The document discusses bioremediation as a process that uses microorganisms to remove pollutants from the environment through metabolic processes. It provides an introduction to bioremediation and defines it as using biological organisms like bacteria, fungi and algae to remove environmental pollutants. The document then discusses heavy metals as a type of pollution, sources of heavy metal pollution, and methods to remove heavy metal pollution including bioremediation and phytoremediation using plants.

2. BIOREMEDIATIO
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3. Name Roll No
Laiba Shaheen 21011561-002
Maryam Shehzadi 21011561-007
Ayesha Azam 21011561-048
Laiba Yasir 21011561-064
Fatima Aslam 21011561-164
Group No: 11

4. Presented By
Ayesha Azam
Roll No
21011561-048

5. INTRODUCTION
ALSO KNOWN AS NATURAL REDUCTION.
SOLUTION OF CONTAMINATED PROBLEMS.
NUNBER OF MICROBES AS AEROBIC BACTERIA,NON AEROBIC BACTERIA AND
FUNGI ARE INVOLVE IN THIS PROCESS.
HIGHLY INVOLVE IN DETOXIFICATION AND DEGREDATION OF CHEMICAL
WASTE.THE MAIN PRINCIPLE OF DEGRADING IS CONVERTING TOXIC CHEMICALS
INTO LESS-TOCIC CHEMICALS.

6. DEFINITION
IT IS A PROCESS IN WHICH BIOLOGICAL ORGANISIM ARE USE TO REMOVE
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT BY METABOLIC PROCESS.
BIOLOGICAL ORGANISIM INCLUDE MICROSCOPIC ORGANISIMS SACH AS
BACTERIA,FUNGI AND ALGEA.
BIOREMEDIATION IS AFFECTED BY NATURE OF
POLLUTANT,CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANT AND ACCESSBITY OF
MICROGANISIM.

7. HEAVEY METAL
• “ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY METALS WHICH HAVE HIGH ATOMIC MASS SUCH
AS MERCURY AND LEAD.”
• THEY ARE DEFINED AS HEAVY METALS EITHER DUE TO THEIR HIGH ATOMIC WEIGHT
OR BECAUSE OF THEIR HIGH DENSITY.
• NOWADAYS, THE WORD ‘HEAVY METAL’ HAS BEEN USED TO DESCRIBE THE
METALLOIDS WHICH ARE TOXIC TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMANS. SOME
METALLOIDS ARE LIGHTER METALS SUCH AS SELENIUM, ARSENIC WHILE
ALUMINIUM ARE TOXIC. THEY HAVE BEEN TERMED HEAVY METALS WHILE SOME
HEAVY METALS ARE TYPICALLY NOT TOXIC SUCH AS THE ELEMENT GOLD.

8. SOURCES OF HEAVEY METAL
THESE HEAVY METALS ARE FOUND NATURALLY ON THE EARTH CRUST
SINCE EARTH’S FORMATION. DUE TO LARGE INCREASE OF THE USE OF
HEAVY METALS, IT HAS RESULTED IN AN AFFECTING THE BOTH THE
TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT.
• HEAVY METAL POLLUTION HAS EMERGED DUE TOANTHROPOGENIC
ACTIVITIES WHICH IS THE PRIME CAUSE OF POLLUTION, PRIMARILY DUE
TO MINING THE METAL, SMELTING, FOUNDRIES, AND OTHER
INDUSTRIES THAT ARE METAL BAISED.HEAVY METAL USE IN THE
AGRICULTURAL FIELD SUCH AS THE USE OF
PESTICIDE,INSECICIDES,PESTICIDES AND MORE.
• SSOME HEAVEY METALS ARE AG,HG,CR,LD,CO,ZN,CU,MN AND FE.

9. METHODS TO REMOVE HEAVEY METAL
POLLUTION
1) BIOREMEDIATION IS AN TECHNIQUE FOR THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METAL IONS FROM
POLLUTED AREAS INVOLVES USING LIVING ORGANISMS TO REDUCE HEAVY METAL POLLUTANTS
INTO LESS HAZARDOUS FORMS BY USING THE ACTIVITIES OF ALGAE, BACTERIA, FUNGI, OR
PLANTS.
2)ANOTHER WAY PLANTS ARE USED TO TREAT HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IS CALLED
RHIZOFILTRATION (EPA, 2000). IN THIS METHOD, HEAVY METALS ARE REMOVED DI- RECTLY FROM
WATER BY PLANT ROOTS. THE PLANTS ARE GROWN DIRECTLY IN WATER OR IN WATER RICH
MATERIALS SUCH AS SAND, USING AQUATIC SPECIES OR HYDROPONIC METHODS.

10. Presented By
Laiba Yasir
Roll No
21011561-064

11. HEAVY METALS
CONTAMINATION

12. • WITH HEAVY METALS IN LAKES, RIVERS, GROUNDWATER,
AND VARIOUS WATER SOURCES, WATER GETS POLLUTED BY
THE INCREASED CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS AND
METALLOIDS THROUGH RELEASE FROM THE SUDDENLY
MINE TAILINGS, DISPOSAL OF HIGH METAL WASTES,
GROWING INDUSTRIALAREAS, LEADED GASOLINE AND
PAINTS, USAGE OF FERTILIZERS INLAND.

13. ELEMENTS, CONTAMINATION SOURCES AND
THEIR USES
• SOME HEAVY METALS THAT ARE CONTAMINATED IN WATER
ARE CD, CR, CU, PB, NI AND ZN.
• CD NATURAL SOURCES ARE ZN AND PB MINERALS,
PHOSPHATE ROCKS AND ANTHROPOGENIC ARE MINING
WASTE, ELECTROPLATING, BATTERY PLANTS. AND THEIR USE
ARE AUTOMOBILES EXHAUST
• THEIR EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH'S ARE RESPIRATORY,
CARDIOVASCULAR, RENAL EFFECTS.

14. CR AND CU SOURCES AND EFFECTS
• CR NATURAL SOURCES ARE CHROMITE
MINERAL. AND ANTHROPOGENIC ARE
ELECTROPLATING, METAL ALLOYS,
INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE, ANTICORROSIVE
PRODUCTS.
• THEIR USES ARE PESTICIDES AND DETERGENT.
• THEIR BAD EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH'S ARE
MENTAL DISTURBANCE, CANCER, ULCER,
.HYPOKEROTOSIS. A CONDITION MARKED BY
THICKENING OF THE OUTER LAYER OF THE
SKIN, WHICH IS MADE OF KERATIN (A TOUGH,
PROTECTIVE PROTEIN).

15. CONTD....
• THEIR NATURAL SOURCES SUFIDES OXIDE CARBONATES AND
ANTHROPOGENIC ARE ELECTROPLATING, METALALLOYS,
DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE, MINING WASTE, PESTICIDES.
• THEIR USES ARE BASED ON ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR PROPERTIES.
• THEIR BAD EFFECTS ON HUMANS ARE ANAEMIAAND OTHER
TOXICITY EFFECTS INDUCED INDIRECTLY THROUGH INTERACTION
WITH OTHER NUTRIENTS.

16. Presented By
Fatima Aslam
Roll No
21011561-164

17. TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS USED IN
BIOREMEDIATION
• BACTERIA :ARTHROBACTER SSP. PSEUDOMONAS VERNOII, BURKHOLE-RIA SSP.
KOCURIA SSP.
• FUNGI :PENCILLIUM CANESCENS,ASPERGILLUS VERSICOLOR AND ASPERGILLUS
FUMIGATUS
• ALGEA : CLADOPHORIA FASCICULARIS , SPROGYRA SSP. CLADOPHORIA SSP.
• YEAST : SACCHROMYCES VERVISIEA, CANDIDA UTILIS

18. PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES
• RIBOSOMES OF PROKARYOTES SMALLER THAN EUKARYOTES
• MICROORGANISMS INTERACT WITH HEAVY METAL IONS IS PARTIALLY DEPENDENT
ON WEATHER PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES
• EUKARYOTES ARE MORE SENSITIVE TO METAL TOXICITY THAN PROKARYOTES
• PROCEDURES
• DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS
• MICROORGANISMS USED FOR PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS
• USE THEM AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY AND CARBON

19. CONTINUE....
• CHOICE OF ORGANISMS EMPLOYED DEPENDS ON CHEMICAL NATURE OF POLLUTING
AGENTS
• THE EFFICIENCY OF DEGRADATION PROCESS IS RELATED TO THE PARTICULAR
MICROORGANISMS
• SOME BACTERIA SEARCH THE CONTENT AND MOVE TOWARDS IT AS
CHEMOTACTIC RESPONSE
• MICROORGANISMS CAN UTILIZE AS A SOURCE OF FOOD
• EMULSIFY OIL IN WATER AND FACILITIE THE REMOVAL
• BACTERIA DEGRADE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS , BACILLI, ANTHROBACTER,
CYANOBACTERIA, STREPTO-MYCES, CORYNEBACTERIA , MODOCOCCI AND SOME
YEASTS

20. GENETIC ENGINEERING
• GENETIC ENGINEERING IS A FUNDAMENTAL
APPROACH TO METABOLIC PATHWAY OF THESE
ORGANISMS
• THE MODIFIED MICROORGANISMS CONVERT
INORGANIC FORM INTO ORGANIC FORM
• BY TRANSFORMING THE METALS THROUGH
OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS , INCREASE THE
SOLUBILITY
• BESIDES THE INCREASE THE SOLUBILITY, MODIFIED
MICROORGANISMS INCREASE THEIR RESISTANCE
THROUGH FACTORS INVOLVING SOLUBILITY, THEIR
INTERACTION WITH FACTORS (SORPTION,
BIOACCUMULATION, PH , PRECIPITATION)

21. BIOACCUMULATION
• THE PROCESS OF METAL ACCUMULATION ON THE CELL SURFACE DEPENDENT
ON METABOLIC ACTIVITIES OF MICROORGANISMS
• CHARACTERISTICS OF CELL SURFACE
• METAL IONS INTERACT WITH PROTEIN, AFFECTING ITS METABOLIC FUNCTION
• GENETIC ENGINEERING, ALLOW THE IMPROVEMENT OF METABOLIC STRUCTURE
OF MICROORGANISMS
• ENABLE THE HIGH ACCUMULATION OF METAL
• DECONTAMINATION OF WATER BODIES

22. PRESENTED BY
LAIBA SHAHEEN
ROLL NO
21011561-002

23. Biosorption
Definition:
“Ability of biological materials to accumulate heavy metals from
wastewater through metabolically mediated or spontaneous
physicochemical pathways of uptake or as a property of certain
types of inactive, non-living microbial biomass which bind and
concentrate heavy metals from even very dilute aqueous solutions”.
• different heavy metals:
e.g. cadmium, silver, lead, nickel

24. Biosorption mechanisms:
The process of heavy metal ion binding to bacterial cell wall can be metabolism
dependent or independent.
 Metabolism dependent biosorption:
Exhibited by living biological material. It involves various mechanisms like chelation.
 Metabolism independent biosorption:
Process mostly occurs in biomass consisting of dead cells.
 Metal accumulation:
• Physiological effect on the growth of cells
• Heavy metals must enter the cell.
• Heavy metals interact with physiological ions Cd2+ with Zn2+ or Ca2+,
Ni2+ and Co2+ with Fe2+, Zn2+ with Mg2+

25. Types of bio-sorbents:
Bio-sorbents can be classified as living or non- living organic
materials.
Living organic materials:
 Bacterial biosorption
• Cell wall encountering the metal ion is the first component of biosorption.
• The metal ions get attached to the functional groups (amine, carboxyl,
hydroxyl, phosphate, sulfate, amine) present on the cell wall.
 Biosorption by algae
Algal cell wall is made up of polysaccharides.
 Biosorption by fungi
Fungal cell wall exhibit excellent metal biding properties due to its
components.
 Biosorption by yeast
Free form of yeast cells is not considered good candidates for biosorption.

26. Non-living organic materials:
 Wastes of agricultural or food industry
• Wastes of agriculture or food industry includes agricultural by products as
corn cobs, soya bean hulls, cotton seeds hulls or fruit peels.
• Cell wall contain functional groups like phenolics or carboxylic.
• Cation exchange between functional groups and metal ions
• Binding of metal ion with functional group results in biosorption and thus
removal of metal ion from medium.

27. Presented By
Maryam Shehzadi
Roll No
21011561-007

28. CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING METAL
UPTAKE CAPACITY OF MICROORGANISMS
• THE METAL BINDS TO A SPECIFIC SITE OF THE BIOMASS.
• IT IS THE EFFICIENCY OF A BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS.
• FOR EXAMPLE:
• THE INGESTION OF SEDIMENTS BY MICROORGANISMS.
• THE TYPE OF METAL THAT CAN BIND TO OXYGEN-CONTAINING OR S- AND NCONTAINING
LIGANDS.
• MICROORGANISMS CAN SYNTHESIZE METAL BINDING PROTEINS, SUCH AS
• MTS OR PCS, AND THE PROTEINS ARE STRONGLY RELATED TO THE CAPACITY OF METAL
ADSORPTION, ACCUMULATION, AND RESISTANCE

29. • METAL BINDING PROTEINS PRESENT OUTSIDE OF CELL
MEMBRANE.
• ATTRACT METAL IONS EXIST IN SOLUTION AND ASSIST THE
TRANSPORT TO CYTOSOL.
• METALLOCHAPERONES (SPECIALIZED PROTEIN CHELATORS)
• TRANSFER METALS TO THE APPROPRIATE RECEPTOR
PROTEIN.
• OCCURRING CD-BINDING PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES, SUCH
AS
• MTS AND PCS, ARE VERY RICH IN CYSTEINE RESIDUES
• HISTIDINES ARE KNOWN TO HAVE HIGH AFFINITY FOR
TRANSITION METAL IONS SUCH AS ZN2+, CO2+, NI2+

30. • HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM IS MOBILE, HIGHLY TOXIC.
• CHROMATE REDUCTASES FOUND IN CHROMIUM-RESISTANT
BACTERIA HAVE THE POTENTIAL FOR USE IN BIOREMEDIATION
PROCESS.
• THEY ARE KNOWN TO CATALYZE THE REDUCTION OF CR(VI)
TO CR(III).
• A WIDE RANGE OF MICROORGANISMS HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED
FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY.
• FOR THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METAL IONS FROM POLLUTED
EFFLUENTS.