The document discusses the process of preparing a detailed estimate for a construction project. A detailed estimate involves carefully calculating the costs of all project items based on detailed drawings. It is used to obtain approval from authorities, develop contract documents, and guide project execution by estimating materials, labor, and activities needed. The estimate involves taking measurements from drawings, applying specifications and rates, and abstracting costs into a final estimate.
For civil engineer quantity surveying and estimation costing is very important for any project.
In this presentation we study about the Important terms used in estimation and costing, contingencies, work charge establishment, tools and plants, etc. types of estimates and their functions.
For civil engineer quantity surveying and estimation costing is very important for any project.
In this presentation we study about the Important terms used in estimation and costing, contingencies, work charge establishment, tools and plants, etc. types of estimates and their functions.
I will describe those things in the documents--
Types of Cost Estimates Used in Construction
Following are the different types of cost estimates used in construction,
Preliminary Cost Estimate
Plinth Area Cost Estimate
Cube Rate Cost Estimate
Approximate Quantity Method Cost Estimate
Detailed Cost Estimate
Revised Cost Estimate
Supplementary Cost Estimate
Annual Repair Cost Estimate
Brief description is given about different types of estimates of buildings in civil engineering with basic technical terminology used in civil engineering field
I will describe those things in the documents--
Types of Cost Estimates Used in Construction
Following are the different types of cost estimates used in construction,
Preliminary Cost Estimate
Plinth Area Cost Estimate
Cube Rate Cost Estimate
Approximate Quantity Method Cost Estimate
Detailed Cost Estimate
Revised Cost Estimate
Supplementary Cost Estimate
Annual Repair Cost Estimate
Brief description is given about different types of estimates of buildings in civil engineering with basic technical terminology used in civil engineering field
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. Detailed estimates are prepared by carefully and
separately calculating in detail the costs of various
items of the work that constitute the whole project
from the detailed working drawings after the design
has been finalized.
Detailed estimates are submitted to the competent
authorities for obtaining technical sanction.
3. In Government Organisation, a detailed estimate is required
for obtaining technical sanction from the competent
authorities for the proposed work.
A detailed estimate is also required for the preparation of
contract (agreement) document.
The detailed estimates serve as a guide during the execution
of the work.
It helps in computing the quantities of materials required
and labour to be employed for the completion of various
items of construction.
It is very useful in the efficient planning and programming of
all activities required for the speedy completion of the work.
4. Drawings - Quantities of various items are calculated
on the basis of given drawing
Specifications - Specification gives description of
material to be used, mode of execution quality of
work etc.The rates are varies according to
specification
Rates-The rates of various materials used in the
construction and the wages of different categories of
labour should be available for preparing estimate.
Mode of Measurement - Mode of measurement for
different item of work are taken with reference to IS
1200.
6. The complete work is divided into various
items of work such as earth work concreting,
brick work, R.C.C. Plastering etc.,The details
of measurements are taken from drawings
and entered in respective columns of
prescribed proforma
7. The quantities are calculated by multiplying
the values that are in numbers to Depth,
length, width.
8. The cost of each item of work is worked out
from the quantities that already computed in
the details measurement form at workable
rate. But the total cost is worked out in the
prescribed form is known as abstract of
estimated form.
10. Unit Quantity Method
In the unit quantity method, the work is divided
into as many operations or items as are required.
A unit of measurement is decided.The total
quantity of work under each item is taken out in
the proper unit of measurement.The total cost
per unit quantity of each item is analyzed and
worked out.Then the total cost for the item is
found by multiplying the cost per unit quantity
by the number of units.
11. Total Quantity Method
In the total quantity method, an item of work is
divided into the following five subdivisions:
(I) Materials
(II) Labor
(III) Plant
(IV) Overheads
(V) Profit
The total quantities of each kind or class of material or
labor are found and multiplied by their individual unit
cost. Similarly, the cost of plant, overhead expenses
and profit are determined.
12. Long wall Short wall method or PWD method
or in to in and out to out method.
Centre line method.
13. In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to
be long wall while the wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be
short wall.
To get the length of longwall or shortwall, calculate first the centre
line lengths of individual walls.Then the length of long wall, (out
to out) may be calculated after adding half breadth at each end to
its centre line length.
Length of long wall = centre line length of long wll + width of
item
Thus the length of short wall measured into in and may be found
by deducting half breadth from its centre line length at each end.
Length of Short wall = centre line length of short wall - width of
item
The length of long wall usually decreases from earth work to brick
work in super structure while the short wall increases.These
lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth to get quantities.
14.
15. This method is suitable for walls of similar cross
sections. Here the total centre line length is multiplied
by breadth and depth of respective item to get the
total quantity at a time.
When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join
with main wall, the centre line length gets reduced by
half of breadth for each junction.
Such junction or joints are studied carefully while
calculating total centre line length.The estimates
prepared by this method are most accurate and quick.
Length of Item = total centre line length – (1/2 *
Number of junction *width of item)
16.
17. Bar Bending Schedule, commonly referred to as
“BBS” is a comprehensive list that describes the
location, mark, type, size, length and number, and
bending details of each bar or fabric in
a Reinforcement Drawing of a Structure.
This process of listing the location, type and size,
number of and all other details is called “Scheduling”.
In context of Reinforcement bars, it is called bar
scheduling. In short, Bar Bending Schedule is a way of
organizing rebars for each structural unit, giving
detailed reinforcement requirements.
18.
19.
20. Contingencies :-
The miscellaneous incidental expenses which
cannot approximately be classified under any
distinct sub head are called as contingencies.
Some items of work might have been omitted
from the detailed estimate due to oversight or
some miscellaneous items do not form under
any sub head.To meet such expenses, provision
of contingencies is done in detailed estimate.
Normally it is 3 to 5% of estimated cost.
21. Work charge establishment :-
The work charge establishment are the
establishment which is directly connected with
work.
During the construction of a project/work some
supervisory staff such as supervisors, watchman,
store clerk etc. are appointed on temporary
basis.
To meet this expenditure a provision is made in
the estimate of every work, which is known as
work charged establishment. It is about 2 to 2.5
% of the estimated cost of the work
22. Water supply charges :-for the construction if water is
taken from street pipe line 5m from the property line
and to be stored in an overhead tank an amount of 4
to 5 % of estimated cost may be considered in
estimate.
Electrification Charges:- For electrification wiring and
installation an amount of 8% of the cost of work is
added.
Sanitary Charges :- An amount of 4 to 5 % of the
estimated cost of work is provided if sewer line is
within 12m from building line.
23. Provisional Sum - Provisional sum is an amount
provided in the estimate for some specialized
work to be done by specialist firm.Whose details
are not known at the time of preparing estimate.
The work like installation of A.C, Lift etc. are
comes under provisional sum whose full
information and details may not be known at the
time of preparing estimate.The amount paid to
the contractor will not necessarily be the exact
amount of provisional sum.
24. Prime cost :- Prime Cost is the net cost or purchase cost of articles
at shop and refers to the supply of articles only and not to the
carrying out of work. It is not always possible at the time of
preparing estimate to specify the exact requirement of articles
such as water supply fittings, sanitary fittings,door &window etc.
The same has to be decided while actual fitting of articles, for the
execution of such item a reasonable amount is kept in estimate as
Prime Cost.The price paid to the contractor for prime cost article
will be the actual cost paid by him, he is not allowed to take some
profit on that material.
Provisional Quantity :- When the quantities of particular items
are uncertain due to unavailability of data, provisional quantities
of those items are called provisional items and corresponding
quantities are called provisional quantities.
25. Day work :- The procedure of costing or
valuing an item of work on the basis of actual
labors and materials required, is called day
work.This method is used in certain items
where it is difficult to take measurement for
e.g Architectural elevation of building,
preparation of statue and under water
construction etc. Contractor have to maintain
the record of daily consummation of material
and labour engaged.