Pentagon 2012 Report on China is markedly different from the previous ones given that there appears to be acceptance of China's rising military potential and PLAs pat
The presentation summarizes Mongolia's economic outlook and key challenges. Deteriorating global economic conditions have negatively impacted Mongolia's growth and external balances. While GDP is forecast to grow 10% in 2012 and 12% in 2013, the current account deficit has increased significantly, putting pressure on the currency. Fiscal policy has also been procyclical, with spending outpacing revenues and increasing the budget deficit. Off-budget spending by state banks is adding to demand pressures and undermining fiscal rules. Inflation remains high, and further commodity price falls would severely impact the economy. Priority must be given to fiscal restraint and reform to contain deficits and debt in order to stabilize the economy amid global uncertainties.
The document discusses several key factors that affect exchange rates between the Pakistani rupee and US dollar:
1) Inflation - Higher inflation in Pakistan relative to the US has contributed to the rupee's depreciation against the dollar.
2) Declining foreign reserves - Pakistan's debt repayments to the IMF have reduced its foreign reserves, putting downward pressure on the rupee.
3) Balance of payments - A lack of expected inflows like remittances and US aid have exacerbated Pakistan's current account deficit and weakened the rupee.
- Emerging economies face renewed financial turbulence as their currencies have depreciated sharply against the U.S. dollar in January 2014.
- The U.S. economy registered robust GDP growth in the fourth quarter of 2013, growing at an annualized rate of 3.2%.
- The economic performance of developing countries in the last quarter of 2013 was heterogeneous, with some facing currency pressures and others seeing stronger than expected growth.
The document summarizes the global economic recession and provides an outlook for the US and global economies. It notes that the recession began in the US and spread internationally, with falling global demand. The US economy is expected to experience a sharp contraction, with declines in housing, consumer spending and business investment. Government stimulus policies are intended to help stabilize financial markets and boost demand. The outlook calls for continued declines in early 2009, but a gradual recovery beginning in late 2009, led initially by the US economy.
Despite hopes that the anti-QE rhetoric would die down, the noise continued last week, and unfortunately, become more political. One of the key aspects of the Fed is its independence. The Fed is answerable to Congress, and ultimately, to the American people. However, it is not controlled by Congress – nor would we want it to be controlled by Congress. Attacks on the Fed and its latest round of asset purchases aren’t helping.
The document is a financial analysis of Hindalco Industries for 2006-07 to 2007-08. It includes an acknowledgement, synopsis, and sections on the global and country environment/outlook. The synopsis indicates the analysis contains EIC analysis, Porter's Five Forces industry analysis, and financial statement analysis including various ratios and Du-Pont analysis to examine trends. The global environment section describes the large global financial crisis and economic downturn, while the country outlook section discusses how past crises have impacted India's exports and real economy.
Factors that affect the Pakistani rupee and US dollar exchange rate include inflation, interest rates, speculation, balance of payments, and public debt. If inflation is lower in the US, the dollar becomes more competitive and demand for the dollar increases. Higher US interest rates also increase demand for the dollar. Speculation over political events or commodity prices can influence currency values. A current account deficit or lack of capital inflows to finance the deficit can cause currency depreciation. A country's public debt level and debt rating also impact how attractive it is to foreign investors and its exchange rate.
The document summarizes a presentation given at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on November 20, 2009. The presentation covered global and domestic economic conditions, the real estate crisis, financial markets, monetary policy challenges, a monetary policy recommendation, and a draft FOMC policy directive. The presentation considered three potential economic recovery scenarios - a rapid "V-shaped" recovery, a slow "L-shaped" recovery, or a double-dip "W-shaped" recovery. The recommendation was to maintain the target federal funds rate at 0-0.25% at the next FOMC meeting.
The presentation summarizes Mongolia's economic outlook and key challenges. Deteriorating global economic conditions have negatively impacted Mongolia's growth and external balances. While GDP is forecast to grow 10% in 2012 and 12% in 2013, the current account deficit has increased significantly, putting pressure on the currency. Fiscal policy has also been procyclical, with spending outpacing revenues and increasing the budget deficit. Off-budget spending by state banks is adding to demand pressures and undermining fiscal rules. Inflation remains high, and further commodity price falls would severely impact the economy. Priority must be given to fiscal restraint and reform to contain deficits and debt in order to stabilize the economy amid global uncertainties.
The document discusses several key factors that affect exchange rates between the Pakistani rupee and US dollar:
1) Inflation - Higher inflation in Pakistan relative to the US has contributed to the rupee's depreciation against the dollar.
2) Declining foreign reserves - Pakistan's debt repayments to the IMF have reduced its foreign reserves, putting downward pressure on the rupee.
3) Balance of payments - A lack of expected inflows like remittances and US aid have exacerbated Pakistan's current account deficit and weakened the rupee.
- Emerging economies face renewed financial turbulence as their currencies have depreciated sharply against the U.S. dollar in January 2014.
- The U.S. economy registered robust GDP growth in the fourth quarter of 2013, growing at an annualized rate of 3.2%.
- The economic performance of developing countries in the last quarter of 2013 was heterogeneous, with some facing currency pressures and others seeing stronger than expected growth.
The document summarizes the global economic recession and provides an outlook for the US and global economies. It notes that the recession began in the US and spread internationally, with falling global demand. The US economy is expected to experience a sharp contraction, with declines in housing, consumer spending and business investment. Government stimulus policies are intended to help stabilize financial markets and boost demand. The outlook calls for continued declines in early 2009, but a gradual recovery beginning in late 2009, led initially by the US economy.
Despite hopes that the anti-QE rhetoric would die down, the noise continued last week, and unfortunately, become more political. One of the key aspects of the Fed is its independence. The Fed is answerable to Congress, and ultimately, to the American people. However, it is not controlled by Congress – nor would we want it to be controlled by Congress. Attacks on the Fed and its latest round of asset purchases aren’t helping.
The document is a financial analysis of Hindalco Industries for 2006-07 to 2007-08. It includes an acknowledgement, synopsis, and sections on the global and country environment/outlook. The synopsis indicates the analysis contains EIC analysis, Porter's Five Forces industry analysis, and financial statement analysis including various ratios and Du-Pont analysis to examine trends. The global environment section describes the large global financial crisis and economic downturn, while the country outlook section discusses how past crises have impacted India's exports and real economy.
Factors that affect the Pakistani rupee and US dollar exchange rate include inflation, interest rates, speculation, balance of payments, and public debt. If inflation is lower in the US, the dollar becomes more competitive and demand for the dollar increases. Higher US interest rates also increase demand for the dollar. Speculation over political events or commodity prices can influence currency values. A current account deficit or lack of capital inflows to finance the deficit can cause currency depreciation. A country's public debt level and debt rating also impact how attractive it is to foreign investors and its exchange rate.
The document summarizes a presentation given at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on November 20, 2009. The presentation covered global and domestic economic conditions, the real estate crisis, financial markets, monetary policy challenges, a monetary policy recommendation, and a draft FOMC policy directive. The presentation considered three potential economic recovery scenarios - a rapid "V-shaped" recovery, a slow "L-shaped" recovery, or a double-dip "W-shaped" recovery. The recommendation was to maintain the target federal funds rate at 0-0.25% at the next FOMC meeting.
Global financial and economic crisis and its influence on national economy of...Ruhull
For an overall estimation of the current crisis, we should highlight its three important characteristics:
This crisis itself represents the first world crisis of global capitalism, which happened after the collapse of the world socialistic system;
The current crisis serves as a crisis of the global liberalism model, pointing to the imperfection of modern economic system;
The current crisis can be considered as a turning point in the global economic system and in national economic models, as well as in economic science.
All these features give it the enormity and the increased level of risks
The document discusses currency devaluation in Pakistan over several decades. It provides background on currency devaluation, including definitions, examples of Pakistan's currency (rupee) being devalued historically with reasons, effects of devaluation on exports/imports and trade balances, and factors influencing Pakistan's recent devaluations. Both positive and negative economic impacts of devaluation are examined, as well as strategies to prevent further devaluation. The aviation industry is discussed as one directly impacted by changes in currency value.
The document provides an analysis of emerging markets and currency forecasts for selected countries. Key points include:
- Emerging market currencies declined in June due to decreased US dollar liquidity and slowing China growth but some currencies may now be undervalued.
- The US Federal Reserve did not taper quantitative easing as expected, lessening concerns about a rapid cutback in stimulus.
- Currencies of countries with active central banks and large reserves like India and Brazil are viewed positively, while Turkey's currency is viewed negatively due to a weakening current account and battle with inflation.
- Country analyses and 3-month currency forecasts are provided for Russia, Poland, Turkey, and South Africa. Russia and Turkey face economic challenges
To focus on the study of examine “U.S. financial crisis and its impact on Ind...Rahul Dabhi
The document discusses different currencies used globally and factors that influence currency exchange rates such as interest rates and economic opportunities in a country. It defines a financial crisis as a rapid fall in the value of one or more currencies, more likely in emerging markets with high foreign currency borrowing. A financial crisis involves investors withdrawing money from savings accounts, an economic downturn, and stock market crashes. Government responses to speculative attacks on a currency include devaluing the exchange rate, intervening in foreign exchange markets, and raising interest rates. The chapter reviews literature on the impact of the global financial crisis on India's GDP and the relative resilience of the Indian economy.
The document discusses whether the U.S. economy has achieved "escape velocity," which refers to a self-sustaining economic recovery that allows the Fed to end its bond purchase program. It notes that many economists believe the U.S. will reach escape velocity in 2014 due to broad economic strength and reduced fiscal drag. However, inflation remains below the Fed's target and further tapering will depend on economic data. The document also examines factors like China's economic transition and the implications for commodities.
- Upcoming inflation may benefit gold prices, especially if inflation persists longer than expected by central banks. Inflation expectations have risen significantly in recent months.
- The large US twin deficits could negatively impact the economy and support gold prices. The US current account and fiscal deficits have ballooned to record levels.
- While gold does not always rise when deficits increase, it has benefited in past periods when easy fiscal policy was accompanied by accommodative monetary policy, as is the case currently. The Fed intends to keep interest rates low to support economic recovery.
How can EMs weather the first Fed rate hike?QNB Group
The document discusses how emerging markets can weather the expected first interest rate hike by the US Federal Reserve later in 2015. It summarizes the lessons that can be learned from the 2013 "taper tantrum" when the Fed announced a possible reduction in asset purchases. During the taper tantrum, emerging markets experienced significant capital outflows as investor money flowed back to the US, forcing many emerging markets to raise interest rates, adjust currency and tax policies, and accept currency depreciation to stabilize the situation and reduce large current account deficits. As another Fed rate hike looms, emerging markets are considering using a mix of monetary tightening, targeted legal changes, and managed exchange rate adjustment to ease outflows while achieving macroeconomic rebalancing.
The June 2009 FOMC meeting occurred amid improved yet still negative economic conditions. Financial markets had strengthened with rising stock prices and reduced corporate debt spreads. Interest rates in the markets were rising, which the FOMC debated could signal either tighter credit or an improving economy. The Fed staff forecast a contraction in Q2 GDP but growth returning in Q3, and unemployment peaking that year. Inflation was projected to remain subdued due to economic slack. The Fed maintained its large scale asset purchases (LSAP) while monitoring the impacts of interest rate movements and its expanding balance sheet on the economy and inflation outlook.
- Commodity prices, including agricultural, metals, and oil prices declined in early 2013 due to weak global demand and increased supplies. Global trade growth barely expanded over the first quarter of 2013 and slowed below 1% due to sluggish global demand.
- The US economy grew at an annualized rate of 2.5% in the first quarter, led by private consumption and investment. Unemployment fell slightly. Japan's economy exhibited some growth in the first quarter but levels remained below pre-crisis levels.
- The ECB cut interest rates and maintained unconventional monetary policies to stimulate the weak eurozone economy, which remains in recession. Economic growth was subdued or declined across many developed and emerging
This monthly briefing highlights that anaemic economic recovery is accompanied by tame inflation in developed economies; that GDP growth is stronger than expected in the United States and that currencies in some emerging economies are under pressure again.
For more information:
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_mb.shtml
The document provides a prediction for the stock market and Dow Jones Industrial Average in 2014. It analyzes several indicators that could affect the market such as inflation rates, gold prices, and the Federal Reserve's tapering of quantitative easing. Based on these factors, the document predicts that inflation will increase in 2014, gold prices will rise, and the Dow Jones will decline, resulting in an overall bearish market.
- Global financial turmoil amid expectations that major central banks will taper quantitative easing programs, particularly in the US
- Significant capital outflows and sharp depreciation of currencies in developing countries as a result, while bond yields increased in developed nations
- Large emerging economies like Brazil, India, and Russia continue to face domestic economic vulnerabilities and slowing growth
- Western Europe shows signs of stabilizing but economic activity remains at low levels with high unemployment
- Global markets declined and bond yields rose as economic data increased expectations of central banks reducing monetary stimulus. The US market declined the most while European and emerging markets gained.
- In Asia, markets in Hong Kong, South Korea and Australia performed well but India and Singapore declined. Japan's GDP growth slowed.
- European equity markets rose as data pointed to economic expansion returning. UK and German data was also positive.
- US retail sales rose slightly but manufacturing data was weaker, increasing expectations of the Fed tapering bond purchases and causing markets to decline.
Presentación del Vicepresidente Liberman en la Reunión Anual de Directores Ej...Casa Presidencial
Presentación del Vicepresidente Liberman en la Reunión Anual de Directores Ejecutivos Latinoamericanos, en la Ciudad de Panamá donde expuso acerca del desempeño de Costa Rica en materia de inversiones y clima para hacer negocios.
The document discusses China's policy of currency devaluation and its impacts. It notes that since 2003, China has devalued its currency to gain a competitive advantage in exports. This has boosted Chinese exports while hurting exports of other countries. The devaluation also allows China to run large trade surpluses. However, constant large trade surpluses through devaluation are not a sustainable long-term strategy and China should restructure its economy and let market forces determine its currency value more.
Industrial production and economic growth in Mongolia continued to slow in the first quarter of 2015, with mining and electricity production experiencing weaker growth compared to previous periods. Exports also declined significantly in February and March due to falling commodity prices, worsening the current account balance. Deteriorating asset quality and tighter credit conditions in the banking sector added pressure to the economy.
China has the second largest economy globally and is projected to surpass the US by 2020. It has experienced strong and consistent GDP growth for decades, averaging around 7-9% annually, though growth has slowed recently. China has a one-party communist government and is transitioning its economy from manufacturing and exports to more domestic consumption and innovation. It faces challenges from a slowing housing market and global economic uncertainties.
Essay on Chinese economic power - Tomas VaclavicekTomas Vaclavicek
This document provides an overview of China's economic rise from 1978-2015. It notes that China surpassed the US to become the world's largest economy in 2014 based on purchasing power parity. Key developments included China becoming the world's leading exporter and FDI recipient. The economy experienced rapid wage growth and poverty reduction, growing the middle class. While state-owned enterprises declined, the role of the private sector and economic liberalization in driving growth is debated. The document examines theories attributing China's success to state intervention versus gradual market liberalization and privatization.
This document provides an executive summary of the 2020 Annual Report on military and security developments involving the People's Republic of China. It discusses China's national strategy of achieving great rejuvenation by 2049 through expanding its national power and revising the international order. It also summarizes China's foreign policy and its intensified efforts in 2019 to strengthen its armed forces. The report examines how China views itself in strategic competition with the United States and its pursuit of becoming a world-class military through extensive modernization over the past 20 years.
South Korea is likely to manage an H1N1 pandemic through preventative measures and its universal healthcare system. While South Korea will likely lack enough vaccine for its entire population, it will prioritize high-risk groups for inoculation. The South Korean government and healthcare system have taken steps to handle an H1N1 outbreak through vaccination, quarantine, and ensuring access to treatment.
geopolitics of china, political weight index, governmental weight index, budget, budget per capita, china political economy
http://iilss.net/
http://maynter.com
Global financial and economic crisis and its influence on national economy of...Ruhull
For an overall estimation of the current crisis, we should highlight its three important characteristics:
This crisis itself represents the first world crisis of global capitalism, which happened after the collapse of the world socialistic system;
The current crisis serves as a crisis of the global liberalism model, pointing to the imperfection of modern economic system;
The current crisis can be considered as a turning point in the global economic system and in national economic models, as well as in economic science.
All these features give it the enormity and the increased level of risks
The document discusses currency devaluation in Pakistan over several decades. It provides background on currency devaluation, including definitions, examples of Pakistan's currency (rupee) being devalued historically with reasons, effects of devaluation on exports/imports and trade balances, and factors influencing Pakistan's recent devaluations. Both positive and negative economic impacts of devaluation are examined, as well as strategies to prevent further devaluation. The aviation industry is discussed as one directly impacted by changes in currency value.
The document provides an analysis of emerging markets and currency forecasts for selected countries. Key points include:
- Emerging market currencies declined in June due to decreased US dollar liquidity and slowing China growth but some currencies may now be undervalued.
- The US Federal Reserve did not taper quantitative easing as expected, lessening concerns about a rapid cutback in stimulus.
- Currencies of countries with active central banks and large reserves like India and Brazil are viewed positively, while Turkey's currency is viewed negatively due to a weakening current account and battle with inflation.
- Country analyses and 3-month currency forecasts are provided for Russia, Poland, Turkey, and South Africa. Russia and Turkey face economic challenges
To focus on the study of examine “U.S. financial crisis and its impact on Ind...Rahul Dabhi
The document discusses different currencies used globally and factors that influence currency exchange rates such as interest rates and economic opportunities in a country. It defines a financial crisis as a rapid fall in the value of one or more currencies, more likely in emerging markets with high foreign currency borrowing. A financial crisis involves investors withdrawing money from savings accounts, an economic downturn, and stock market crashes. Government responses to speculative attacks on a currency include devaluing the exchange rate, intervening in foreign exchange markets, and raising interest rates. The chapter reviews literature on the impact of the global financial crisis on India's GDP and the relative resilience of the Indian economy.
The document discusses whether the U.S. economy has achieved "escape velocity," which refers to a self-sustaining economic recovery that allows the Fed to end its bond purchase program. It notes that many economists believe the U.S. will reach escape velocity in 2014 due to broad economic strength and reduced fiscal drag. However, inflation remains below the Fed's target and further tapering will depend on economic data. The document also examines factors like China's economic transition and the implications for commodities.
- Upcoming inflation may benefit gold prices, especially if inflation persists longer than expected by central banks. Inflation expectations have risen significantly in recent months.
- The large US twin deficits could negatively impact the economy and support gold prices. The US current account and fiscal deficits have ballooned to record levels.
- While gold does not always rise when deficits increase, it has benefited in past periods when easy fiscal policy was accompanied by accommodative monetary policy, as is the case currently. The Fed intends to keep interest rates low to support economic recovery.
How can EMs weather the first Fed rate hike?QNB Group
The document discusses how emerging markets can weather the expected first interest rate hike by the US Federal Reserve later in 2015. It summarizes the lessons that can be learned from the 2013 "taper tantrum" when the Fed announced a possible reduction in asset purchases. During the taper tantrum, emerging markets experienced significant capital outflows as investor money flowed back to the US, forcing many emerging markets to raise interest rates, adjust currency and tax policies, and accept currency depreciation to stabilize the situation and reduce large current account deficits. As another Fed rate hike looms, emerging markets are considering using a mix of monetary tightening, targeted legal changes, and managed exchange rate adjustment to ease outflows while achieving macroeconomic rebalancing.
The June 2009 FOMC meeting occurred amid improved yet still negative economic conditions. Financial markets had strengthened with rising stock prices and reduced corporate debt spreads. Interest rates in the markets were rising, which the FOMC debated could signal either tighter credit or an improving economy. The Fed staff forecast a contraction in Q2 GDP but growth returning in Q3, and unemployment peaking that year. Inflation was projected to remain subdued due to economic slack. The Fed maintained its large scale asset purchases (LSAP) while monitoring the impacts of interest rate movements and its expanding balance sheet on the economy and inflation outlook.
- Commodity prices, including agricultural, metals, and oil prices declined in early 2013 due to weak global demand and increased supplies. Global trade growth barely expanded over the first quarter of 2013 and slowed below 1% due to sluggish global demand.
- The US economy grew at an annualized rate of 2.5% in the first quarter, led by private consumption and investment. Unemployment fell slightly. Japan's economy exhibited some growth in the first quarter but levels remained below pre-crisis levels.
- The ECB cut interest rates and maintained unconventional monetary policies to stimulate the weak eurozone economy, which remains in recession. Economic growth was subdued or declined across many developed and emerging
This monthly briefing highlights that anaemic economic recovery is accompanied by tame inflation in developed economies; that GDP growth is stronger than expected in the United States and that currencies in some emerging economies are under pressure again.
For more information:
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_mb.shtml
The document provides a prediction for the stock market and Dow Jones Industrial Average in 2014. It analyzes several indicators that could affect the market such as inflation rates, gold prices, and the Federal Reserve's tapering of quantitative easing. Based on these factors, the document predicts that inflation will increase in 2014, gold prices will rise, and the Dow Jones will decline, resulting in an overall bearish market.
- Global financial turmoil amid expectations that major central banks will taper quantitative easing programs, particularly in the US
- Significant capital outflows and sharp depreciation of currencies in developing countries as a result, while bond yields increased in developed nations
- Large emerging economies like Brazil, India, and Russia continue to face domestic economic vulnerabilities and slowing growth
- Western Europe shows signs of stabilizing but economic activity remains at low levels with high unemployment
- Global markets declined and bond yields rose as economic data increased expectations of central banks reducing monetary stimulus. The US market declined the most while European and emerging markets gained.
- In Asia, markets in Hong Kong, South Korea and Australia performed well but India and Singapore declined. Japan's GDP growth slowed.
- European equity markets rose as data pointed to economic expansion returning. UK and German data was also positive.
- US retail sales rose slightly but manufacturing data was weaker, increasing expectations of the Fed tapering bond purchases and causing markets to decline.
Presentación del Vicepresidente Liberman en la Reunión Anual de Directores Ej...Casa Presidencial
Presentación del Vicepresidente Liberman en la Reunión Anual de Directores Ejecutivos Latinoamericanos, en la Ciudad de Panamá donde expuso acerca del desempeño de Costa Rica en materia de inversiones y clima para hacer negocios.
The document discusses China's policy of currency devaluation and its impacts. It notes that since 2003, China has devalued its currency to gain a competitive advantage in exports. This has boosted Chinese exports while hurting exports of other countries. The devaluation also allows China to run large trade surpluses. However, constant large trade surpluses through devaluation are not a sustainable long-term strategy and China should restructure its economy and let market forces determine its currency value more.
Industrial production and economic growth in Mongolia continued to slow in the first quarter of 2015, with mining and electricity production experiencing weaker growth compared to previous periods. Exports also declined significantly in February and March due to falling commodity prices, worsening the current account balance. Deteriorating asset quality and tighter credit conditions in the banking sector added pressure to the economy.
China has the second largest economy globally and is projected to surpass the US by 2020. It has experienced strong and consistent GDP growth for decades, averaging around 7-9% annually, though growth has slowed recently. China has a one-party communist government and is transitioning its economy from manufacturing and exports to more domestic consumption and innovation. It faces challenges from a slowing housing market and global economic uncertainties.
Essay on Chinese economic power - Tomas VaclavicekTomas Vaclavicek
This document provides an overview of China's economic rise from 1978-2015. It notes that China surpassed the US to become the world's largest economy in 2014 based on purchasing power parity. Key developments included China becoming the world's leading exporter and FDI recipient. The economy experienced rapid wage growth and poverty reduction, growing the middle class. While state-owned enterprises declined, the role of the private sector and economic liberalization in driving growth is debated. The document examines theories attributing China's success to state intervention versus gradual market liberalization and privatization.
This document provides an executive summary of the 2020 Annual Report on military and security developments involving the People's Republic of China. It discusses China's national strategy of achieving great rejuvenation by 2049 through expanding its national power and revising the international order. It also summarizes China's foreign policy and its intensified efforts in 2019 to strengthen its armed forces. The report examines how China views itself in strategic competition with the United States and its pursuit of becoming a world-class military through extensive modernization over the past 20 years.
South Korea is likely to manage an H1N1 pandemic through preventative measures and its universal healthcare system. While South Korea will likely lack enough vaccine for its entire population, it will prioritize high-risk groups for inoculation. The South Korean government and healthcare system have taken steps to handle an H1N1 outbreak through vaccination, quarantine, and ensuring access to treatment.
geopolitics of china, political weight index, governmental weight index, budget, budget per capita, china political economy
http://iilss.net/
http://maynter.com
An Examination of the CCP’s Strategies to Alleviate Discontent After the Grea...Sahaj Sood
The document discusses the CCP's strategies for alleviating discontent in China after the 2008 global financial crisis. It summarizes that China's export-oriented economy was heavily impacted by reduced global demand, leading to high unemployment. This threatened the CCP's legitimacy and risked political instability. The CCP used China's hukou system to encourage unemployed migrant workers to return to rural areas, and invested a $4 trillion stimulus package primarily in rural provinces rather than urban export hubs. The CCP calculated that maintaining political control of rural areas was a higher priority than reinvesting in economic growth during the crisis period. A theoretical framework is presented showing the CCP optimally allocating funds between economic performance and political control goals
Running head COMPARISON OF SOUTH KOREA AND USA .docxtodd271
Running head: COMPARISON OF SOUTH KOREA AND USA 1
COMPARISON OF SOUTH KOREA AND USA 6
COMPARISON OF SOUTH KOREA AND USA
Applied Managerial Economic
April 15, 2020
To asses and look at the Gross domestic product and different elements of the nation, it is significant for rulers to contemplate the administrative, financial aspects. Administrative, financial matters are the training of how phenomenal assets are assimilated most expertly to achieve administrative zones. It is an esteemed gear for inspecting business conditions to take better ends. We can concentrate as a matter of first importance the interest and its different components influencing the interest; it would be the primary substances of any nation or individual development. To assess the Gross domestic product of any nation, it is significant for the researcher to look at the interest capacities and their employment rate.
In 2018, the normal inflation rate in South Korea added up to about 1.48 percent contrasted with the earlier year, while in the USA added up to about 2.4 percent.
High paces of inflations are unfortunate, much the same as low rates, and South Korea is right now battling with the last mentioned. South Korea is really a prosperous nation and at present positions eleventh on the rundown of the 20 nations with the biggest Gross domestic product; however, its inflation rate is liable to worry, as it is right now at levels beneath 2 percent (Plecher, 2019).
Notwithstanding, there is still an expectation that inflation will come back to steady rates somewhere in the range of 3 and 4.5 percent. At present, South Korea is endeavoring to adjust its dependence on exports by growing the services industry, particularly as the export marketplace declines.
Gross domestic product is the aggregate of business offering manufactured in a nation annually; it is a solid pointer of financial quality. In 2018, South Korea's Gross domestic product was about 1.72 trillion U.S. dollars. While the USA's Gross domestic product was about 20.58 trillion dollars
In the USA, the economy is relied upon to develop at a gentler pace this year. Obscuring monetary upgrade and frail business venture will diminish development, while further drawback dangers radiate from a submissive worldwide crisis, the coronavirus epidemic and the impacts of waiting for exchange pressures. Economists see Gross domestic product extending 1.7% in 2020, declining 0.1 rate points from previous month prediction and in 2021, its 1.8 percent (U.S. Economic Outlook, 2020).
In South Korea, this year, monetary development is relied upon to speed up marginally because of improvement in fixed speculation and as the innovation and development parts fortify. Eventually, more vulnerable than-anticipated development in China, the coronavirus pandemic in the locale and political strains with Japan present significant draw.
1) The global investment landscape may realign in 2016 as major central banks change course, with the US expected to raise rates, Japan potentially tapering QE, and China's reforms promoting growth.
2) China has successfully rebalanced its economy away from heavy industry and towards services, accounting for half of GDP, but headlines still focus on declines in manufacturing.
3) Infrastructure investment in China has stabilized and signs point to a potential cyclical upswing in housing, which could drive broader economic growth and commodity demand in the coming year.
An examination of the ccp’s strategies to alleviate discontent after the grea...Luigi Caloi
Despite the fact that the impact of the 2008 recession was bigger on the coastal regions, the CP's stimulus package went primarily to the rural regions in China. On the other hand, our tests show that urban provinces in China are more unstable than their rural counterparts.
We provide a theoretical framework and empirical evidence to explain the geographic direction of the CP's stimulus package. In short, we show that the CP's goal was to minimize political instability, by crating an incentive scheme to further encourage the reverse-migration of the “temporary population” back to their Hukou-based jurisdictions.
Chinas Double-Digit Defense Growth What It Means for a Peac.docxchristinemaritza
China's Double-Digit Defense Growth
What It Means for a Peaceful Rise
by Richard A. Bitzinger
F O R E I G N A F F A I R S , M A R C H 1 9 , 2 0 1 5
China
has
done
it
again.
In
early
March,
it
released
its
defense
budget
for
2015,
and
as
in
almost
every
year
for
over
almost
two
decades,
it
increased
its
military
expenditure
by
double-‐digit
percentages.
This
year,
the
Chinese
defense
budget
will
rise
by
10.1
percent,
to
roughly
$145
billion.
And
it
seems
likely
that
the
trend
will
continue,
much
to
the
concern
of
Washington
and
regional
capitals.
Already,
China
is
the
second-‐biggest
military
spender
in
the
world,
having
surpassed
the
United
Kingdom
in
2008.
China’s
new
budget
for
the
People’s
Liberation
Army
(PLA)
is
more
than
three
times
those
of
other
big
spenders
such
as
France,
Japan,
and
the
United
Kingdom,
and
nearly
four
times
that
of
its
rising
Asian
rival,
India.
It
is
also
the
only
country
besides
the
United
States
to
have
a
triple-‐digit
defense
budget
(in
billions
of
U.S.
dollars).
This
level
of
spending
is
all
the
more
remarkable
given
where
China
started.
In
1997,
Chinese
military
expenditures
totaled
only
about
$10
billion,
roughly
on
par
with
Taiwan
and
significantly
less
than
that
of
Japan
and
South
Korea.
Beginning
that
year,
however,
China’s
defense
budget
began
to
rise.
There
were
two
economic
factors
that
made
this
growth
possible.
First,
the
country’s
economy
soared;
in
1997,
defense
spending
made
up
less
than
two
percent
of
GDP,
which
remains
roughly
the
same
share
today,
at
least
according
to
Beijing.
Second,
low
inflation
rates
over
the
past
two
decades
have
meant
that
real
growth
in
defense
spending
has
nearly
matched
nominal
growth;
even
the
most
conservative
estimate
of
actual
growth
rates
(accounting
for
inflation)
reveal
a
five-‐fold
real
increase
in
military
expenditures
since
1997.
What
is
particularly
striking
about
the
growth
in
defense
spending
over
the
last
two
decades
is
that
it
has
almost
always
outpaced
...
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China pentagon report 2012 indian perspective
1. Pentagon 2012 Report on China: PLA’s Rapid Modernisation
Excerpts
The US Department of Defence, “Annual Report To Congress on Military and Security
Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2012”, colloquially known as the
Pentagon Report on China [Report] varies considerably from those of preceding years. For one it
confirms arrival of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) as a perspective rival in the decades
ahead with the focus of the Report on PLA modernization. This is a much awaited document by
PLA watchers each year providing a perspective of developments in the force considered as
modernizing at the fastest pace globally.
Comparing 2012 Report with those of the two preceding years (2011 and 2010) indicates
not just capacity enhancement of the PLA but also a shift in the American approach towards that
organization another indication that the Pentagon considers that the former Chinese Red Army
has arrived on the global scene. For one the 2012 Report avoids some of the repetitive portions
that are evident in the previous reports including the Annual Update. Thus Chapter 1 starts
straight on the Military Strategy and Doctrine assuming that the reader is well versed with the
same.
There is no change in the Chinese foreign and security policy as envisaged by the
Pentagon year on year with the PLA continuing to benefit from the peaceful environment
promoting national economic growth as well as modernization. The basic role of the PLA is not
envisaged to have changed from that of, “preserving Communist Party rule [seen as the primary
task], sustaining economic growth and development, defending national sovereignty and
territorial integrity, achieving national unification, maintaining internal stability, and securing
China’s status as a great power”. Seen against the back drop of the recent political events in the
country with the Bo Xilai incident seriously questioning stability and order in the higher
leadership, the role played by the PLA in this crisis would need consideration.
On the key issue of estimation of fiscal resources, the Pentagon Report indicates that
based on 2011 prices military related spending for 2012 could be between $120 billion to $180
billion against the declared budget of $ 106 billion. The estimate for 2010 was $160 billion,
using 2010 prices and $140 Billion plus in 2009. The US estimates are in line with the general
trend in accretion of China’s defence expenditure year on year.
In an aside it is highlighted that the maps of India depicted in the Pentagon report show
the Northern Areas as a part of Pakistan while Aksai Chin is shown separately. This aberration
will have to be taken up by the Ministry of External Affairs at an appropriate forum.
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