Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill fast-growing cancer cells. Though an effective cancer treatment, chemotherapy carries side effects from nausea and hair loss to infections. It is used to cure cancer without other treatments, kill remaining cells after surgery or radiation, shrink tumors before other therapies, or relieve cancer symptoms. Some chemotherapy drugs also treat bone marrow diseases and control immune disorders. Risks include both short-term side effects during treatment and long-term effects.

1. Chemotherapy

2. • Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals
to kill fast-growing cells in your body.
• Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer
cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the
body.
• Many different chemotherapy drugs are available.
Chemotherapy drugs can be used alone or in combination to
treat a wide variety of cancers.

3. • The drugs used in chemotherapy are able to reach most parts
of the body
• Though chemotherapy is an effective way to treat many types of
cancer, chemotherapy treatment also carries a risk of side
effects.
• Some chemotherapy side effects are mild and treatable, while
others can cause serious complications.

4. • Why it's done :-
• Chemotherapy is used to kill cancer cells in people with cancer.
• There are a variety of settings in which chemotherapy may be used
in people with cancer:
• To cure the cancer without other treatments.Chemotherapy can
be used as the primary or sole treatment for cancer.
• After other treatments, to kill hidden cancer cells. Chemotherapy
can be used after other treatments, such as surgery, to kill any
cancer cells that might remain in the body. Doctors call this adjuvant
therapy.

5. • To prepare you for other treatments.Chemotherapy can be
used to shrink a tumor so that other treatments, such as
radiation and surgery, are possible. Doctors call this
neoadjuvant therapy.
• To ease signs and symptoms. Chemotherapy may help
relieve signs and symptoms of cancer by killing some of the
cancer cells. Doctors call this palliative chemotherapy.

6. • Chemotherapy for conditions other than cancer
• Some chemotherapy drugs have proved useful in treating other
conditions, such as:
• Bone marrow diseases. Diseases that affect the bone marrow
and blood cells may be treated with a bone marrow transplant,
also known as a stem cell transplant. Chemotherapy is often
used to prepare for a bone marrow transplant.
• Immune system disorders. Lower doses of chemotherapy
drugs can help control an overactive immune system in certain
diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

7. • Risks
• Side effects of chemotherapy drugs can be significant. Each drug has
different side effects, and not every drug causes every side effect. Ask
your doctor about the side effects of the particular drugs you'll receive.
• Side effects that occur during chemotherapy treatment
• Common side effects of chemotherapy drugs include:
• Nausea,Vomiting
• Diarrhea,Hair loss
• Loss of appetite,Fatigue
• Fever,Mouth sores
• Pain,Constipation
• Easy bruising,Bleeding

8. Surgery
• Cancer surgery attempts to completely remove localized tumors or reduce the
size of large tumors so that follow-up treatment by radiation or chemotherapy will
be more effective.
• Curative surgery may be performed right after a diagnostic surgery or a curative
surgery may be followed by a reconstructive surgery.
• Types of Surgery
• 1) Diagnostic Surgery
• Biopsies: incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy, endoscopic biopsy, colposcopic
biopsy, bone marrow biopsy, fine needle aspiration biopsy, stereotactic biopsy,
and core biopsy
• 2) Preventive/Prophylactic Surgery
• The surgeon removes tissue that does not yet contain cancer cells, but has the
probability of becoming cancerous in the future. Ex: removal of ovaries in woman
who has family history of ovarian cancer

9. • 3) Curative Surgery
• Surgery is often used to attempt to cure patients whose tumors
are localized at the time of the diagnosis. A certain amount of
normal tissue as well as cancerous tissue may be removed to
obtain adequate margins

10. • Approaches of Surgery :-
• Open Surgery
• patient is cut open with a scalpel to reach the tumor
• Endoscopic Surgery
• gallbladder removal, tubal ligation, and knee surgery
• Electrocauterization Surgery
• Cauterization is the process of destroying tissue by using
chemical corrosion, electricity, or heat. Electrocautery is done
using a small probe, which has an electric current running
through it, to cauterize (burn or destroy) the tissue.

11. • Tools of Surgery
• Laser surgery uses a powerful beam of light, which can be directed
to specific pa the body, without making a large incision, to destroy
cancer cells. It is more precise takes less operating time. Healing
time is often shortened because laser he seals blood vessels so
there is less bleeding, swelling, and scarring involved the surgical
procedure.
• Electrosurgery uses high-frequency electrical currents to cut and
destroy cancer cells.
• In electrosurgery, the high density of the radio-frequency current
applied by the active electrosurgical electrode causes a cutting
action, which can act like a fine micro-needle, a lancet, a knife.

12. • Liquid nitrogen, or a probe that is very cold, is used to freeze and kill
cancer cells in Cryosurgery. Cryosurgery is most effective for
younger patients whose disease is contained entirely within the
prostate.
• Palliative Surgery: The purpose of palliative surgery is mainly to
reduce pain for the patient. Palliative surgery such as a nerve block
procedure to interrupt pain signals in the nervous system, or a stent
placement to alleviate obstruction, etc.,. are recorded as non-cancer
directed surgery.
• Reconstructive surgeries are performed on patients with physical
deformities and abnormalities caused by traumatic injuries, birth
defects, developmental abnormalities, or disease.