature, humility and peace. Chinese weddings, chopsticks, the New Year dragon dance, and gift wrapping traditions are briefly outlined.
The document provides information about the geography, culture, and way of life in China. It discusses key locations like the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the Tibetan Plateau, and major deserts. It also describes traditional Chinese housing, clothing, food, education, recreation, and transportation. Important cities, landmarks, and animals of China are also mentioned.
China has a long and rich history spanning thousands of years. Some of the earliest dynasties include the Xia Dynasty around 2100 BC, noted for developing agriculture and early writing, and the Shang Dynasty from 1700-1100 BC, known for using oracle bones for divination. The Zhou Dynasty from 1100-221 BC saw the development of iron tools, money, and written laws. Confucius lived during this period and his teachings became China's dominant philosophy. Later dynasties like the Tang Dynasty from 618-907 AD and Han Dynasty from 206 BC - 220 AD were periods of cultural and economic prosperity, as well as influence on neighboring regions like Japan and introduction of Buddhism to China.
Chinese culture varies greatly by geography and ethnicity but includes some common elements. With over 1 billion people across 56 ethnic groups, China has many regional customs. The largest ethnic group is the Han Chinese. Some key aspects of Chinese culture discussed in the document include religion, language, food, arts, customs and celebrations, literature, and values, with influences from Confucianism and Taoism. Malaysian culture draws from its diverse population of Malays, Chinese, Indians, and other groups, featuring various festivals, music, arts, cuisine, religious beliefs, architecture, literature, clothing traditions, and more. African culture is also very diverse but shares similarities, expressed through varied arts and crafts, folklore, religions, and clothing styles
This document provides a catalogue of 17 units that summarize key aspects of Chinese culture. The units cover topics such as Chinese geography, history, ethnic groups, festivals, language, zodiac signs, religions, Confucianism, kung fu, tea culture, food, calligraphy, paintings, music, traditional medicine, opera, and names. Each unit provides subsections that delve deeper into the cultural topic at hand.
Chinese New Year is the longest and most important festival in the Chinese calendar. It is celebrated in countries with significant Chinese populations and marks the end of winter. Traditions include cleaning the house, decorating with red colors, family reunions, giving money in red envelopes, dragon dances, fireworks, and wearing traditional costumes. The dragon dance symbolizes power, strength, and good luck and is an important part of celebrations.
Beijing is the capital city of China with over 15 million people. It has a long history dating back 700 years. Culturally, China values collectiveness over individualism. In Beijing, etiquette like waiting to be seated for meals and not making noises with chopsticks is important. Public transportation includes trains, subways, buses and bicycles. The climate is continental with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers. Mandarin is the national language and traditional dress and modern fashion reflect Chinese culture.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan instruksi tentang cara mengatur akun email di Microsoft Outlook dengan memilih jenis akun (Exchange, POP3, IMAP), mengisi informasi akun, serta fitur-fitur yang tersedia seperti pengelompokan email berdasarkan warna, keamanan digital, peringatan kotak surat penuh, pencarian cepat, dan integrasi dengan penjadwalan.
Jack is a 12-year-old boy with brown hair who lives with his mother and younger siblings. One day, Jack and his siblings find money in an abandoned railway station, but Jack convinces his younger brother Toby not to take the money because it does not belong to them. Later, Toby tells a policeman about the money, and the police are able to catch the thief who left it there. The police reward the children for their honesty with $50 of their own.
Swayamsiddhi Mitra Sangh's College of Management and Researchsamjabba750
This document provides information about the RUPANTARAN event being held on January 21st and 22nd by SSCMR College. The two-day event will include both management and cultural competitions, as well as sports for participating colleges. The main sponsor will receive prominent branding and promotion benefits. The event also aims to provide education to 1,000 rural youth through a three-month program to be run by student teachers. Contact details are provided for those interested in sponsorship opportunities.
There are three main types of encryption: steganography, cord, and cipher. Common key cryptosystems like DES and AES use the same key for both encryption and decryption, while public key cryptosystems like RSA use different keys - one public key for encoding and one private key for decoding. Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol that ensures secure communications and is often used for credit card transactions and SSL/TLS certificates provide identification on the internet.
Fiber optic cable is constructed with a thin quartz or plastic core surrounded by cladding. Light is transmitted through the core by total internal reflection. There are two main types of fiber optic cables: multi-mode which transmits multiple light modes, and single-mode which transmits a single light mode. Fiber optic systems use a transmitter to convert data into light signals, the optical fiber to carry the signals long distances, a receiver to interpret the signals back into data, and may include regenerators to boost the signals over long runs. Fiber optic cables offer advantages like high data capacity, low signal loss over long distances, and lightweight and flexible construction materials.
China has over 1 billion people, most of whom are Han Chinese. Mandarin is the official language, though many dialects exist. Chinese uses characters instead of an alphabet, with each character representing an idea or object. Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism have influenced Chinese culture, which places importance on family, respect, and harmony. Major festivals include Chinese New Year, Moon Festival, and Dragon Boat Festival.
The document summarizes key symbols and cultural aspects of China. It discusses the Tiananmen as a symbol of modern China and its representation of workers and peasants. It also mentions the giant panda as China's national animal and the Chinese dragon as a symbol of China's feudal monarchy. It provides details on Chinese New Year, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival, describing their dates and traditional activities. It also briefly outlines China's dynastic history and provides an overview of the Hui ethnic minority in China.
China has a long history dating back 4,000 years with evidence of early humans living in the region over 1.7 million years ago. Chinese civilization originated along the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys where Neolithic cultures first developed 7,000-8,000 years ago. The major rivers of China, the Yellow River and Yangtze River, provided water and transportation for early settlements. Ancient Chinese society was organized hierarchically with the king and his family at the top and groups including scholars, farmers, craftsmen, merchants, and slaves below them. Early Chinese religions involved worshipping nature and ancestors before teachings of Confucius and Laozi introduced philosophical reforms. Agriculture, silk production, pottery, wood
China has many ancient traditions that are still celebrated today. Some of the primary festivals and celebrations include:
- Spring Festival (Chinese New Year) celebrated in January/February with offerings to ancestors, feasting, and giving red envelopes.
- Lantern Festival held in February/March where lanterns are lit to honor Buddha and people eat dumplings.
- Dragon Boat Festival in June commemorating a famous poet with boat races and zongzi rice dumplings.
- Winter Solstice Festival in December similar to Christmas with meals of ravioli soup. Traditional customs and festivals remain an important part of Chinese culture.
The group will present on festivals in Hong Kong, including the Hungry Ghost Festival, Chinese New Year, and Dragon Boat Festival. The Hungry Ghost Festival is a month-long festival where people honor ancestors by burning incense and performing plays. Chinese New Year is the most important festival and involves colorful markets, fireworks, parades and traditions celebrating spring. Dragon Boat Festival commemorates a drowned hero and involves dragon boat races and eating zongzi dumplings.
This document provides a detailed overview of Chinese history, culture, and literature from prehistoric times through the modern era. It begins with a brief chronology of prehistoric China divided into the Paleolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Ages. It then covers major dynasties and time periods in Chinese history from the Xia Dynasty through the Qing Dynasty. Key sections also summarize aspects of Chinese culture such as language, food, customs and celebrations, science and technology, eastern martial arts, and traditional Chinese literature including classical texts that have been influential.
The Chinese New Year is the most important celebration in the Chinese calendar. It occurs between late January and mid-February based on the lunar calendar. Traditions include cleaning homes, wearing red, spending time with family, giving money in red envelopes, eating foods like oranges and dumplings for prosperity, and performing dances like the dragon dance to scare away evil spirits. One legend explains how the order of the zodiac animals was determined by their finish in an ancient swimming race. The holiday remains an important part of Chinese culture worldwide.
This document provides an overview of festivals and cuisines in Ghana and China. It describes several national day celebrations and festivals in each country, including their origins and traditions. For Ghana, festivals discussed include Bakatue, Akwasidae, Homowo and Kundum. For China, festivals mentioned are Dragon Boat, Mid-Autumn Mooncake, Lantern and Qingming festivals. The document also gives brief introductions to sample cuisines from each country but does not provide details.
Ancestral Memory In Early China SummaryLisa Kennedy
The document provides an overview of Kenneth E. Brashier's book "Ancestral Memory in Early China" which analyzes the development of ancestral cult worship in China during the Han dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE). The book is organized into five parts and examines issues surrounding how ancient Chinese viewed worshipping ancestors as necessary. Brashier draws on sources like tomb inscriptions to support his arguments about the complex rituals and formal shrine construction involved in ancestral worship during the Han era. Part 1 discusses the concept of "performance theory" and "structured amnesia" where ancestors were only remembered as long as rituals were performed.
The document provides information on several important Chinese festivals, including their dates, locations, and activities. It discusses the New Year of the Miao Ethnic Group celebrated in November in Guizhou with bull fighting and horse racing. The Shoton Festival in Tibet in August features opera performances and drinking yogurt. The Water Splashing Festival in Yunnan in April involves splashing water on each other. It also summarizes Chinese New Year celebrations, the Lantern Festival, Winter Solstice Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Double Seventh Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival.
The Dongtian Scenic Area, located 40 km west of Sanya City, Hainan Province, features beautiful seascapes, mountain views, and rock formations within its 22.5 square km area. Main attractions include Small Caves, Fishing Terraces, Sea Mountain Wonders, Xianren Foot, and Testing Jianfeng. The area has a history of over 800 years as a famous Taoist cultural landscape and contains historical relics, stone carvings, and poems praising its scenery.
Chinese New Year is an important lunar new year festival celebrated in China and by overseas Chinese communities. Key traditions include cleaning houses and decorating with red items for good luck, staying up late on New Year's Eve to ward off a mythical beast, lighting fireworks at midnight, eating family meals and symbolic foods, worshipping ancestors, and performing dragon dances for prosperity. Industry and manufacturing are major contributors to China's economy, producing over 70% of GDP and employing millions of people.
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National Festivals
Importance Of Spring Festival Essay
Ancient China had a complex social hierarchy and culture. The wealthy lived in large compounds with high walls for privacy and protection, while poor families lived in small mud homes. Boys could attend school to learn Confucian philosophy, but daughters had few rights and were expected to obey male relatives. People practiced ancestor worship and also believed in local gods. Festivals honored cultural and religious traditions. The ancient Chinese made advances in technology, including paper, gunpowder, and the compass.
The Chinese New Year, also known as the Spring Festival, is an important 15-day holiday in Chinese culture that is celebrated with family reunions, firecrackers, dragon dances, and the lighting of lanterns. Special foods like dumplings, rice balls, fish, and noodles are eaten for their symbolic meanings of good fortune. Traditional activities over the 15 days include cleaning the house, pasting couplets, family dinners, giving red envelopes, watching galas, and lantern festivals. The New Year is also marked by visiting temples, fireworks, markets, and paying respect to ancestors and gods.
Chinese culture has a long history and is reflected in many aspects of society. Dragon symbolism represents power and good fortune. Traditional Chinese architecture emphasizes bilateral symmetry and width. Confucius' teachings on morality and social relationships were highly influential. Regional cuisines feature bite-sized pieces prepared with emphasis on color, flavor and balance. Martial arts originated over 4000 years ago for purposes such as hunting and self-defense.
The Chinese New Year, also known as the Spring Festival, is an important 15-day holiday in Chinese culture that is celebrated with family reunions, firecrackers, dragon dances, and the lighting of lanterns. Special foods like dumplings, rice balls, fish, and noodles are eaten for their symbolic meanings of togetherness, prosperity, and good fortune in the coming year. Traditional activities over the 15 days include cleaning the house, pasting couplets, family dinners, giving red envelopes, watching galas, and lantern festivals.
The document provides information about festivals, wedding traditions, cuisines, family values, music/theatre arts, literature, martial arts, and social values in China, Japan, and the Philippines. It discusses the Winter Solstice Festival in China and describes several Japanese and Filipino festivals. It also outlines wedding customs and traditions in the three cultures. Details are given about the unique cuisines of each country. The document then explores family values, music/theatre arts, literature, martial arts, and social values in China, Japan, and the Philippines.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSF
Chinees culture
1. China
China is one of the biggest countries in the world. It has an area of about 9.6 million
square kilometres which comprises about 6.5 per cent of the world total land area. Its
population of more than one billion accounts for 23 per cent of the world's population. China
is the world's oldest continuous civilization. World Travel Organization predicts that by year
2020, China will become the number one travel destination in the world.
China is situated in the eastern part of Asia on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is the
third largest country in the world (after Canada and Russia). The distance from east to west
measures over 5,200 kilometres and from north to south, over 5,500 kilometres. When the sun
shines brightly over the Wusuli River in the east, the Pamir Plateau in the west is in the very
early morning. When blizzards wrap the north along the Heilongjiang River in the winter,
spring sowing is underway on Hainan Island in the south.
China has a land border of 22,143.34 kilometres long and is bordered by twelve countries:
Korea in the east; Russian in the northeast and the northwest; Mongolia in the north; India,
Pakistan, Bhutan and Nepal in part of the west and southwest; Burma, Laos and Vietnam in
the south.
Beside a vast land area, there are also extensive neighbouring seas and numerous islands. The
coastline extends more than 14,500 kilometres. Across the East China Sea to the east and
South China Sea to the southeast are Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. More
than 5,000 islands are scattered over China's vast territorial seas; the largest being Taiwan and
the second largest, Hainan. One territorial sea and three neighbouring seas altogether
constitute 4.73 million square kilometres.
2. Chinese culture
China Culture/Chinese Culture is among the worlds oldest and
most complicated. The location through which the culture is
dominant handles a huge geographical region in eastern Asia with
customs and traditions varying significantly between towns,
metropolitan areas and provinces.
Calligraphy has traditionally been regarded as China's highest form
of visual art - to the point that a person's character was judged by
the elegance of their handwriting! Decorative calligraphy is found all over China, in temples
and adorning the walls of caves and the sides of mountains and monuments. The basic tools of
calligraphy - brush and ink - are also the tools of Chinese painting, with line work and tone the
all-important components.
Despite the ravages of time, war and ideology, there's still a lot to see architecturally. Traces of
the past include the imperial structures of Beijing, the colonial buildings of Shanghai, the
occasional rural village and Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist temples. Funerary art was already a
feature of Chinese culture in Neolithic times (9000-6000 BC), ranging from ritual vessels and
weapons to pottery figures, jade and sacrificial vessels made of bronze. Earthenware production
is almost as ancient, with the world's first proto-porcelain being produced in China in the 6th
century AD, reaching its artistic peak under the Song rulers.
China's language is officially Mandarin, as spoken in Beijing. The Chinese call it
Putonghua. About 70% of the population speak Mandarin, but that's just the tip of the linguistic
iceberg. The country is awash with dialects, and dialects within dialects - and few of them are
mutually intelligible. Of the seven major strains, Cantonese is the one most likely to be spoken
in your local Chinese takeaway. It's the lingua franca of Guangdong, southern Guangxi, Hong
Kong and (to an extent) Macau which is the casino capital of China..
3. China's literary heritage is huge, but unfortunately its untranslatability makes much of it
inaccessible to Western readers. Traditionally there are two forms, the classical (largely
Confucian) and the vernacular (such as the prose epics of the Ming dynasty). Chinese theatre is
also known as opera because of the important role played by music, and has spawned such
diverse arts as acrobatics, martial arts and stylised dance. Many Western film-lovers are fans of
Chinese cinema, with releases enjoying success at film festivals and art-house cinemas. Recently
there has been an emergence of talented 'fifth-generation' post-Cultural Revolution directors,
including Zhang Yimou (Red Sorghum, Chen Kaige (Farewell, My Concubine), Wu Ziniu and
Tian Zhuangzhuang. Add to them Hong Kong's East-meets-West action directors John Woo
(Hard Boiled) and Ringo Lam (Full Contact) and you have a full-fledged, extremely successful
film industry.
Chinese cuisine is justifiably famous, memorably diverse - and generally not for the
squeamish. The Chinese themselves like to say they'll eat anything with four legs except a table.
For the most part, however, it's a case of doing ingenious things with a limited number of basic
ingredients. The cuisine can be divided into four regional categories: Beijing/Mandarin and
Shandong (with steamed bread and noodles as staples), Cantonese and Chaozhou (lightly
cooked meats and vegetables), Shanghainese (the home of 'red cooking' and wuxi spare ribs)
and Sichuan (spicy, with lots of chilli). Tea is the most common non-alcoholic beverage on sale,
although Coca-Cola (both original and bogus) is making inroads, while beer is by far the most
popular alcoholic drink. 'Wine' is a loose term which can cover oxidised and herb-soaked
concoctions, rice wine and wine containing lizards, bees or pickled snakes. Another favourite is
mao-tai, a spirit made from sorghum which smells like rubbing alcohol and makes a good
substitute for petrol or paint thinner.
4. 1.Chinese Festivals and Holidays
January 1st This day is not celebrated as much as it is in other parts of the world because it is
overshadowed by the Chinese New Year (Lunar Festival).
Spring Festival - Chinese New Year
In year 2000, it starts on 5th of February, which is
the 4697th Chinese year.
Chinese believe that the first king of China was King
Yellow (he was not the first emperor of China who
completed the Great Wall). King Yellow became a
king in 2697 B.C. , therefore year 2000 is the 4697th Chinese year.
The Chinese New Year is now popularly known as the Spring Festival because it starts from the
Beginning of Spring (the first of the twenty-four terms in coordination with the changes of
Nature). Its origin is too old to be traced. Several explanations are hanging around. All agree,
however, that the word Nian, which in modern Chinese solely means "year", was originally the
name of a monster beast that started to prey on people the night before the beginning of a new
year (We are talking about the new year in terms of the Chinese calendar).
One legend goes that the beast Nian had a very big mouth that would
swallow a great many people with one bite. People were very scared.
One day, an old man came to their rescue, offering to subdue Nian.
To Nian he said, "I hear say that you are very capable, but can you
swallow the other beasts of prey on earth instead of people who are by
no means of your worthy opponents?" So, swallow it did many of the
beasts of prey on earth that also harassed people and their domestic animals from time to time.
After that, the old man disappeared riding the beast Nian. He turned out to be an immortal
god. Now that Nian is gone and other beasts of prey are also scared into forests, people begin
to enjoy their peaceful life. Before the old man left, he had told people to put up red paper
decorations on their windows and doors at each year's end to scare away Nian in case it
sneaked back again, because red is the colour the beast feared the most.
5. From then on, the tradition of observing the conquest of Nian is carried on from generation to
generation. The term "Guo Nian", which may mean "Survive the Nian”, becomes today
"Celebrate the (New) Year" as the word "guo" in Chinese having both the meaning of "pass-over"
and "observe". The custom of putting up red paper and firing fire-crackers to scare away Nian
should it have a chance to run loose is still around.
However, people today have long forgotten why they are doing all this, except that they feel the
color and the sound add to the excitement of the celebration.
The biggest and most celebrated festival in China and south east Asia. New Year's Eve dinner is
the most important event when the whole family is present. Special foods are served and more
meat than the usual is prepared. Fireworks will break the night, scaring the demons and bad
luck away. Pictures of the Door Gods will be posted on the outside door with couples limned
in bright red. Folk art poster, paper cutting and lucky wordings on bright red paper will be
posted on the wall and windows.
The Lantern Festival
15th of 1st month of Chinese Calendar
It marks the end of the Chinese New Year Season, always 15 days
after Lunar New Year Day. Lantern exhibits, lion and dragon
dances, and eating Tang Yuan (ball-shaped boiled sweet rice
dumplings with delicious stuffings) are events today. It is very much
celebrated in the rural areas by farmers.
The Eve of the New Year is very carefully observed. Supper is a
feast, with all members coming together. One of the most popular
courses is jiaozi, dumplings boiled in water. "Jiaozi" in Chinese
literally mean "sleep together and have sons", a long-lost good wish
for a family. After dinner, it is time for the whole family to sit up
for the night while having fun playing cards or board games or
watching TV programs dedicated to the ocassion. Every light is
supposed to be kept on the whole night. At midnight, the whole sky will be lit up by fireworks
and firecrackers make everywhere seem like a war zone. People's excitement reaches its zenith.
Very early the next morning, children greet their parents and receive their presents in terms of
cash wrapped up in red paper packages from them. Then, the family start out to say greetings
from door to door, first their relatives and then their neighbors. It is a great time for
reconciliation. Old grudges are very easily cast away during the greetings. The air is permeated
6. with warmth and friendliness. During and several days following the New Year's day, people are
visiting each other, with a great deal of exchange of gifs. The New Year atmosphere is brought
to an anti-climax fifteen days away where the Festival of Lanterns sets in. It is an occasion of
lantern shows and folk dances everywhere. One typical food is the Tang Yuan, another kind of
dumplings made of sweet rice rolled into balls and stuffed with either sweet or spicy fillings.
The Lantern Festival marks the end of the New Year season and afterwards life becomes daily
routines once again. This description is based upon the recollection of my own experience.
Customs of observing the New Year vary from place to place, considering that China is a big
country not only geographically, but also demographically and ethnically. Yet, the spirit
underlying the diverse celebrations of the Chinese New Year is the same: a sincere wish of
peace and happiness for the family members and friends.
Women's Day
March 8 International Women's Day
Women employees will get a whole or an half paid day-off on the day.
Chinese Qing Ming
5th of 3rd Month of Chinese Calender Qing Ming
A day when people visit cemeteries to pay respect to their departed ancestors.
Water Splashing Festival
Mid April Chinese Calender
The most important festival of the year for the
Dai people in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan
Province. A festival that washes away the
demons of the old year and welcomes the joy
of the new.
May 1 Labour Day
Employees will enjoy a paid day-off. Celebration parties in parks took place as parades on the
day.
May 4th Chinese Youth Day
Commemorating the 1919 student demonstration against foreign aggression.
Dragon Boat Festival
5th of 5th Month of Chinese Calender
7. It is in memory of a great patriot poet of the State of Chu during the warring States period (475-
221 B.C.), Qu Yuan who drowned himself to protest his emperor who gave in to the bully State
of Chin. To avoid the fish to consume his body, people of Chin launched their boats and threw
rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves into the river where he was drowned to feed the fish.
People today still eat the bamboo-leaf rice dumplings (zong zi). Teams of dragon boats, similar
to long canoes, train for weeks for the contests in this day, not only in China, but also in other
Asian countries with Chinese populations.
Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival
15th of 8th month of Chinese Calender
Mid-Autumn Festival
This is a festival for people who love to
admire the full moon, while the moon on
this day is the fullest and largest to the eye.
The whole family gather together, feasting
in good wine, fruits, nuts and cakes.
As in most ethnic holidays, there are legends to honour. The most popular legend for this
holiday is traced to the year 2000 B.C. This is the story of Hou Yih, an officer of the imperial
guards.
One day, ten suns suddenly appeared in the sky. The emperor, greatly perturbed and fearful
that this occurrence presaged some great evil to his people, ordered Hou Yih, an expert archer,
to shoot nine of the suns out of the sky. The great skills with which Hou Yih accomplished this
feat impressed the Goddess of the Western Heaven.
Since Hou Yih was also a talented architect, the Goddess commissioned him to build her a
palace made of multicoloured jade. His work so pleased the Goddess that she rewarded him
with the possibility of everlasting life. She gave him the elixir of immortality in the form of a
pill. He was not to swallow the pill until he had undergone a year of prayer and fasting. Hou
took the pill home and hid it.
Hou's wife was a divinely beautiful woman named Chang Oh. One day she discovered the
hidden pill and she swallowed it. The resulting punishment was immediate and Chang Oh
found herself airborne, bound for eternal banishment on the moon. As she soared upwards,
her husband, Hou Yih, desperately tried to follow but was swept back to earth by a typhoon.
Chang Oh's divine beauty enhanced the brilliance of the moon with her own radiance. Now,
Chinese people gather each Moon Festival to admire
her.
Nadam Fair
July / August Nadam Fair
A seven-day Mongolian festival featuring horseback
riding, archery and wrestling.
8. National Day
October 1
It is the anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Employees
enjoy two paid-
2. China Language
These two characters read Hua Xia, another name for China
People often have the impression that Chinese characters are extremely difficult to learn. In
fact, if you were to attempt to learn how to write Chinese characters, you would find that they
are not nearly as difficult as you may have imagined. And they certainly qualify as forming one
of the most fascinating, beautiful, logical and scientifically constructed writing systems in the
world. Each stroke has its own special significance. If you are familiar with the principles
governing the composition of Chinese characters, you will find it very easy to remember even
the most complicated looking character and never miss a stroke.
The earliest known examples of Chinese written characters in their developed form are carved
into tortoise shells and ox bones. The majority of these characters are pictographs.
Archaeologists and epigraphers of various countries have learned that most early writing
systems went through a pictographic stage, as did the Egyptian hieroglyphics. Most writing
systems, however, eventually developed a phonetic alphabet to represent the sounds of spoken
language rather than visual images perceived in the physical world.
Chinese is the only major writing system of the world that continued
its pictograph-based development without interruption and that is still
in general modern use. But not all Chinese characters are simply
impressionistic sketches of concrete objects. Chinese characters
9. incorporate meaning and sound as well as visual image into a coherent whole.
In traditional etymology, Chinese characters are classified into six different methods of
character composition and use these six categories are
called the Liu Shu.
The Liu Shu categories are:
(1)pictographs xiang xing;
(2)ideographs ji shi;
(3)compound ideographs hui yi;
(4)compounds with both phonetic and meaning
elements xing sheng;
(5)characters which are assigned a new written form to better reflect a changed
pronunciation quan qu;
(6)characters used to represent a homophone or near-homophone that are unrelated in
meaning to the new word they represent jia jie.
There is a theoretical total of almost 50,000 written Chinese characters; only about 5,000 of
these are frequently used. Among these 5,000, if you learn about 200 key words that are most
often repeated in daily use, then you can say you know Chinese. Really learning to read and
write Chinese is not nearly so formidable a task at all.
Dialects
Because there has long been a single method for writing Chinese and a common literary and
cultural history, a tradition has grown up of referring to the eight main varieties of speech in
China as dialects'. But in fact, they are as different from each other (mainly in pronunciation
and vocabulary) as French or Spanish is from Italian, the dialects of the southeast being
linguistically the furthest apart. The mutual unintelligibility of the varieties is the main ground
for referring to them as separate languages. However, it must also be recognized that each
variety consists of a large number of dialects, many of which may themselves be referred to as
languages. The boundaries between one so-called language and the next are not always easy to
define.
The Chinese refer to themselves and their language, in any of the forms below, as Han - a
name which derives from the Han dynasty (202 BC-AD 220). Han Chinese is thus to be
distinguished from the non-Han minority languages used in China. There are over 50 of these
10. languages (such as Tibetan, Russian, Uighur, Kazakh, Mongolian, and Korean), spoken by
around 6% of the population.
100% Han Chinese and some non-Han minority Chinese write and read the same Chinese,
unlike the situation with dialects in China.
3. The Education System in China
The education system in China is somewhat different than we are used to in the western world
and we will in this article guide you through the various steps that is the Chinese school.
Every Chinese has a nine year long compulsory education which consists of six years in Junior
school and three years in Middle school. After you’ve completed these levels you have the
possibility to attend High school or, alternatively, an occupational training. A good score on a
national entrance exam is required if one wishes to go on with higher learning’s. The better
results, the better are the possibilities to get accepted at a prestigious university.
Higher learning’s
Degree of Bachelor
The Degree of Bachelor stretches over a period of five to six years. More than half of the
studies consist of mandatory courses even though the students of today, compared to 10-20
years ago, have greater possibilities to themselves combine courses to create their own
education. Combinations of English, economics and technology are for example very popular.
You can still though sense a touch of the “old China” as many students take part in ideological
courses which are meant to create a national identity.
11. Second Bachelor
Post finishing their Bachelor studies, the students have the possibility to deepen themselves by
taking a new course related to their first Degree of Bachelor. These studies usually last for two
years.
Degree of Master
Students can also deepen their Degree of Bachelor and obtain a Masters. This is only possible
at around 500 universities – put this is relation to the fact that China has a population of over 1
billion. The Degree of Master lasts between two and three years and mainly consists of
composing and upholding an essay.
To get accepted to this education it takes that the student passes an English test as well as tests
in politics and political science – this can vary a bit depending on the intentions of the student.
Education undergoing changes as well
Just as the economy of China is undergoing changes so is the education. Nowadays, there are
more and more universities that are not directly governed by the Ministry of Education and
universities themselves have a chance to steer the course content and teaching materials, etc.
Private educations are also allowed even though there are very few private institutions. On the
whole, the Chinese education system is attempting to meet the needs of the labor market –
which we know is constantly changing.
4. National Flag, National Emblem and National Anthem
The national flag of the PRC is a red rectangle emblazoned with five stars.
The red of the flag symbolizes revolution; the stars are yellow so that they will stand out brightly
against the red ground. The larger star represents the CPC and the four smaller ones, the
Chinese people. This expresses the great unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of
the CPC.
12. The national emblem of the PRC features Tiananmen Gate beneath the five shining stars,
encircled by ears of grain and with a cogwheel at the bottom. The ears of grain, stars,
Tiananmen and cogwheel are gold; the field within the circle is red, as are the ribbons
festooning the bottom of the circle. These two colors traditionally represent auspiciousness and
happiness.
Tiananmen symbolizes the unyielding spirit of the Chinese people in their fight against
imperialism and feudalism; the cogwheel and ears of grain represent the working class and the
peasantry, respectively; the five stars, as above, stand for the great unity of the Chinese people
under the leadership of the CPC.
The national anthem was written in 1935, with lyrics by the noted poet Tian Han and music by
the famous composer Nie Er. The lyrics are as follows:
Arise, ye who refuse to be slaves;
With our very flesh and blood
Let us build our new Great Wall!
The peoples of China are at their most critical time,
Everybody must roar defiance.
Arise! Arise! Arise!
Millions of hearts with one mind,
Brave the enemy's gunfire,
March on!
Brave the enemy's gunfire,
March on! March on! March on, on!
This song, originally named March of the Volunteers, was the theme song of the film, Sons and
Daughters in a Time of Storm. The film tells the story of those who went to the front to fight
13. the Japanese invaders in northeast China in the 1930s, when the fate of the nation was hanging
in the balance.
Moving and powerful, the March of the Volunteers gave voice to the Chinese people's
determination to sacrifice themselves for national liberation, expressing China's admirable
tradition of courage, resolution and unity in fighting foreign aggression. It was for this reason
that the CPPCC on September 27, 1949 decided to adopt the song as the provisional national
anthem of the PRC, and the NPC on December 4, 1982 officially decided to adopt the song as
the national anthem of the PRC.
5. Climate
China has a marked continental monsoonal climate characterized by great variety.
Northerly winds prevail in winter, while southerly winds reign in summer. The four seasons are
quite distinct. The rainy season coincides with the hot season. From September to April the
following year, the dry and cold winter monsoons from Siberia and Mongolia in the north
gradually become weak as they reach the southern part of the country, resulting in cold and dry
winters and great differences in temperature. The summer monsoons last from April to
September.
The warm and moist summer monsoons from the oceans bring abundant rainfall and high
temperatures, with little difference in temperature between the south and the north. China's
complex and varied climate results in a great variety of temperature belts, and dry and moist
zones. In terms of temperature, the nation can be sectored from south to north into equatorial,
tropical, sub-tropical, warm-temperate, temperate, and cold-temperate zones; in terms of
moisture, it can be sectored from southeast to northwest into humid (32 percent of land area),
semi-humid (15 percent), semi-arid (22 percent) and arid zones (31 percent).
14. 6. Fauna and Flora
China is one of the countries with the greatest diversity of wildlife in the world. There are
more than 4,400 species of vertebrates, more than 10 percent of the world's total. There are
nearly 500 animal species, 1,189 species of birds, more than 320 species of reptiles and 210
species of amphibians. Wildlife peculiar to China includes such well-known animals as the
giant panda, golden-haired monkey, South China tiger, brown-eared pheasant, white-flag
dolphin, Chinese alligator and red-crowned crane, totaling more than 100 species. The giant
panda is an especially attractive sight. Heavily built, it has a docile disposition, and is delightfully
adorable. The 1.2-m-tall red-crowned crane is a snow-white migratory bird. A distinctive patch
of red skin tops its grey-brown head, hence its name. The white-flag dolphin is one of only two
species of freshwater whale in the world. In 1980, a male white-flag dolphin was caught for the
first time in the Yangtze River, which aroused great interest among dolphin researchers
worldwide.
China has some of the most abundant plant life in the world. There are more than 32,000
species of higher plants, and almost all the major plants that grow in the northern hemisphere's
frigid, temperate and tropical zones are represented in China. In addition, there are more than
7,000 species of woody plants, including 2,800 tree species. The met sequoia, Chinese cypress,
Cathay tree, China fir, golden larch, Taiwan fir, Fujian cypress, dove-tree, encomia and
camplotheca acuminata are found only in China. The met sequoia, a tall species of arbour, is
considered as one of the oldest and rarest plants in the world. The golden larch, one of only
five species of rare garden trees in the world, grow in the mountain areas in the Yangtze River
valley. Its coin-shaped leaves on short branches are green in spring and summer, turning yellow
in autumn. China is home to more than 2,000 species of edible plants and 3,000 species of
medicinal plants. Ginseng from the Chinghai Mountains, safflowers from Tibet, Chinese
wolfberry from Ningxia and not ginseng from Yunnan and Huizhou are particularly well-known
Chinese herbal medicines. There is a wide variety of flowering plants. A flower indigenous to
China, the elegant and graceful peony is treasured as the "colon of the nation and the scent of
heaven." Three famous species of flowers--the azalea, fairy primrose and rough gentian--grow in
southwest China. During the flowering period, mountain slopes covered with flowers in a riot
of colours form a delightful contrast with undulating ridges and peaks.
15. In a concerted effort to protect the nation's zoological and botanical resources, and save species
close to extinction, China has established 1.146 nature reserves to protect forests and wildlife,
with a total area of 88.13 million ha. The 15 nature reserves in China, namely, Sichuan's
Wolong and Jiuzhaigou, Jilin's Changbai Mountains, Guangdong's Dinghu Mountains,
Guizhou's Fanjing Mountains, Fujian's Wuyi Mountains, Hubei's Shennongjia, Inner
Mongolia's Xilingol, Xinjiang's Mt. Bogda, Yunnan's Xishuangbanna, Jiangsu's Yancheng,
Zhejiang's Tianmu Mountains Nanji and Islands Guizhou's Maolan and Heilongjiang's Fenglin,
have joined the "International People and Bio-sphere Protection Network." Heilongjiang's
Zhalong, Jilin's Xianghai, Hunan's Dongting Lake, Jiangxi's Poyang Lake, Qinghai's Bird Island,
Hainan's Dongzhai Harbor and Hong Kong's Mai Po have been included in the listing of the
world's important wetlands.
7. Cooperation and Political Consultation
China is a country of many peoples and many political parties. Before the state adopts
important measures or makes decisions on issues having a bearing on the national economy
and the people's livelihood, the CPC, as the party in power, consults with representatives of all
ethnic groups, political parties and non-Party personages, and all other social sectors, in order
to reach a common understanding. This system of multi-party cooperation and political
consultation led by the CPC is a basic political system in China.Multi-party cooperation and
political consultation take two principal forms: (1) The Chinese People's Political Consultative
Conference (CPPCC); (2) consultative conferences and forums participated in by non-
Communist parties and unaffiliated democrats at the invitation of the CPC Central Committee
and local Party committees. The CPPCC is neither a state organ, nor an ordinary mass
organization. It is a widely representative, patriotic united front organization of the Chinese
people, first established in September 1949. The CPPCC has a national committee and local
committees established in the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the
Central Government and counties (cities). The CPPCC consists of representatives of the CPC,
the non-Communist parties, unaffiliated individuals, people's organizations, ethnic minorities
and other social strata, compatriots from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, returned overseas
Chinese, and specially invited individuals. The committees at various levels hold plenary
sessions once a year. When the committee is not in session, special activities for the committee
members are organized, including inspection tours of various localities. Consultative
16. discussions are held on significant issues relating to major state policies, important local affairs,
the people's livelihood and united front work. Democratic supervision is exercised over the
work of state organs and the fulfilment of the Constitution and laws through the offering of
opinions, proposals and criticisms. When the people's congresses are convened, CPPCC
committee members are invited to attend and fully air their views. The current chairman of the
CPPCC National Committee is Li Ruthann. Once a year, the leaders of the CPC Central
Committee invite the leaders of the non-Communist parties and representatives of non-Party
democrats to meetings for consultation; forums are held every other month. The former focus
on major state policies; the latter on information exchanges, reception of policy proposals and
discussion of certain special issues.