This document discusses organizational culture and theories of bureaucratic caring. It examines the characteristics of bureaucracies, including division of labor, hierarchy of offices, general rules, separation of personal and professional roles, and standards of fairness. The document also summarizes Dr. Ray's Theory of Bureaucratic Caring, which views health care systems as complex, dynamic, and relational. The theory was later revised to be holographic, reflecting that all parts are interconnected and influence the whole.

1. Assignment: Characteristics of bureaucracies.
Assignment: Characteristics of bureaucracies.Assignment: Characteristics of
bureaucracies.Discuss organizational cultures as transformational bureaucracies.Identify
and discuss characteristics of bureaucracies.Compare and contrast the terms “formal” and
“substantive” theory.Describe what distinguishes organizations as cultures from other
paradigms, such as organizations as machines.Explain the paradox of serving a bureaucracy
and serving humans using an example from clinical practice.Compare and contrast the
Theory of Bureaucratic Caring and the revised Holographic Theory of Bureaucratic
Caring.Discuss the relevance of complexity science to theory development.*Copyright ©
2015. F.A. Davis CompanyORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED, PLAGIARISM-FREE
PAPERSPurpose of the ChapterDiscuss contemporary nursing cultureShare Dr. Ray’s
theoretical views and vision of nursingDiscuss the Theory of Bureaucratic CaringAs
grounded theoryAs holographic theory*Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis CompanyGeneration
of Bureaucratic Caring TheoryUsed three research approachesEthnography (hospital as a
culture)Phenomenology (meaning of caring in the life world)Grounded theory method (the
structure and process of caring within the complex organization)*Copyright © 2015. F.A.
Davis CompanyTheory RevisitedRay revisited the theory and discovered the theory
incorporated many concepts from the new sciences of complexityThe theory was revealed
as holographicThe holographic model depicts the primacy of caring as spiritual-ethical and
the other dimensions as equal, interfacing between the spiritual and ethical and the
bureaucratic dimensions*Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis CompanyThe Theory of
Bureaucratic CaringInvites us to view how a new model may facilitate understanding of
how nursing can be practiced in modern health care (Ray, 2006)Is a holistic theory with a
practical purpose that facilitates our understanding of nursing practice in complex
contemporary health-care environments*Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis CompanyDr. Ray
BelievesGiven the nature of nursing as expanded consciousness and theory as
wakefulness,Nurses need nursing theory to stimulate thinking and critique as they function
in the complex world of nursing science, research, education, and practice*Copyright ©
2015. F.A. Davis Company Assignment: Characteristics of bureaucracies.Holographic
TheoryHolography means that the implicate order (the whole) and explicate order (the
part) are interconnected that everything is a Holon, including humans, in the sense that
everything is a whole in one context and a part in another-each part being in the whole and
the whole being in the part*Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis CompanyThe Theory of
Bureaucratic Caring as a Holographic TheoryHolistic science (and art)captures the idea that

2. all systems, including health care systems, are living systemsboth wholes and partsdepend
on networks of relationships, information, choice and communication flow*Copyright ©
2015. F.A. Davis CompanyThe Theory of Bureaucratic Caring as a Holographic
TheoryFurthers the vision of nursing and organizations as complex, dynamic, relational,
integral, informational, and emergent—open to sets of possibilitiesSynchronicity of
interacting parts and the wholeEverything interconnectsWe are all creative manifestations
of the oneness of the environment (context), moving in relationship, and continually
transforming (emerging—growing and developing) (Thoma, 2003).*Copyright © 2015. F.A.
Davis CompanyThe Theory of Bureaucratic Caring as a Holographic TheoryProvides a
means for nurses and other professionalsto changeto realize the integral nature of the
dynamic unity of the human and environmentRather than continuing mechanistic
approaches of prediction and control*Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis CompanyContemporary
Nursing PracticeNursing occurs in organizations that are generally bureaucratic or
systematic in natureBureaucracies are a valuable toolIdentifyUnderstandPrinciples that
undergird coordinated and relational organizational systems*Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis
CompanyOrganizational CultureParadigm for understanding organizationsFounded in
Anthropology Assignment: Characteristics of bureaucracies.Social
constructionsSymbolically formedReproduced through interactionStudied formally and
informally*Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis CompanyTypes of Organizational
CulturesInformalIntegration of codes of ethics and
conductCommitmentIdentityCoherenceFormalPower and authorityPoliticalLegal*Copyright
© 2015. F.A. Davis CompanyWork of Nursing Within the Organizational
CulturesUndervalued in terms of cost and worthCurrently evaluated in terms of patient
safety and clinical nursing leadershipNew interest in evaluating meaningfulness of
workDirectly helping othersCreating products that help others (Cuilla, 2000)*Copyright ©
2015. F.A. Davis CompanyWork of NursingTraditionalDirectly helping others through
knowledgeable caring (Watson, 2005)ContemporaryDirectly helping othersLegal
contextEconomic context*Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis CompanyCall for the Reinvention of
WorkRe-seeing the good of nursingIncorporation of business principles and relational self-
organizationSearching for meaning in the complexities of life and work*Copyright © 2015.
F.A. Davis CompanyOrganizational Cultures as Transformational
BureaucraciesTransformation of nurses toward relational self-organization and
creativityMoving from invisibility to visibilityIdentifying nurses caring work asHaving
valueExpression of one’s soulSpiritual-ethical caring*Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis
Company Assignment: Characteristics of bureaucracies.Characteristics of
BureaucraciesEisenberg & Goodall (1993)Division of laborHierarchy of officesGeneral set of
performance rulesSeparation of personal from professionalEmployment viewed as a
careerEqual treatment of employees or standards of fairnessProtection of dismissal by
tenurePersonal selection based on technical and professional qualifications