Enjoyment of Music, Essential Listening Edition, 3rd Ed. Chapter 38 - Nationalism; Chapter 42 - Tchaikovsky

1. THE ENJOYMENT OF MUSIC
ESSENTIAL LISTENING
EDITION
by
Kristine Forney
Andrew Dell’Antonio
Joseph Machlis
THIRD EDITION
Lecture Slides – Chapters 38 & 42

2. Chapter 38
Sounding a Nation:
Grieg and Orchestral Nationalism

3. Nationalism
• Refers to deliberate,
conscious attempt to
develop artworks
characteristic of a
particular country or
region
• Attempt to break away
from German-Austrian
style
• Proof that other
countries had
composers also
• Political climate of
Europe

4. European Politics of the Late
19th/Early 20th Century
• Citizens demanded democratic forms of
government
• French and American Revolutions sparked similar
unrest in many countries throughout Western
Europe, Russia, and Scandinavia
• Europe became industrialized; farmers moved to
cities; people recognized shared heritage.
• National pride developed, and musicians
incorporated folk traditions in their works.

5. New Republics Formed
• 1830: The Netherlands
became independent
• 1830 Belgium became
independent
• 1861: Italy unified its
city-states
• 1871: Germany unified
into an empire
• 1872: Portugal became
republic
• 1917: Russians
overthrew Czar;
beginning of Soviet
Union

6. Changes in Transportation
• Passenger trains took people all over Europe:
replaced stagecoaches
• Steamships replaced sailing ships; allowed
relatively easy Transatlantic crossings
• Musicians, writers, and artists traveled and
experienced other cultures; they included
them in their compositions, poems, and
artworks.

7. Romantic Program Music
Musical Nationalism
• Inclusion of folk dance
• Reference to folklore or peasant life
• Programs: national hero, historic event, scenic
beauty of land
• Censorship
• Powerful symbolism

8. Schools of Musical Nationalism
Russia
• Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka
• “The Mighty Five”
– Mily Balakirev
– Alexander Borodin
– Cesar Cui
– Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
– Modest Musorgsky
Czech
• Antonin Dvořák
• Bedřich Smetana
England
• Edward Elgar
• Frederick Delius
Spain
• Isaac Albeniz
• Enrique Granados
• Manuel de Falla
Norway, Edvard Grieg
Finland, Jean Sibelius

9. 19th Century Nationalism in
Russia: The Russian Five
• 5 Russian composers
band together
– Promote purely
Russian music
– Incorporate history,
folklore, legends,
native instruments,
native music
• Nikolai Rimsky-
Korsakov
• Modest Mussorgsky
• Alexander Borodin
• César Cui
• Mily Balakirev

10. Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881)
• Born in Pskof, Russia: aristocratic family
• Worked in the Russian Guard and
composed on side
• Trained by Balakirev
• Incorporated inflection of Russian language
in his compositions
• An original and influential composer

11. Modest Mussorgsky(1839-1881)
• Considered least accomplished
during lifetime
• Now greatest of Russian Five
• Not interested in musical career,
entered military academy
• Skilled at piano & singing,
popular at parties
• Alcoholic, bizarre behavior
• Died age 42
• Rarely finished works, much
completed by Rimsky-Korsakov

12. Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881)
• Some famous works
– Opera: Boris Godunov
– Songs: The Nursery, Sunless, Songs and Dances
of Death; many others
– Orchestral music: tone poem Night on Bald
Mountain (one of pieces in Disney’s Fantasia)
• Night on Bald Mountain
– Piano music: Pictures at an Exhibition

13. Pictures at an Exhibition
• Promenade
• The Great Gate of
Kiev
• Rock version by
Emerson, Lake, &
Palmer

14. Pictures At An Exhibition
Pictures at an Exhibition

15. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
(1844-1908)
• Born in Tikhvin, Russia
• Served 11 years in Russian Navy as Inspector of Naval Bands
• Then taught composition and orchestration at St. Petersburg
Conservatory of Music
• Arranged and edited collections of Russian folk music
• Edited many of Mussorgsky’s and Borodin’s works for
performance
• Famous students: Igor Stravinsky and Sergei Prokofiev (20th
century composers)
• Best known for symphonic poems and operas
– Scherezade
– Flight of the Bumblebee

16. Flight of the Bumblebee
• Flight of the Bumblebee

17. Other Nationalist
Composers
• Edvard Grieg-Norway
– Peer Gynt Suite-incidental music for Henrik Ibsen play
• Jean Sibelius-Finland
– Finlandia - became national anthem of country
• Edward Elgar-England
– Pomp & Circumstance
• Ralph Vaughan-Williams-England
– Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis
• Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albañiz, Enrique Granados-Spain

18. Program Music
• Symphonic poem-An orchestral form in which a
poem or program provides a narrative or
illustrative basis
• One movement
• Flourished in 1840’s to 1920’s
• Satisfied three aspirations of 19th century
– To relate music to the outside world
– To integrate multi-movement form
– To elevate instrumental music to a higher level than that of
vocal music

19. Also sprach Zarathustra
• Sunrise

20. Edvard Grieg (1843-1907)
• Bergen, Norway
• Attended Leipzig
Conservatory
• Preferred smaller forms
– Piano works
– Folk tune arrangements
• Stipend from Norwegian
Gov’t
• Henrik Ibsen, playwright
– Peer Gynt
• Died of heart failure

21. Peer Gynt
• Morning Mood
– Morning Mood
• In the Hall of the Mountain King
– In the Hall of the Mountain King
• Rock versions
– Apocalyptica
– Savatage song

22. Peer Gynt, Suite No. 1 (Op. 46),
excerpts

23. Peer Gynt, Suite No. 1 (Op. 46),
excerpts

24. Bedrich Smetana(1824-1884)
• Small town in
Bohemia
• Studied in Prague
• Pianist for Kaiser
Ferdinand
• Became deaf toward
end of life, declining
health (syphillis)
• No believer in
“absolute music”
• The Moldau(1874)
– Best known work
from Ma Vlast(My
Country)

25. Smetana: The Moldau
• Second of the symphonic poems
from My Country
• River Moldau (Vlatava)
• Music suggests scenes along
the shore of the river

26. The Moldau
• The Moldau

29. Key Points
• Ballet became an independent dramatic form in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, particularly in France and Russia.
• The ballets of Russian composer Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky — Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker — remain central
to the repertory today.
Chapter 42
Poetry in Motion: Tchaikovsky &
the Ballet

30. Ballet
• During Renaissance, choreographed dance central to lavish
festivals & theatrical entertainments at court
• Intermedio, Italy; Masque, England; ballet de cour, France
• Independent art form in 18th century
• French ballet
• Russian ballet
• (Hoffer book)

31. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
(1840-1893)
• Born in Votinsk, Russia
• Studied law, worked in Ministry
of Justice until age 23
• Studied at St. Petersburg
Conservatory of music with
Anton Rubinstein
• Taught music at Moscow
Conservatory until age 37 when
he retired to compose
• One failed marriage, lived with
brothers in St. Petersburg
• Supported financially by
Nadezhda von Meck, required
they never meet
• 1893-contracted cholera

32. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
(1840-1893)
• Toured Russia, London, Europe as guest conductor
• Guest conductor with New York philharmonic for
opening of Carnegie Hall
• NOT accepted into Russian Five; believed to be too
cosmopolitan and influenced by music of other
nations be a Russian nationalist
• Suffered hatred because of his homosexuality;
probably committed suicide at age 53

33. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-
1893)
• Some famous works
– Opera: Eugene Onegin, The Queen of Spades,
Mazeppa
– Orchestral music: Ballets: Swan Lake, Sleeping
Beauty, The Nutcracker; Overtures: Romeo and
Juliet, 1812 Overture, March slav; 6 symphonies
No. 2 Little Russian, No. 3 Polish, No. 5
Pathétique; Concertos: 3 piano, 1 violin;
Miscellaneous: Capriccio italien, Capriccio
espagnol

34. The Nutcracker
• Popular every Christmas
• Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy
– Sugar Plum Fairy
• Trepak
– Trepak

35. The Enjoyment of Music, Essential Listening Edition, Third Edition
Copyright © 2017, W. W. Norton & Company

36. The Enjoyment of Music, Essential Listening Edition, Third Edition
Copyright © 2017, W. W. Norton & Company

37. Swan Lake
• Swan Lake

38. Piano Concerto No. 1
• Piano Concerto No. 1

39. by
Kristine Forney
Andrew Dell’Antonio
Joseph Machlis
Lecture Slides
THIRD EDITION
THE ENJOYMENT OF MUSIC
ESSENTIAL LISTENING EDITION
http://wwnorton.com/web/enjoyess2