This article provides an overview of social entrepreneurship and social enterprises from an international perspective. It discusses how social enterprises vary between countries based on differences in welfare systems, economies, and legal systems. The distribution of social enterprises is uneven worldwide. The article also argues that for social enterprises to achieve their social missions, they must foster innovation in their outlook, strategies, and operations. The papers in this special issue present different models and theories of how social enterprises can promote innovation from an interdisciplinary and cross-cultural lens. They also discuss how social enterprise outcomes are prioritized in different societies and can offer innovative solutions to social problems.
The document analyzes various sociological, technological, environmental, economic, political, legal and ethical factors affecting social enterprises in the UK. Some key points from the analysis include:
- Air pollution and climate change pose health and economic risks and may increase costs through new regulations.
- Technological changes create new opportunities but also risks of organizations being outpaced or communications becoming oversaturated.
- Recent cuts to public services like schools are increasing social pressures while also creating potential roles for social enterprises.
- Economic centralization in London risks a "brain drain" from other parts of the UK.
Do Women Earn Less Even as Social EntrepreneursSEFORÏS
Based upon unique survey data collected using respondent driven sampling methods, we
investigate whether there is a gender pay gap among social entrepreneurs in the UK. We find
that women as social entrepreneurs earn 29% less than their male colleagues, above the
average UK gender pay gap of 19%. We estimate the adjusted pay gap to be about 23%
after controlling for a range of demographic, human capital and job characteristics, as well as
personal preferences and values. These differences are hard to explain by discrimination
since these CEOs set their own pay. Income may not be the only aim in an entrepreneurial
career, so we also look at job satisfaction to proxy for non-monetary returns. We find female
social entrepreneurs to be more satisfied with their job as a CEO of a social enterprise than
their male counterparts. This result holds even when we control for the salary generated
through the social enterprise. Our results extend research in labour economics on the gender
pay gap as well as entrepreneurship research on women’s entrepreneurship to the novel
context of social enterprise. It provides the first evidence for a “contented female social
entrepreneur” paradox.
Migrant and Refugee Integration in Global Cities: The Role of Cities and Busi...UNU-MERIT
This policy brief summarizes a research project that studied how eight global cities contribute to migrant and refugee integration through public-private partnerships. The research found 121 partnerships facilitating integration in the cities studied. However, relatively few partnerships were between private businesses and public stakeholders directly, though businesses can support integration through their roles as employers. The brief outlines key findings on common integration challenges and successful practices identified. It concludes by recommending that cities establish knowledge-sharing networks to promote the identification and transfer of effective integration policies and partnerships.
No Business as Usual - Social Entrepreneurship in BelarusPontis Foundation
Voices of Belarusian social entrepreneurs, NGOs and experts on the Ecosystem social entrepreneurs operate in and Recomendations to all stakeholders who seek to develop a social entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Author: Masha Cheriakova
Contributing Author Volha Kapachenia
March 2016
This document discusses community-based entrepreneurial activities. It defines community-based enterprises as entrepreneurial initiatives that enhance the quality of life and economic development of a particular region. The key characteristic is that assets belong to or are dedicated to the community, ensuring the enterprise is accountable to the community. Several studies are reviewed that examine how community-based entrepreneurship can empower marginalized groups and promote social upliftment by utilizing local cultural values and resources. However, challenges include a lack of community orientation in modern society and limited capacity. The document concludes that community entrepreneurship models may be appropriate for investing in essential infrastructure and services that require collaborative community efforts.
The document analyzes various sociological, technological, environmental, economic, political, legal and ethical factors affecting social enterprises in the UK. Some key points from the analysis include:
- Air pollution and climate change pose health and economic risks and may increase costs through new regulations.
- Technological changes create new opportunities but also risks of organizations being outpaced or communications becoming oversaturated.
- Recent cuts to public services like schools are increasing social pressures while also creating potential roles for social enterprises.
- Economic centralization in London risks a "brain drain" from other parts of the UK.
Do Women Earn Less Even as Social EntrepreneursSEFORÏS
Based upon unique survey data collected using respondent driven sampling methods, we
investigate whether there is a gender pay gap among social entrepreneurs in the UK. We find
that women as social entrepreneurs earn 29% less than their male colleagues, above the
average UK gender pay gap of 19%. We estimate the adjusted pay gap to be about 23%
after controlling for a range of demographic, human capital and job characteristics, as well as
personal preferences and values. These differences are hard to explain by discrimination
since these CEOs set their own pay. Income may not be the only aim in an entrepreneurial
career, so we also look at job satisfaction to proxy for non-monetary returns. We find female
social entrepreneurs to be more satisfied with their job as a CEO of a social enterprise than
their male counterparts. This result holds even when we control for the salary generated
through the social enterprise. Our results extend research in labour economics on the gender
pay gap as well as entrepreneurship research on women’s entrepreneurship to the novel
context of social enterprise. It provides the first evidence for a “contented female social
entrepreneur” paradox.
Migrant and Refugee Integration in Global Cities: The Role of Cities and Busi...UNU-MERIT
This policy brief summarizes a research project that studied how eight global cities contribute to migrant and refugee integration through public-private partnerships. The research found 121 partnerships facilitating integration in the cities studied. However, relatively few partnerships were between private businesses and public stakeholders directly, though businesses can support integration through their roles as employers. The brief outlines key findings on common integration challenges and successful practices identified. It concludes by recommending that cities establish knowledge-sharing networks to promote the identification and transfer of effective integration policies and partnerships.
No Business as Usual - Social Entrepreneurship in BelarusPontis Foundation
Voices of Belarusian social entrepreneurs, NGOs and experts on the Ecosystem social entrepreneurs operate in and Recomendations to all stakeholders who seek to develop a social entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Author: Masha Cheriakova
Contributing Author Volha Kapachenia
March 2016
This document discusses community-based entrepreneurial activities. It defines community-based enterprises as entrepreneurial initiatives that enhance the quality of life and economic development of a particular region. The key characteristic is that assets belong to or are dedicated to the community, ensuring the enterprise is accountable to the community. Several studies are reviewed that examine how community-based entrepreneurship can empower marginalized groups and promote social upliftment by utilizing local cultural values and resources. However, challenges include a lack of community orientation in modern society and limited capacity. The document concludes that community entrepreneurship models may be appropriate for investing in essential infrastructure and services that require collaborative community efforts.
This document summarizes the challenges American companies face regarding organizational culture when operating in Serbia. It discusses Hofstede's model of national cultural dimensions and how Serbian and US cultures differ based on this framework. Specifically, Serbian culture scores higher in power distance and uncertainty avoidance, while the US scores higher in individualism. The paper also examines types of organizational culture and notes that hierarchies are most common in Serbian companies, while adhocracy cultures are rare. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding these cultural differences to help American businesses adjust their practices when operating abroad in Serbia.
The role of social entrepre neurial organizations in promotion of sustainable...Ambati Nageswara Rao
This document summarizes a research paper about the role of social entrepreneurial organizations in promoting sustainable development. The paper explores how social entrepreneurs use social innovations to empower excluded communities and enhance their participation in markets and society. Three case studies of social enterprises in Gujarat, India are presented: Torch-it, which created a device to help the visually impaired navigate independently; Shroff foundation, which works in the education sector; and Menstrupedia, which educates girls about menstruation. The studies found that the social enterprises helped bring sustainable development by providing new services and products for underserved groups, challenging rigid social structures. The social innovations adopted by these organizations thus contribute to achieving the goals of social and economic inclusion
A Study of Community Entrepreneurship Development Research A Resource of Clar...ijtsrd
Community entrepreneurship, as training and a field for academic research, gives an exceptional chance to test, question, and reevaluate ideas and suppositions from various fields of the executives and business look into. This article advances a perspective on Community entrepreneurship as a procedure that catalyzes social change and addresses critical social needs in a way that isnt ruled by direct money related advantages for the business visionaries. Community entrepreneurship is viewed as varying from different types of business in the moderately higher need given to advancing social esteem and improvement as opposed to catching financial esteem. To animate future research the creators present the idea of embeddedness as a connection between hypothetical viewpoints for the investigation of Community entrepreneurship. J Jose Prabhu ""A Study of Community Entrepreneurship Development Research: A Resource of Clarification and Forecast"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21741.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/new-venture-start-up/21741/a-study-of-community-entrepreneurship-development-research-a-resource-of-clarification-and-forecast/j-jose-prabhu
This document discusses the role and characteristics of think tanks. It provides examples of think tanks like Cogito, a Swedish Green think tank founded in 2005. Cogito aims to further sustainable development through broad public debate, constructive ideas, and exploring viable political alternatives. It seeks to critically examine dominant paradigms and power structures. The document also discusses how Cogito explores green political thought and praxis, addresses issues like peace and conflict resolution, and the intersection of environmental issues and social welfare systems.
Antenna For Social Innovation: The Quest for PrecisionESADE
The concept of social innovation is a victim of its own success. It is increasingly being used, appropriated, and diffused by a wide range of public and private organisations keen to highlight the social and innovative component of what they do or what they wish to do. Can we blame them? Certainly not, but we must acknowledge
that the recent proliferation of initiatives and organisations with the label social innovation has generated some confusion that we, from academia, should try to address and, hopefully, help to clarify.
Equality, Diversity and International Competitiveness, A Case Study of Dublin...kieran rose
This document discusses the links between equality, diversity and economic competitiveness in Dublin, Ireland. It outlines how diversity can help attract foreign direct investment by providing access to global talent and skills. It also explains how diversity and equality in education can help develop skills needed for economic growth. The document summarizes views from various organizations on how diversity and an open, tolerant culture can support innovation and make a city more attractive to businesses, investors and visitors.
Is Social Enterprise Ready for Public Business.D.GRANT. May 1st 2015-FDeborah Grant
This document is a thesis submitted to Dr. Susan Laing exploring whether social enterprises are ready to compete for public sector contracts. It includes an abstract, 6 chapters, and references. The abstract provides a high-level summary of the thesis, which conducted a literature review on social enterprises followed by interviews with social enterprise CEOs, membership organization leaders, and government/procurement specialists in Scotland, the UK, and Canada. Common themes and potential conflicts were identified, and recommendations were made on improving relationships and social enterprise involvement in the procurement process. In conclusion, the research aims to contribute to ongoing discussions around social enterprises and their economic contributions, with a key finding being that Scotland understands the questions around social enterprises well due to extensive experience.
The document summarizes the activities of the non-profit Slovak organization Áno pre život. It discusses their work providing services and housing for at-risk groups. It also outlines their plans to start a social enterprise providing cleaning and maintenance services to employ disadvantaged individuals and help support the organization financially. Market research found potential customers would value quality and price and the social mission could help the business succeed.
Part 1 deep dive; the future role of civil societyKarel Eramuri
Deep Dive; The Future Role of Civil Society
1. The Recent Evolution Of Civil Society
2. Defining Civil Society
3. Shifting Civil Society Roles and Relationships
This report provides an overview of social entrepreneurship in Sweden. It finds that while the concept of social enterprise is relatively new in Sweden, the sector is growing to help address societal challenges such as an aging population and high youth unemployment. The report details the definition, size, sectors, and recent developments of social enterprises in Sweden. It also examines the country context, organization, financing, innovations, and impact of social enterprises. Key points include that social enterprises operate in various legal forms, rely on public funding and earned income, innovate to create social impact, and impact measurement is becoming more common.
This document discusses the challenges that trade unions face in organizing informal workers. It notes that informal employment makes up a large portion of the global workforce but that informal workers are often excluded from traditional trade union structures and protections. The main challenges identified include political and conceptual barriers regarding how to define informal workers, practical difficulties organizing workers in scattered and individual workplaces, resource constraints for workers with precarious livelihoods, and issues with existing leadership structures. However, the document also discusses that informal workers are being organized through diverse models including trade unions, workers' associations, cooperatives, and other membership-based organizations.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of social network usage on the success of business startups. The study focused on companies in the plastics and rubber manufacturing industry in Jordan. A survey was administered to 124 companies, with 105 responses analyzed. The results revealed that there is a statistically significant impact of social networks on the success of business startups. Social networks allow entrepreneurs to access resources at lower costs than market alternatives and secure resources not otherwise available. Both strong and weak social ties are important, with strong ties providing resources and weak ties aiding opportunity identification and legitimacy.
This document provides an overview of corporate social responsibility (CSR). It begins by defining CSR and tracing its development. It then discusses small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and multinational corporations (MNCs) in Ireland. The literature review examines different CSR frameworks, including Carroll's four domain approach and Schwartz and Carroll's three domain model. It also covers motives for CSR engagement and limitations. The document aims to understand CSR perceptions of SMEs and MNCs in Ireland through a survey.
Social entrepreneurship and social networks for sustainable rural development...JIANGUANGLUNG DANGMEI
Social entrepreneurship has emerged in recent years given its importance for societal development and increasing today’s economy. To some extents, institutions have failed to resolve the social problems and needs of the rural areas. In this regard, social entrepreneurship gives a new groundwork for the socio-economic development of the rural people in India. It is high time to adopt it as the alternative solutions to the problems faced by the rural people. Until now there has been less inclusive attempt to specify the extent of social entrepreneurship to the rural populated areas and it demands a new development approach to identify the methods to encourage social innovations both at local and regional levels. Therefore, this paper aims to start filling this gap by exploring the implications of social entrepreneurship and social networks that could better enable sustainable rural development. This paper also argued that social entrepreneurship is the distinct approach to achieve sustainable rural development and suggestions are given for ensuring a successful social entrepreneurship in India.
Social entrepreneurship and social innovation aim to provide innovative solutions to unsolved social problems by promoting social change. While still emerging fields, they have proven effective in meeting social challenges. The chapter outlines these concepts, provides examples of social entrepreneurs and innovations, and recommends how governments and investors can best support their development to help address important social issues.
"Antenna for Social Innovation: The Quest for Precision"Ginés Haro Pastor
The concept of social innovation is a victim of its own success. It is increasingly being used, appropriated, and diffused by a wide range of public and private organisations keen to highlight the social and innovative component of what they do or what they wish to do. Can we blame them? Certainly not, but we must acknowledge
that the recent proliferation of initiatives and organisations with the label social innovation has generated some confusion that we, from academia, should try to address and, hopefully, help to clarify.
This document provides an overview of social entrepreneurship research. It discusses how social entrepreneurship research is still emerging but provides opportunities to challenge assumptions from other fields like management and business. The document defines social entrepreneurship as addressing social needs in a way that prioritizes social value over financial benefits. It also discusses how social entrepreneurship research can draw from theories in sociology and organizational studies. The document argues that clarifying concepts and definitions is important to advance social entrepreneurship as a field of research.
This document provides an analysis of social enterprise governance models through a comparative study of legislation in 11 European countries. It begins with definitions of social enterprise and discusses differences between the European and American conceptualizations. Governance structures are then explored, noting a variety of legal forms and levels of stakeholder participation across countries. The analysis compares features of governance models like objectives, market ties, and profit distribution.
This document summarizes a study on the Big Green Challenge (BGC), a competition launched by NESTA in the UK to stimulate community groups to generate programs to tackle climate change locally. The BGC provided funding and support to 10 finalist projects. Key findings from interviews with participants include:
1) The BGC was successful in attracting a wide range of entrants and stimulating innovation due to its low barriers to entry and freedom given to projects on how to spend funding.
2) While the BGC encouraged innovations to spread to new local markets, more could have been done to support projects influencing broader systems to be more responsive to innovations ("scaling up").
3) Challenges remain in using
The document discusses innovation and national innovation systems. It defines innovation as the implementation of new products, processes, marketing methods, or organizational methods. Innovation requires dissemination and use to have an impact. A national innovation system consists of institutions in the public and private sectors that initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies. It is a set of interconnected institutions that create, store and transfer knowledge to define new technologies. Policy needs to address knowledge supply and demand, interactions between institutions, and firms' ability to learn and acquire technology.
A European Growth Policy for Twenty-seven Countries - Prospects and Problems ...gogrowth
The document discusses the challenges facing the European Union in developing growth policies for its 27 member countries in the modern knowledge economy. It argues that traditional industrial policies focused on subsidies and grants will not be effective, and that modern growth policies require more collaboration between firms, governments, and universities. However, establishing these collaboration policies is difficult because the different organizations have different social capital in the form of norms, networks, and values. The document proposes measures at the EU, national, and regional levels to help overcome these obstacles and better coordinate growth policies across levels of governance for the knowledge economy.
This document summarizes the challenges American companies face regarding organizational culture when operating in Serbia. It discusses Hofstede's model of national cultural dimensions and how Serbian and US cultures differ based on this framework. Specifically, Serbian culture scores higher in power distance and uncertainty avoidance, while the US scores higher in individualism. The paper also examines types of organizational culture and notes that hierarchies are most common in Serbian companies, while adhocracy cultures are rare. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding these cultural differences to help American businesses adjust their practices when operating abroad in Serbia.
The role of social entrepre neurial organizations in promotion of sustainable...Ambati Nageswara Rao
This document summarizes a research paper about the role of social entrepreneurial organizations in promoting sustainable development. The paper explores how social entrepreneurs use social innovations to empower excluded communities and enhance their participation in markets and society. Three case studies of social enterprises in Gujarat, India are presented: Torch-it, which created a device to help the visually impaired navigate independently; Shroff foundation, which works in the education sector; and Menstrupedia, which educates girls about menstruation. The studies found that the social enterprises helped bring sustainable development by providing new services and products for underserved groups, challenging rigid social structures. The social innovations adopted by these organizations thus contribute to achieving the goals of social and economic inclusion
A Study of Community Entrepreneurship Development Research A Resource of Clar...ijtsrd
Community entrepreneurship, as training and a field for academic research, gives an exceptional chance to test, question, and reevaluate ideas and suppositions from various fields of the executives and business look into. This article advances a perspective on Community entrepreneurship as a procedure that catalyzes social change and addresses critical social needs in a way that isnt ruled by direct money related advantages for the business visionaries. Community entrepreneurship is viewed as varying from different types of business in the moderately higher need given to advancing social esteem and improvement as opposed to catching financial esteem. To animate future research the creators present the idea of embeddedness as a connection between hypothetical viewpoints for the investigation of Community entrepreneurship. J Jose Prabhu ""A Study of Community Entrepreneurship Development Research: A Resource of Clarification and Forecast"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21741.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/new-venture-start-up/21741/a-study-of-community-entrepreneurship-development-research-a-resource-of-clarification-and-forecast/j-jose-prabhu
This document discusses the role and characteristics of think tanks. It provides examples of think tanks like Cogito, a Swedish Green think tank founded in 2005. Cogito aims to further sustainable development through broad public debate, constructive ideas, and exploring viable political alternatives. It seeks to critically examine dominant paradigms and power structures. The document also discusses how Cogito explores green political thought and praxis, addresses issues like peace and conflict resolution, and the intersection of environmental issues and social welfare systems.
Antenna For Social Innovation: The Quest for PrecisionESADE
The concept of social innovation is a victim of its own success. It is increasingly being used, appropriated, and diffused by a wide range of public and private organisations keen to highlight the social and innovative component of what they do or what they wish to do. Can we blame them? Certainly not, but we must acknowledge
that the recent proliferation of initiatives and organisations with the label social innovation has generated some confusion that we, from academia, should try to address and, hopefully, help to clarify.
Equality, Diversity and International Competitiveness, A Case Study of Dublin...kieran rose
This document discusses the links between equality, diversity and economic competitiveness in Dublin, Ireland. It outlines how diversity can help attract foreign direct investment by providing access to global talent and skills. It also explains how diversity and equality in education can help develop skills needed for economic growth. The document summarizes views from various organizations on how diversity and an open, tolerant culture can support innovation and make a city more attractive to businesses, investors and visitors.
Is Social Enterprise Ready for Public Business.D.GRANT. May 1st 2015-FDeborah Grant
This document is a thesis submitted to Dr. Susan Laing exploring whether social enterprises are ready to compete for public sector contracts. It includes an abstract, 6 chapters, and references. The abstract provides a high-level summary of the thesis, which conducted a literature review on social enterprises followed by interviews with social enterprise CEOs, membership organization leaders, and government/procurement specialists in Scotland, the UK, and Canada. Common themes and potential conflicts were identified, and recommendations were made on improving relationships and social enterprise involvement in the procurement process. In conclusion, the research aims to contribute to ongoing discussions around social enterprises and their economic contributions, with a key finding being that Scotland understands the questions around social enterprises well due to extensive experience.
The document summarizes the activities of the non-profit Slovak organization Áno pre život. It discusses their work providing services and housing for at-risk groups. It also outlines their plans to start a social enterprise providing cleaning and maintenance services to employ disadvantaged individuals and help support the organization financially. Market research found potential customers would value quality and price and the social mission could help the business succeed.
Part 1 deep dive; the future role of civil societyKarel Eramuri
Deep Dive; The Future Role of Civil Society
1. The Recent Evolution Of Civil Society
2. Defining Civil Society
3. Shifting Civil Society Roles and Relationships
This report provides an overview of social entrepreneurship in Sweden. It finds that while the concept of social enterprise is relatively new in Sweden, the sector is growing to help address societal challenges such as an aging population and high youth unemployment. The report details the definition, size, sectors, and recent developments of social enterprises in Sweden. It also examines the country context, organization, financing, innovations, and impact of social enterprises. Key points include that social enterprises operate in various legal forms, rely on public funding and earned income, innovate to create social impact, and impact measurement is becoming more common.
This document discusses the challenges that trade unions face in organizing informal workers. It notes that informal employment makes up a large portion of the global workforce but that informal workers are often excluded from traditional trade union structures and protections. The main challenges identified include political and conceptual barriers regarding how to define informal workers, practical difficulties organizing workers in scattered and individual workplaces, resource constraints for workers with precarious livelihoods, and issues with existing leadership structures. However, the document also discusses that informal workers are being organized through diverse models including trade unions, workers' associations, cooperatives, and other membership-based organizations.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of social network usage on the success of business startups. The study focused on companies in the plastics and rubber manufacturing industry in Jordan. A survey was administered to 124 companies, with 105 responses analyzed. The results revealed that there is a statistically significant impact of social networks on the success of business startups. Social networks allow entrepreneurs to access resources at lower costs than market alternatives and secure resources not otherwise available. Both strong and weak social ties are important, with strong ties providing resources and weak ties aiding opportunity identification and legitimacy.
This document provides an overview of corporate social responsibility (CSR). It begins by defining CSR and tracing its development. It then discusses small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and multinational corporations (MNCs) in Ireland. The literature review examines different CSR frameworks, including Carroll's four domain approach and Schwartz and Carroll's three domain model. It also covers motives for CSR engagement and limitations. The document aims to understand CSR perceptions of SMEs and MNCs in Ireland through a survey.
Social entrepreneurship and social networks for sustainable rural development...JIANGUANGLUNG DANGMEI
Social entrepreneurship has emerged in recent years given its importance for societal development and increasing today’s economy. To some extents, institutions have failed to resolve the social problems and needs of the rural areas. In this regard, social entrepreneurship gives a new groundwork for the socio-economic development of the rural people in India. It is high time to adopt it as the alternative solutions to the problems faced by the rural people. Until now there has been less inclusive attempt to specify the extent of social entrepreneurship to the rural populated areas and it demands a new development approach to identify the methods to encourage social innovations both at local and regional levels. Therefore, this paper aims to start filling this gap by exploring the implications of social entrepreneurship and social networks that could better enable sustainable rural development. This paper also argued that social entrepreneurship is the distinct approach to achieve sustainable rural development and suggestions are given for ensuring a successful social entrepreneurship in India.
Social entrepreneurship and social innovation aim to provide innovative solutions to unsolved social problems by promoting social change. While still emerging fields, they have proven effective in meeting social challenges. The chapter outlines these concepts, provides examples of social entrepreneurs and innovations, and recommends how governments and investors can best support their development to help address important social issues.
"Antenna for Social Innovation: The Quest for Precision"Ginés Haro Pastor
The concept of social innovation is a victim of its own success. It is increasingly being used, appropriated, and diffused by a wide range of public and private organisations keen to highlight the social and innovative component of what they do or what they wish to do. Can we blame them? Certainly not, but we must acknowledge
that the recent proliferation of initiatives and organisations with the label social innovation has generated some confusion that we, from academia, should try to address and, hopefully, help to clarify.
This document provides an overview of social entrepreneurship research. It discusses how social entrepreneurship research is still emerging but provides opportunities to challenge assumptions from other fields like management and business. The document defines social entrepreneurship as addressing social needs in a way that prioritizes social value over financial benefits. It also discusses how social entrepreneurship research can draw from theories in sociology and organizational studies. The document argues that clarifying concepts and definitions is important to advance social entrepreneurship as a field of research.
This document provides an analysis of social enterprise governance models through a comparative study of legislation in 11 European countries. It begins with definitions of social enterprise and discusses differences between the European and American conceptualizations. Governance structures are then explored, noting a variety of legal forms and levels of stakeholder participation across countries. The analysis compares features of governance models like objectives, market ties, and profit distribution.
This document summarizes a study on the Big Green Challenge (BGC), a competition launched by NESTA in the UK to stimulate community groups to generate programs to tackle climate change locally. The BGC provided funding and support to 10 finalist projects. Key findings from interviews with participants include:
1) The BGC was successful in attracting a wide range of entrants and stimulating innovation due to its low barriers to entry and freedom given to projects on how to spend funding.
2) While the BGC encouraged innovations to spread to new local markets, more could have been done to support projects influencing broader systems to be more responsive to innovations ("scaling up").
3) Challenges remain in using
The document discusses innovation and national innovation systems. It defines innovation as the implementation of new products, processes, marketing methods, or organizational methods. Innovation requires dissemination and use to have an impact. A national innovation system consists of institutions in the public and private sectors that initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies. It is a set of interconnected institutions that create, store and transfer knowledge to define new technologies. Policy needs to address knowledge supply and demand, interactions between institutions, and firms' ability to learn and acquire technology.
A European Growth Policy for Twenty-seven Countries - Prospects and Problems ...gogrowth
The document discusses the challenges facing the European Union in developing growth policies for its 27 member countries in the modern knowledge economy. It argues that traditional industrial policies focused on subsidies and grants will not be effective, and that modern growth policies require more collaboration between firms, governments, and universities. However, establishing these collaboration policies is difficult because the different organizations have different social capital in the form of norms, networks, and values. The document proposes measures at the EU, national, and regional levels to help overcome these obstacles and better coordinate growth policies across levels of governance for the knowledge economy.
A European Growth Policy for Twenty-seven Countries - Prospects and Problems ...gogrowth
The document discusses the challenges facing the European Union in developing common growth policies for its 27 member states in the modern knowledge economy. It argues that traditional industrial policies focused on subsidies and grants will not be effective, and that modern growth policies require more collaboration between firms, universities, and government. However, establishing collaboration is difficult because these organizations have different social networks and values as a result of their different roles. The document proposes that policies are needed at the EU, national, and regional levels to help build "social capital" or trust between these organizations in order to support innovation systems and regional clusters that can drive growth in the knowledge economy.
Globalization refers to the integration of economies through trade, financial flows, technology transfer, and mobility of people. It has led to vast opportunities for growth and improved living standards. However, it also poses challenges for ensuring benefits reach all countries and addressing fears of instability and participation issues in multilateral institutions. Globalization has been enabled by improvements in technology, economic and financial integration, socio-cultural changes, supportive legal and political systems, and effective communication. It allows companies to access new markets, products, and ways to benefit through efficiency, strategic advantages, and learning opportunities.
1406 20 Impact Financing for Impact EntrepreneurshipTommaso Saltini
Policy makers play a key role in fostering impact investing and entrepreneurship. The document proposes a three-phase plan for policy makers: 1) Emergence phase - establish stability and support impact entrepreneurs and R&D; 2) Beginning phase - design policies to direct capital to impact opportunities and launch pilot funds; 3) Development phase - launch different fund types and policies to foster stability and measure social/financial return. Public funds can catalyze private investment and expertise at each phase to support the growth of the impact investing industry over the long term.
The role of social entrepre neurial organizations in promotion of sustainable...Ambati Nageswara Rao
This document discusses the role of social entrepreneurial organizations in promoting sustainable development. It begins with defining key concepts like social entrepreneurship and sustainable development. It then reviews literature on the emergence of social entrepreneurship and how organizations address issues like market failures, government limitations, and resource constraints. The literature highlights how social entrepreneurs use innovative strategies to generate income and create social value. The document discusses frameworks for categorizing the needs social entrepreneurs can address, like satisfying basic human needs, creating collaborative communities, and addressing needs of future generations. It explores how social entrepreneurial activities can target individuals, communities and future generations to contribute to sustainable development.
This document explores the potential for social innovation in manufacturing through "maker manufacturing". It identifies three dimensions of social innovation in manufacturing: 1) Democratization of making through open tools and sharing of knowledge; 2) Supply chains for good through full transparency; and 3) Corporate citizenship by making social/environmental impact part of business strategy and decision-making. The document argues that maker manufacturing could contribute to the European Commission's agenda of jobs, growth, fairness and democratic change, but risks need to be managed. It calls for political support to realize the potential of this emerging field.
Financial and Institutional Reforms for an Entrepreneurial SocietyDr Lendy Spires
This document introduces a special issue on financial and institutional reforms needed to transition Europe to a more entrepreneurial society. It summarizes the key findings and contributions of the 12 papers in the issue, which address different facets of Europe's entrepreneurial ecosystem including access to knowledge, financial resources, labor markets, and how institutions and entrepreneurship drive economic growth. The papers find that Europe needs more fundamental reforms to improve its entrepreneurial ecosystem compared to past approaches. Access to knowledge, financial resources, and labor are particularly important for supporting more startups and challengers that drive innovation and economic growth through creative destruction.
A Study On Issues And Challenges Prevails In Social Entrepreneurship And Qual...Jessica Thompson
This document discusses social entrepreneurship and the qualities of successful social entrepreneurs. It defines social entrepreneurship as tackling social problems through innovative solutions and defines social entrepreneurs as ambitious individuals who are mission-driven, strategic, and results-oriented in addressing social issues. The document reviews literature on distinguishing social entrepreneurs from other entrepreneurs and examines qualities like taking risks, fundraising, networking, and delivering innovative work to create social change. Muhammad Yunus and his work with Grameen Bank are provided as an example of a successful social entrepreneur.
The document discusses developing an entrepreneurial mindset in organizations. It defines entrepreneurship as creating value by combining resources to exploit opportunities. Key entrepreneurial competencies include opportunity-alertness, self-efficacy, risk-willingness, and role-modeling. These competencies can be enhanced through institutional context, innovation competencies, background factors like gender and education, and role-modeling. The document also discusses innovation, innovation systems, linking innovation systems, diversity and innovation, transnational entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, and an example of a transnational diaspora entrepreneurship platform.
Presentation by Antonella Noya, Senior Policy Analyst, OECD, on the occasion of the EESC conference on "Social economy and social innovation as drivers of competitiveness, growth and social well-being - Perspecitves and priorities for the new Commission and the European Parliament" (Brussels, 1 October 2014)
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Chell2010
1. This article was downloaded by: [National Sun Yat-Sen University]
On: 15 August 2014, At: 09:31
Publisher: Routledge
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Entrepreneurship & Regional
Development: An International Journal
Publication details, including instructions for authors and
subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tepn20
Social entrepreneurship and
enterprise: International and
innovation perspectives
Elizabeth Chell
a
, Katerina Nicolopoulou
a
& Mine Karataş-Özkan
b
a
Small Business Research Centre, Kingston University , London,
UK
b
Management School, University of Southampton , Southampton,
UK
Published online: 21 Oct 2010.
To cite this article: Elizabeth Chell , Katerina Nicolopoulou & Mine Karataş-Özkan (2010)
Social entrepreneurship and enterprise: International and innovation perspectives,
Entrepreneurship & Regional Development: An International Journal, 22:6, 485-493, DOI:
10.1080/08985626.2010.488396
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2010.488396
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3. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Vol. 22, No. 6, October 2010, 485–493
EDITORIAL
Social entrepreneurship and enterprise: International and innovation
perspectives
Elizabeth Chella*, Katerina Nicolopouloua
and Mine Karatas° -O¨ zkanb
a
Small Business Research Centre, Kingston University, London, UK; b
Management
School, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
This paper provides an overview of social entrepreneurship and social
enterprise, making reference to pertinent literature. Internationally the
distribution of social enterprises is uneven and there are noticeable
differences that reflect national differences in welfare, labour market and
ideology. Essentially however social enterprises seek business solutions to
social problems and in order to do so, we argue, it is necessary for social
enterprises to foster innovation. The papers included in this volume present
different models and theories of how this might be achieved. All the authors
place emphasis on the need to develop a sound theoretical platform and
raise methodological problems common to management research.
Additionally, the papers raise policy issues, such as how outcomes of
social enterprise are valued and prioritised in different societies. The work
discussed points to how social enterprise may offer innovative solutions to
help solve problems of social integration, socially dysfunctional behaviour
and socio-economic development. It indicates the need for further research,
especially to test further the models comparatively. Finally this body of
work builds on and extends our thinking about entrepreneurship, and the
need to tie it into social, cultural, civic and political agenda.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; social entrepreneurship; social enterprise;
innovation; social policy; social integration; interdisciplinary approach
International attention is increasingly being given to social entrepreneurship
and social enterprises. Numerous institutions, such as international organizations
(e.g. World Bank), world-class universities, governments, public agencies, private
corporations and entrepreneurial firms are paying attention to the phenomenon and
dedicating resources to social entrepreneurship. This special issue on social
entrepreneurship from international and innovation perspectives has provided due
attention to this rapidly emerging area in the subject domain of entrepreneurship by
soliciting the contribution of papers that encompass inter-disciplinary and cross-
cultural approaches.
As with any newly emerging field, one of the major concerns has been the issue of
definition and conceptualization of social entrepreneurship (Christie and Honig
2006). Social entrepreneurship has been defined in various ways. A broad definition
of social entrepreneurship refers to innovative activity with a social objective in either
the for-profit sector, or in the corporate social entrepreneurship (usually in the
form of CSR-related activities) or in the non-profit sector (Dees 1998; Dees and
*Corresponding author. Email: e.chell@kingston.ac.uk
ISSN 0898–5626 print/ISSN 1464–5114 online
ß 2010 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488396
http://www.informaworld.com
Downloadedby[NationalSunYat-SenUniversity]at09:3115August2014
4. Anderson 2003; Austin, Stevenson, and Wei-Skillern 2006). Recently, Zahra et al.
(2009, 519) have proposed a definition, which highlights innovation at the core of
the process: ‘social entrepreneurship encompasses the activities and processes
undertaken to discover, define and exploit opportunities in order to enhance social
wealth by creating new ventures or managing existing organisations in an innovative
manner’.
The central driver for social entrepreneurship is the social problem being
addressed in an innovative and entrepreneurial way. Social enterprises tackle a wide
range of social and environmental issues and operate in all parts of the economy with
a view to social value and wealth creation (Chell 2007). The decision to form a
particular form of social enterprise should depend on which format would most
effectively mobilize the resources needed to address a particular social or
environmental problem (Austin, Stevenson, and Wei-Skillern 2006). Social enterprise
has been defined by the UK Government as ‘a business with primarily social
objectives whose surpluses are principally reinvested for that purpose in the business
or in the community, rather than being driven by the need to maximize profit for
shareholders’ (DTI 2002, 2003). This definition adds another dimension to the
discussion by highlighting the underlying financial motivation of sustainability of
the social enterprise. Given these aspects of social entrepreneurship as entrepreneur-
ial activity and social enterprises as organizations in which this activity manifests
itself, a broader conceptualization of social entrepreneurship, which
underscores innovative, social value creating activity that can occur within or
across the not-for-profit, business or government sectors (Austin, Stevenson, and
Wei-Skillern 2006; Zahra et al. 2009) is adopted in developing this special issue.
It is worth noting that three interacting sets of factors have influenced the
development of social enterprises internationally: demand side factors (i.e. public
wanting services from social enterprises as customers); supply side factors (essentially
the supply of social entrepreneurs) and contextual and institutional factors impacting
on the relation between the two (Spear 2006). Drawing on a comparative research
project on the social enterprise activity in 15 European countries, Borzaga and
Defourny (2001) suggest three factors to explain country variations in the Europe:
(1) the level of development of the economic and social systems; (2) the
characteristics of the welfare systems and of the traditional third sector and
(3) the nature of the underpinning legal systems.
The authors note that the economic weight of social enterprises is unevenly
distributed throughout Europe. In Italy, for example, there are thousands of social
enterprises that provide a range of social services including the work of integration of
disadvantaged people. In other countries, such as Sweden and Finland, the number
of social enterprises is considerable; however, they are mainly active in specific fields,
such as employment services and kindergartens. In contrast, Greece and Denmark
represent countries where a very small number of social enterprises exist. Germany
and the Netherlands exemplify the countries in which the existing social enterprises
are not clearly differentiated from public or traditional third-sector organizations.
However, social enterprises in these countries present innovative characteristics
either in the services or products provided or in the methods of production. In the
UK, social enterprises have undergone high growth rates with high levels of success
in the pursuit of their aims. There one might argue that the propensity for growth
qualifies the activity of social enterprise as an entrepreneurial activity.
486 E. Chell et al.
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5. Amin, Cameron, and Hudson (2002) stressed the idea that international
differences in social enterprises reflect differences in welfare systems, in political
and institutional contexts in particular, such as lack of a publicly funded welfare
system in the US, a strong welfare system in Europe and the contraction of the
welfare system in the UK as observed at the time of the study, the latter having
boosted the role of the social economy. However, Amin, Cameron, and Hudson
(2002) argue that such observations should be qualified by contextual factors, such
as population growth, increased longevity and immigration, and as such specialized
calls on any welfare system. In Austria, for example, social enterprises form part of
an active labour market policy, since they provide a means to quality and
reinstatement of the long-term unemployed into employment and society more
generally (Loidl-Keil 2002). Such social enterprises, therefore, maintain a relatively
high degree of business-like nature, whereas in other European countries, the term
‘social enterprise’ becomes a lot less clearly defined. For example, Loidl-Keil (2002)
refers to Finland and Sweden, where, because of socio-economic conditions, social
enterprises are not differentiated to such a large extent from ‘enterprises’ per se. They
also refer to the example of the US, where social enterprises are usually run as
‘branches’ of for-profits, financed by the surpluses of the latter. Borzaga and
Santuari (2000) refer to the example of Italy, where social enterprises are firmly
based in the tradition of co-operatives, which have functioned as providers of
employment in an employment market system that needed some form of social
solidarity.
The extent to which ‘best practices’ from different systems can be studied and
emulated has been reported as very limited, not because of its potential usability, but
because no existing models and networks for such knowledge sharing yet exist
(Laville and Nyssens 2001). Finally, from a cross-cultural perspective, following
Holden (2002, 59), we are considering how knowledge sharing could be done by
facilitating ‘a synergistic action and learning at interfaces where knowledge, values
and experience are transferred into multicultural domains of implementation’. The
strong emphasis of values, which is related to social enterprises, makes this a perfect
candidate for this approach.
The need to know more about social enterprises and the social entrepreneurship
process is driven by a number of factors; there is a policy debate, which has led to a
strengthened agenda for creating an enabling environment for the development of
social enterprises in, for example, the UK and other OECD countries. Further, the
global and national context against which social entrepreneurship has developed
entails addressing the globally applicable issues related to a ‘paradigm of corporate
accountability’. Increased privatization of public services and government contract-
ing as well as an increased ‘efficiency’ focus of the public sector, local economic as
well as regional and urban community development are some of the enabling
conditions of social enterprise. Social enterprises are arguably promoting a special
kind of social capital because individuals, who are concerned with a particular
(social) problem or follow a certain ideology, are brought together to succeed in
designing an economic and social activity around it (Laville and Nyssens 2001).
Social enterprises, in that sense, demonstrate their ability to be economically
innovative when they constitute ‘intermediary areas’ (Evers 1995), mobilizing social
capital by transferring it from the private to the public sphere. Given the nature of
these debates, it is time to consider the nature of social enterprise and social
Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 487
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6. entrepreneurship, and how capability in social enterprise might be developed
(Chell, Karatas° -O¨ zkan, and Nicolopoulou 2007).
Drawing on the concept of social economy, Defourny (2001, 16–8) suggests nine
characteristics that characterise social enterprises. The first four reflect the economic
and entrepreneurial dimensions, the other five are social factors, which include an
explicit aim to benefit the community, an initiative launched by a group of citizens, a
decision-making power not based on capital ownership, a participatory nature,
which involves the various parties affected by the activity and a limited profit
distribution. Focusing on the economic and entrepreneurial aspects, first, there exists
a focus on a continuous activity of producing goods and or selling services. Social
enterprises are engaged in redistribution of financial flows with an objective of direct
involvement in the production of goods or provision of services to people on a
continuous basis. The provision of such goods or services represents one of the main
reasons for the existence of social enterprises. Second, social enterprises are
characterized by a high degree of autonomy as they are created by a person, social
entrepreneur or a group of people and are governed by them in the framework of an
autonomous project. They are independent from public authorities or other
organizations, unlike traditional non-profit organizations. Third, a significant level
of economic risk is involved. Those who set up a social enterprise assume the risk of
the initiative. Their financial viability relies on the efforts of the members of the
social enterprise to generate and secure sufficient resources, an entrepreneurial
process that is managing risk and uncertainty. Finally, by utilizing both voluntary
and paid workers, the activity carried out in the social enterprises requires a
minimum level of paid workers, in contrast to what often is the case in ‘economic’
enterprise.
The fact that social enterprises are defined around the concept of a ‘multiple’
bottom line would appear to circumscribe them in a different light than economic
enterprises. In practice, it suggests greater complexity at the managerial level for
ensuring sustainability. Thus, where social enterprises have attracted little grant-aid,
the directors of the social enterprise would, presumably, need to be just as, if not
more, entrepreneurial and innovative as the economic entrepreneur whose primary
goal is wealth creation and capital accumulation (Chell 2007).
Arguably, the role and extent of social entrepreneurship activity is developing in
a state of flux. Given the values that social enterprises exemplify – enterprise,
innovation, competitiveness and social inclusion – (Defourny 2001; DTI 2002), social
enterprises aim to create social value rather than personal wealth for the leader–
manager (Chell 2007). However, social enterprises are also faced with the challenge
to seek business solutions to social problems (Thompson and Doherty 2006) and
become and remain sustainable if they are to deliver maximum value along all three
aspects of the ‘triple bottom line’ (social, environmental and financial) according to
which they are defined. In order to do that social enterprises need to foster
innovation as a response to the challenges they are facing. This would include
innovation in outlook, behaviours, strategy and operations.
The current special issue has aimed to address, in more detail, various aspects
that define innovation for social enterprise from a number of inter-disciplinary and
cross-cultural perspectives. Specifically, in terms of the papers contributed to the
special issue: whilst it may seem obvious to some, to others it may not be as they are
too close to their own models and theories of what social enterprise is. This selection
488 E. Chell et al.
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7. of papers about social enterprise in a range of countries around the world raises a
variety of issues and shows that the expression of social enterprise varies
considerably depending upon context, situation and circumstance. We tend to
think of social enterprise in positive terms; however, the contexts from which it may
emanate may be far from positive. Friedman and Desivilya paint for us a picture of a
divided society, at the northern Israeli border with Palestine. They pose a vital
practical question of how can one conceive of a means through social enterprise of
addressing the problems and deep social divisions that have arisen between these
troubled communities. Using an action theory methodology, they present a ‘Studio
for Social Creativity’, which is intended to address the action strategies that may be
drawn on to help redefine inter-group relations, enhance social networks, activate
social capital, leverage diversity and challenge the existing power structures. This is a
huge agenda for social enterprise, but it may also be seen as a means by which social
enterprise may empower people to begin to address their social problems whatever
and wherever they exist.
Social enterprise has also tended to focus on the resolution of social problems.
Whilst that might seem self-evident, a stronger position is that of the prioritization of
social value over economic value. Perrini, Vurro, and Costanzo highlight this issue in
their paper and also the need to find innovative solutions to persistent social
problems. Social enterprise should not be thought of as mundane, rather it may raise
profound issues of how to address long-term social needs and how the proposed
solution, should it be deemed effective, may be scaled up. In circumstances of
environmental volatility, even successful solutions may be threatened; therefore,
issues of development within less benign conditions are addressed in this paper. This
paper uses the case of a drug rehabilitation centre to illustrate and analyse these
issues. Adopting Yin’s case study methodology, the authors identify a set of
propositions that they argue stem from social enterprise theory relevant to this case
and show how the social enterprise process unfolds through the various stages
of opportunity recognition.
The next paper also identifies the need for social enterprise as an emerging field
to strengthen its theoretical base. It is crucial to go beyond the stories and
anecdotes to drawing out the theoretical principles and propositions that enable
insights to be gleaned. In addressing this issue, Tapsell and Woods couch their case
in Schumpeter’s theory of economic development. Linking this to complexity
theory, the authors lay a platform of guiding propositions through which they
examine emergent theory. Schumpeter’s theory of economic disruption and change
fits well with complexity theory, these authors argue, because it is within these
discontinuities and at the boundaries of change and stability that innovation and
entrepreneurship occur. This case is also of interest because counter to Western
thought about entrepreneurship and the centrality of individualism as the nexus of
entrepreneurial behaviour, it highlights the importance of the collective. This inter-
disciplinary team focuses on Maori entrepreneurship and identifies self-organization
as a means by which collective innovation and enterprise practices may be
understood. The social and economic problem being addressed through this paper
is that of the social and economic dislocation of people and the need to rebuild a
community.
Bridgstock, Lettice, O¨ zbilgin, and Tatli address another social problem that of
diversity management and consider how diversity management may be used to
Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 489
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8. leverage innovation in the policies and practices of social enterprise, in other words,
a social agenda within social enterprises. This case, based in the UK, highlights the
interplay between social enterprise and diversity management in the areas of
innovation, networking, reconciliation and funding; and draws upon field survey and
case study data in order to go beyond a narrow view of diversity management that
relates only to workforce composition to explore the accommodating characteristics
that they argue are distinctive to social enterprise. As such, the authors identify an
important gap in the literature. Further, they recognize that, by placing diversity
management within social enterprise settings, greater benefits may accrue through
links with innovation practices, which they illustrate through rich contextual
material derived from a number of diverse case studies. Crucially, this paper
recognizes that the management of diversity in small social enterprises is unlikely to
be successfully addressed by adopting models from large-scale organizations. Rather,
they conceive of networked diversity as the means by which social enterprises may
provide innovative solutions to the management of diversity. These solutions may
include mechanisms of support and collaboration, education and learning, the
identification of diverse and multiple funding sources and reconciliation between
stakeholders drawn from different social, ethnic and religious backgrounds. This
‘networked diversity’ approach raises an important issue, which is the formation of
collaborations between social enterprises, corporations and public sector organiza-
tions in tackling various social problems (Nicolopoulou and Karatas° -O¨ zkan 2009).
Recognizing the differences of social enterprises from their commercial counterparts,
as a part of this collaborative process, many social enterprises can tap into the
resources and relationships of established corporations (Di Domenico, Tracey, and
Haugh 2009) and public sector organizations in order to pursue collaborative
social innovation for sustainable growth.
In a similar vein, Smith and Stevens also emphasize the need to develop social
enterprise theory and thereby, to distinguish social entrepreneurship from its
commercial counterpart. However, these authors focus on how location and
differences in geography influence the types of social networks in which social
enterprises are embedded. Specifically, they posit that there is a relationship between
geographic area and social embeddedness; the nearer the greater the interaction of
stakeholders in the social enterprise network of relationships. They note, in
particular, that work on embeddedness has considered its role in commercial
entrepreneurship rather than in the domain of social enterprise, thus identifying a
gap in the literature. Further, structural embeddedness concerns the type of
relationships that connect actors. As such, these ties are both spatial and temporal.
Moreover, Smith and Stevens argue that different types of social entrepreneurs occur
in different types of spaces, from local, regional through to transnational or global.
In these ways, they argue that geography plays a critical role in the nature
of structural embeddedness of social entrepreneurs.
All the above authors have placed emphasis on the need to develop a sound
theoretical platform on which to develop our understanding of the many forms that
social entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurs and social enterprises take. On this
base, it is possible to see how further work might be developed. For example, more
comparative work taking the various models across countries, indeed across
continents might be one way forward. Having established that the venturing process
and different forms of social enterprise that emerge out of this process are important
490 E. Chell et al.
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9. areas to investigate further, it is worth highlighting a related research issue, which is
sustainable growth of social enterprises. How can social enterprises be managed
entrepreneurially with an objective to grow the enterprise and deliver increasing
social and economic value? What are the challenges involved in growing a social
enterprise? As the ethical foundations of the social enterprise strongly influence its
strategies and operations, how should expectations of numerous stakeholders be
managed and met effectively during the growth process? These challenging and
unanswered questions and many others warrant further investigation.
All the papers raise methodological problems common to management research
more broadly. These include dealing with case studies; should they be considered to be
unique or are there insights because principles highlighted by the cases are theoretically
generalizable or transferable to other contexts? How are outcomes valued and
prioritized by society? Social and economic enterprise and entrepreneurship make this
a stark issue because they force the juxtaposition of social and economic outcomes.
This goes beyond the so-called ‘triple bottom line’ to another level broadening out
from the enterprise itself and its stakeholders to wider society. Whilst these are
large questions, they are nonetheless critically important to the functioning of all
societies. Social and economic dislocation is evident in developed societies in the
western world and is not a phenomenon restricted to developing economies.
Moreover, social enterprise and social entrepreneurship may offer innovative ways
forward to help resolve problems of social integration, socially dysfunctional
behaviour and socio-economic development. Social enterprise presents the society
with choices. For example, the prioritization of individualism, much of which may be
seen as self-centred and self-serving, contrasted with collectivist solutions where
building and developing communities is key to social and economic welfare and well-
being. In these ways, social enterprise poses ethical dilemmas for governments,
industries and individuals. We therefore see a considerable scope for academics to
build on the theoretical, the practical and the policy implications of the work that is
displayed in this special issue.
The contribution of this special issue spells out clearly the need to study in-depth
a cross-country, comparative dimension of social entrepreneurship, thereby
‘operationalizing’ the notion of different ‘spaces’, contexts and situations in which
it might flourish; and moreover, to turn to social, anthropological and cultural
studies to further understand and explore its nature and variety of forms. It builds on
an earlier issue of this Journal, (Volume 16, no. 3), where the discussion for the space
of entrepreneurship in society has been opened up by the work of Steyaert and Katz
(2004), who focused on geographical, discursive and social dimensions of
entrepreneurship. This was expanded on by Johnstone and Lionais (2004) through
their article on community business entrepreneurship, which they conceptualized as
the entrepreneurial process that can be modified to pursue community goals. The
current special issue builds on and furthers the discussion on social entrepreneurship,
by differentiating from, and complementing it with, economic entrepreneurship
(Short, Todd, and Lumpkin 2009; Chell, Karatas° -O¨ zkan, and Nicolopoulou 2006;
Chell 2007; Zahra et al. 2009). It operationalizes several of the social issues referred
to in the previous special issue through examples highlighting various social
problems in different contexts, as key topics in the agenda of social entrepreneurship,
which indicate the need to ‘tie in’ entrepreneurship with social, cultural, civic and
political considerations.
Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 491
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