A program that controls the execution of application programs
An interface between applications and hardware
Layers of Computer System
Services Provided by the Operating System
Evolution of an Operating System
Job Control Language (JCL)
Memory Protection
Uniprogramming
Multiprogramming
Utilization Histograms
Time Sharing
Process
Memory Management
Virtual Memory
Paging
Virtual Memory Addressing
Information Protection and Security
Scheduling and Resource Management
Key Elements ofOperating System
System Structure
Modern Operating Systems
Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing
UNIX
Client/Server Model
Threads and SMP
Windows Architecture
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their objectives of convenience, efficiency, and ability to evolve. It discusses the key services operating systems provide such as program development and execution, access to I/O devices, error detection, and accounting. The document also outlines the evolution of operating systems from serial processing to time sharing and describes important operating system concepts like processes, memory management, and system structure.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their objectives of convenience, efficiency, and ability to evolve. It discusses the key services operating systems provide such as program development and execution, access to I/O devices, error detection, and accounting. The document also outlines the evolution of operating systems from serial processing to time sharing and describes important operating system concepts like processes, memory management, and system structure.
The operating system controls execution of application programs, acts as an interface between applications and hardware, and provides various services like program development, execution, I/O access, error detection, and accounting. It is responsible for managing computer system resources and functions by executing as a program itself while also relinquishing processor control periodically. The kernel is the core portion of the operating system resident in memory containing frequently used functions. Operating systems have evolved from serial processing without a system to modern designs using processes, virtual memory, multiprocessing, distributed systems, and object-oriented techniques.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their functions such as managing resources, acting as an interface between hardware and software, and providing services like I/O control and error handling. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from simple batch systems to time-sharing systems. Key concepts in OS development include processes, memory management, security, scheduling, and a layered system structure.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including:
1. An operating system acts as a virtual machine that hides complex hardware details and provides services through system calls. It manages resources like time and memory allocation.
2. Core OS functions include process management, I/O device control, resource access control, error handling, and accounting. The kernel contains frequently used functions and privileges.
3. Early systems used serial processing but evolved to batch processing, multiprocessing, time-sharing, and today's graphical user interfaces across networks.
The document provides an overview of advanced operating systems. It discusses synchronization mechanisms like processes, threads, and the critical section problem. It also covers other synchronization issues like the dining philosophers problem and producer-consumer problem. Distributed operating systems and multiprocessing operating systems are presented as types of advanced operating systems. Design approaches like layered, kernel, and virtual machine approaches are summarized. Semaphores are introduced as a synchronization mechanism using wait and signal operations.
This document provides an overview of basic computer system components and their functions. It discusses the operating system, main hardware components like the processor and memory, and how they interact. It also covers concepts like interrupts, memory hierarchy, caches, and different I/O techniques like programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access. The document is intended as an introductory overview of computer systems.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their objectives of convenience, efficiency, and ability to evolve. It discusses the key services operating systems provide such as program development and execution, access to I/O devices, error detection, and accounting. The document also outlines the evolution of operating systems from serial processing to time sharing and describes important operating system concepts like processes, memory management, and system structure.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their objectives of convenience, efficiency, and ability to evolve. It discusses the key services operating systems provide such as program development and execution, access to I/O devices, error detection, and accounting. The document also outlines the evolution of operating systems from serial processing to time sharing and describes important operating system concepts like processes, memory management, and system structure.
The operating system controls execution of application programs, acts as an interface between applications and hardware, and provides various services like program development, execution, I/O access, error detection, and accounting. It is responsible for managing computer system resources and functions by executing as a program itself while also relinquishing processor control periodically. The kernel is the core portion of the operating system resident in memory containing frequently used functions. Operating systems have evolved from serial processing without a system to modern designs using processes, virtual memory, multiprocessing, distributed systems, and object-oriented techniques.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their functions such as managing resources, acting as an interface between hardware and software, and providing services like I/O control and error handling. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from simple batch systems to time-sharing systems. Key concepts in OS development include processes, memory management, security, scheduling, and a layered system structure.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including:
1. An operating system acts as a virtual machine that hides complex hardware details and provides services through system calls. It manages resources like time and memory allocation.
2. Core OS functions include process management, I/O device control, resource access control, error handling, and accounting. The kernel contains frequently used functions and privileges.
3. Early systems used serial processing but evolved to batch processing, multiprocessing, time-sharing, and today's graphical user interfaces across networks.
The document provides an overview of advanced operating systems. It discusses synchronization mechanisms like processes, threads, and the critical section problem. It also covers other synchronization issues like the dining philosophers problem and producer-consumer problem. Distributed operating systems and multiprocessing operating systems are presented as types of advanced operating systems. Design approaches like layered, kernel, and virtual machine approaches are summarized. Semaphores are introduced as a synchronization mechanism using wait and signal operations.
This document provides an overview of basic computer system components and their functions. It discusses the operating system, main hardware components like the processor and memory, and how they interact. It also covers concepts like interrupts, memory hierarchy, caches, and different I/O techniques like programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access. The document is intended as an introductory overview of computer systems.
Chapter1 Computer System Overview Part-1.pptShikhaManrai1
Operating System
Basic Elements
Processor
Top-Level Components
Processor Registers
User-Visible Registers
Control and Status Registers
Instruction Execution
Instruction Cycle
Instruction Fetch and Execute
Instruction Register
Characteristics of a Hypothetical Machine
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Interrupts
Program Flow of Control Without Interrupts
Interrupt Handler
Interrupt Cycle
Timing Diagram Based on Short I/O Wait
Multiple Interrupts
Memory Hierarchy
Disk Cache
Cache Memory
Programmed I/O
Interrupt-Driven I/O
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their functions of controlling application execution, interfacing with hardware, and managing resources. It discusses the services operating systems provide like program development, execution, I/O access, file access, error handling, and accounting. The document also describes how operating systems evolved from serial processing to include features like memory protection, interrupts, and multiprocessing to improve efficiency. It outlines the major components of modern operating systems like processes, virtual memory, security, scheduling, and their modular, layered structure.
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems, including their components, characteristics, and design process. It discusses the selection of processors and memory devices for embedded systems. It also describes structural units in embedded processors, memory management methods, timer and counting devices, watchdog timers, real-time clocks, and the use of in-circuit emulators for debugging embedded systems.
- Multi-processor systems have two or more CPUs working closely together. They provide increased throughput by distributing work across CPUs.
- The operating system is divided into modules for process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and more.
- Process management involves creating and deleting processes, suspending and resuming them, and handling synchronization and communication between processes. Memory management involves allocating and deallocating memory to processes.
This document provides an overview of the topics and slides covered in Unit 1 of the Operating Systems course. It includes:
1. An index listing the topics, corresponding lecture numbers, and slide numbers. Topics include an overview of operating systems, OS functions, protection and security, distributed systems, special purpose systems, OS structures and system calls, and OS generation.
2. Brief descriptions of what an operating system is, its goals, and definitions. It also describes basic computer system organization with CPUs, memory, and I/O devices.
3. An overview of operating system structures including multiprogramming, timesharing, multitasking, and virtual memory to enable efficient sharing of resources between processes.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a kernel security workshop. It introduces the speaker Mohit Saxena and his background. The agenda covers OS and kernel overview topics like processes, interrupts, memory management, and multitasking. It discusses kernel architecture approaches like monolithic, layered, and microkernel. It also covers security concepts like DAC, LSM, and SELinux. Specific topics on Linux and BSD kernel security are included. The agenda concludes with a live SDWAN demo and a workshop on building a firewall using FreeBSD.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, including definitions, components, and roles. It discusses the four main components of a computer system, and the roles of an operating system from both the user and system viewpoints. It also summarizes the storage device hierarchy, including main memory and secondary storage. Finally, it outlines some key functions of operating systems, such as process management, memory management, storage management, file system management, mass storage management, I/O systems, and more.
This Tutorial will provide you information on working of operating system. Main topics are following and further sub-topics are discussed in detail.
1. Kernel Architecture.
2. Initialization of operating system.
3. Process of operating system.
4. Management in operating system.
5. File system.
6.Security in operating system.
7.Interface in operating System.
1) The operating system performs several key functions including booting the system, loading the kernel, starting system services, handling interrupts, and scheduling processes.
2) Multiprogramming and multitasking allow multiple jobs or processes to run concurrently by switching the CPU between them, improving efficiency when a process is waiting for I/O.
3) The operating system manages processes, memory, files, storage, and performs caching to improve performance.
Introduction to Operating Systems - Mary MargaratMary Margarat
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including:
- It describes the main components and functions of an operating system like process management, memory management, and file management.
- It discusses different types of operating systems such as batch, multi-tasking, distributed, and real-time operating systems.
- It outlines some key services provided by operating systems like file system management, program execution, input/output operations, and security/protection.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, describing what an operating system is and how it acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and user. It discusses the history of early operating systems and how they have evolved from simple batch processing systems to modern multi-tasking systems like Linux and Windows. The key components, structure, and functions of operating systems are explained, including how operating systems manage hardware resources, execute programs, and provide common services to users and programs.
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use by Mark John LadoMark John Lado, MIT
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use
More on https://www.markjohn.cf/courses
This course will deliberate on the basics of an operating system, which may include Computer Memory, the Operating System, its Graphical User Interface, The Windows Operating System, and Desktop, Operating System Installation.
Bootstrap program – simple code to initialize the system, load the kernel
Kernel loads
Starts system daemons (services provided outside of the kernel)
Kernel interrupt driven (hardware and software)
Hardware interrupt by one of the devices
Software interrupt (exception or trap):
Software error (e.g., division by zero)
Request for operating system service – system call
Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each other or the operating system
The document discusses the key components and functions of operating systems. It describes operating systems as programs that act as intermediaries between users and computer hardware by managing resources, executing programs, and making computers easier to use. It outlines the main components of operating systems as process management, file management, memory management, secondary storage management, I/O device management, network management, security management, and a command interpreter system. For each component, it provides details on their functions and how they allow operating systems to control hardware and allocate resources for programs and users.
The document discusses the key components and functions of operating systems. It describes operating systems as programs that act as intermediaries between users and computer hardware by managing resources, executing programs, and making computers easier to use. It outlines the main components of operating systems as process management, file management, memory management, secondary storage management, I/O device management, network management, security management, and a command interpreter system. For each component, it provides details on their functions and how they allow operating systems to control hardware and allocate resources for programs and users.
The document discusses the objectives and learning objectives covered in Chapter 1 of Understanding Operating Systems. It provides an overview of operating systems, including their basic functions, subsystem managers, types, evolution, and design considerations. Specifically, it describes how operating systems manage hardware and software resources, outlines the four main subsystem managers, and discusses different types of operating systems like batch, interactive, real-time, and embedded systems.
1. The document provides an introduction to operating systems, covering topics like computer system architecture, operating system structure and operations, types of computing environments, and operating system services.
2. It describes the basic components of an operating system including process management, memory management, storage management, I/O subsystem management, and protection and security.
3. Various computing environments are discussed, including stand-alone systems, distributed systems, client-server models, peer-to-peer networks, virtualization, cloud computing, and real-time embedded systems.
The document provides an overview of operating systems including:
- An introduction to operating systems and their key functions like enabling programs to run and acting as an intermediary between users and hardware.
- A brief history of operating systems from early batch systems in the 1950s to modern graphical user interface operating systems like Windows.
- Descriptions of different types of operating systems including batch, multi-programming, multi-tasking, network, distributed, and real-time operating systems.
- Discussions of popular operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Android, iOS, and Linux.
- Features and limitations of operating systems.
The document discusses the basic elements of a computer system including the processor, main memory, I/O modules, and system bus. It describes the computer instruction cycle involving fetching instructions from memory and executing them. Interrupts are discussed as a way to improve processing efficiency by allowing other instructions to execute while an I/O operation is in progress. Memory management techniques like cache memory and disk caching are introduced to increase memory speed. Different types of cache memory including L1, L2, and L3 caches are defined based on their location and size.
Chapter1 Computer System Overview Part-1.pptShikhaManrai1
Operating System
Basic Elements
Processor
Top-Level Components
Processor Registers
User-Visible Registers
Control and Status Registers
Instruction Execution
Instruction Cycle
Instruction Fetch and Execute
Instruction Register
Characteristics of a Hypothetical Machine
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Interrupts
Program Flow of Control Without Interrupts
Interrupt Handler
Interrupt Cycle
Timing Diagram Based on Short I/O Wait
Multiple Interrupts
Memory Hierarchy
Disk Cache
Cache Memory
Programmed I/O
Interrupt-Driven I/O
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their functions of controlling application execution, interfacing with hardware, and managing resources. It discusses the services operating systems provide like program development, execution, I/O access, file access, error handling, and accounting. The document also describes how operating systems evolved from serial processing to include features like memory protection, interrupts, and multiprocessing to improve efficiency. It outlines the major components of modern operating systems like processes, virtual memory, security, scheduling, and their modular, layered structure.
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems, including their components, characteristics, and design process. It discusses the selection of processors and memory devices for embedded systems. It also describes structural units in embedded processors, memory management methods, timer and counting devices, watchdog timers, real-time clocks, and the use of in-circuit emulators for debugging embedded systems.
- Multi-processor systems have two or more CPUs working closely together. They provide increased throughput by distributing work across CPUs.
- The operating system is divided into modules for process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and more.
- Process management involves creating and deleting processes, suspending and resuming them, and handling synchronization and communication between processes. Memory management involves allocating and deallocating memory to processes.
This document provides an overview of the topics and slides covered in Unit 1 of the Operating Systems course. It includes:
1. An index listing the topics, corresponding lecture numbers, and slide numbers. Topics include an overview of operating systems, OS functions, protection and security, distributed systems, special purpose systems, OS structures and system calls, and OS generation.
2. Brief descriptions of what an operating system is, its goals, and definitions. It also describes basic computer system organization with CPUs, memory, and I/O devices.
3. An overview of operating system structures including multiprogramming, timesharing, multitasking, and virtual memory to enable efficient sharing of resources between processes.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a kernel security workshop. It introduces the speaker Mohit Saxena and his background. The agenda covers OS and kernel overview topics like processes, interrupts, memory management, and multitasking. It discusses kernel architecture approaches like monolithic, layered, and microkernel. It also covers security concepts like DAC, LSM, and SELinux. Specific topics on Linux and BSD kernel security are included. The agenda concludes with a live SDWAN demo and a workshop on building a firewall using FreeBSD.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, including definitions, components, and roles. It discusses the four main components of a computer system, and the roles of an operating system from both the user and system viewpoints. It also summarizes the storage device hierarchy, including main memory and secondary storage. Finally, it outlines some key functions of operating systems, such as process management, memory management, storage management, file system management, mass storage management, I/O systems, and more.
This Tutorial will provide you information on working of operating system. Main topics are following and further sub-topics are discussed in detail.
1. Kernel Architecture.
2. Initialization of operating system.
3. Process of operating system.
4. Management in operating system.
5. File system.
6.Security in operating system.
7.Interface in operating System.
1) The operating system performs several key functions including booting the system, loading the kernel, starting system services, handling interrupts, and scheduling processes.
2) Multiprogramming and multitasking allow multiple jobs or processes to run concurrently by switching the CPU between them, improving efficiency when a process is waiting for I/O.
3) The operating system manages processes, memory, files, storage, and performs caching to improve performance.
Introduction to Operating Systems - Mary MargaratMary Margarat
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including:
- It describes the main components and functions of an operating system like process management, memory management, and file management.
- It discusses different types of operating systems such as batch, multi-tasking, distributed, and real-time operating systems.
- It outlines some key services provided by operating systems like file system management, program execution, input/output operations, and security/protection.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, describing what an operating system is and how it acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and user. It discusses the history of early operating systems and how they have evolved from simple batch processing systems to modern multi-tasking systems like Linux and Windows. The key components, structure, and functions of operating systems are explained, including how operating systems manage hardware resources, execute programs, and provide common services to users and programs.
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use by Mark John LadoMark John Lado, MIT
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use
More on https://www.markjohn.cf/courses
This course will deliberate on the basics of an operating system, which may include Computer Memory, the Operating System, its Graphical User Interface, The Windows Operating System, and Desktop, Operating System Installation.
Bootstrap program – simple code to initialize the system, load the kernel
Kernel loads
Starts system daemons (services provided outside of the kernel)
Kernel interrupt driven (hardware and software)
Hardware interrupt by one of the devices
Software interrupt (exception or trap):
Software error (e.g., division by zero)
Request for operating system service – system call
Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each other or the operating system
The document discusses the key components and functions of operating systems. It describes operating systems as programs that act as intermediaries between users and computer hardware by managing resources, executing programs, and making computers easier to use. It outlines the main components of operating systems as process management, file management, memory management, secondary storage management, I/O device management, network management, security management, and a command interpreter system. For each component, it provides details on their functions and how they allow operating systems to control hardware and allocate resources for programs and users.
The document discusses the key components and functions of operating systems. It describes operating systems as programs that act as intermediaries between users and computer hardware by managing resources, executing programs, and making computers easier to use. It outlines the main components of operating systems as process management, file management, memory management, secondary storage management, I/O device management, network management, security management, and a command interpreter system. For each component, it provides details on their functions and how they allow operating systems to control hardware and allocate resources for programs and users.
The document discusses the objectives and learning objectives covered in Chapter 1 of Understanding Operating Systems. It provides an overview of operating systems, including their basic functions, subsystem managers, types, evolution, and design considerations. Specifically, it describes how operating systems manage hardware and software resources, outlines the four main subsystem managers, and discusses different types of operating systems like batch, interactive, real-time, and embedded systems.
1. The document provides an introduction to operating systems, covering topics like computer system architecture, operating system structure and operations, types of computing environments, and operating system services.
2. It describes the basic components of an operating system including process management, memory management, storage management, I/O subsystem management, and protection and security.
3. Various computing environments are discussed, including stand-alone systems, distributed systems, client-server models, peer-to-peer networks, virtualization, cloud computing, and real-time embedded systems.
The document provides an overview of operating systems including:
- An introduction to operating systems and their key functions like enabling programs to run and acting as an intermediary between users and hardware.
- A brief history of operating systems from early batch systems in the 1950s to modern graphical user interface operating systems like Windows.
- Descriptions of different types of operating systems including batch, multi-programming, multi-tasking, network, distributed, and real-time operating systems.
- Discussions of popular operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Android, iOS, and Linux.
- Features and limitations of operating systems.
The document discusses the basic elements of a computer system including the processor, main memory, I/O modules, and system bus. It describes the computer instruction cycle involving fetching instructions from memory and executing them. Interrupts are discussed as a way to improve processing efficiency by allowing other instructions to execute while an I/O operation is in progress. Memory management techniques like cache memory and disk caching are introduced to increase memory speed. Different types of cache memory including L1, L2, and L3 caches are defined based on their location and size.
Similar to Chapter02 Operating System Overview.ppt (20)
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
#scopuspublication #scopusindexed #callforpapers #researchpapers #cfp #researchers #phdstudent #researchScholar #journalpaper #submission #journalsubmission #WBAN #requirements #tailoredtreatment #MACstrategy #enhancedefficiency #protrcal #computing #analysis #wirelessbodyareanetworks #wirelessnetworks
#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Flow Through Pipe: the analysis of fluid flow within pipesIndrajeet sahu
Flow Through Pipe: This topic covers the analysis of fluid flow within pipes, focusing on laminar and turbulent flow regimes, continuity equation, Bernoulli's equation, Darcy-Weisbach equation, head loss due to friction, and minor losses from fittings and bends. Understanding these principles is crucial for efficient pipe system design and analysis.
2. 2
Operating System
• A program that controls the execution
of application programs
• An interface between applications and
hardware
Shikha Manrai
3. 3
Operating System Objectives
• Convenience
– Makes the computer more convenient to
use
• Efficiency
– Allows computer system resources to be
used in an efficient manner
• Ability to evolve
– Permit effective development, testing, and
introduction of new system functions
without interfering with service
Shikha Manrai
5. 5
Services Provided by the
Operating System
• Program development
– Editors and debuggers
• Program execution
• Access to I/O devices
• Controlled access to files
• System access
Shikha Manrai
6. 6
Services Provided by the
Operating System
• Error detection and response
– Internal and external hardware errors
• Memory error
• Device failure
– Software errors
• Arithmetic overflow
• Access forbidden memory locations
– Operating system cannot grant request of
application
Shikha Manrai
7. 7
Services Provided by the
Operating System
• Accounting
– Collect usage statistics
– Monitor performance
– Used to anticipate future enhancements
– Used for billing purposes
Shikha Manrai
8. 8
Operating System
• Responsible for managing resources
• Functions same way as ordinary
computer software
– It is program that is executed
• Operating system relinquishes control
of the processor
Shikha Manrai
10. 10
Kernel
• Portion of operating system that is in
main memory
• Contains most frequently used
functions
• Also called the nucleus
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11. 11
Evolution of an Operating
System
• Hardware upgrades plus new types of
hardware
• New services
• Fixes
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12. 12
Evolution of Operating
Systems
• Serial Processing
– No operating system
– Machines run from a console with display
lights, toggle switches, input device, and
printer
– Schedule time
– Setup included loading the compiler,
source program, saving compiled
program, and loading and linking
Shikha Manrai
13. 13
Evolution of Operating
Systems
• Simple Batch Systems
– Monitors
• Software that controls the sequence of events
• Batch jobs together
• Program branches back to monitor when
finished
Shikha Manrai
14. 14
Job Control Language (JCL)
• Special type of programming language
• Provides instruction to the monitor
– What compiler to use
– What data to use
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15. 15
Hardware Features
• Memory protection
– Do not allow the memory area containing
the monitor to be altered
• Timer
– Prevents a job from monopolizing the
system
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16. 16
Hardware Features
• Privileged instructions
– Certain machine level instructions can
only be executed by the monitor
• Interrupts
– Early computer models did not have this
capability
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17. 17
Memory Protection
• User program executes in user mode
– Certain instructions may not be executed
• Monitor executes in system mode
– Kernel mode
– Privileged instructions are executed
– Protected areas of memory may be
accessed
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24. 24
Time Sharing
• Using multiprogramming to handle
multiple interactive jobs
• Processor’s time is shared among
multiple users
• Multiple users simultaneously access
the system through terminals
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26. 26
Major Achievements
• Processes
• Memory Management
• Information protection and security
• Scheduling and resource management
• System structure
Shikha Manrai
27. 27
Processes
• A program in execution
• An instance of a program running on a
computer
• The entity that can be assigned to and
executed on a processor
• A unit of activity characterized by a
single sequential thread of execution, a
current state, and an associated set of
system resources
Shikha Manrai
28. 28
Difficulties with Designing
System Software
• Improper synchronization
– Ensure a process waiting for an I/O device
receives the signal
• Failed mutual exclusion
• Nondeterminate program operation
– Program should only depend on input to
it, not on the activities of other programs
• Deadlocks
Shikha Manrai
29. 29
Process
• Consists of three components
– An executable program
– Associated data needed by the program
– Execution context of the program
• All information the operating system needs to
manage the process
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31. 31
Memory Management
• Process isolation
• Automatic allocation and management
• Support of modular programming
• Protection and access control
• Long-term storage
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32. 32
Virtual Memory
• Allows programmers to address
memory from a logical point of view
• No hiatus between the execution of
successive processes while one
process was written out to secondary
store and the successor proceess was
read in
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33. 33
Virtual Memory and File System
• Implements long-term store
• Information stored in named objects
called files
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34. 34
Paging
• Allows process to be comprised of a
number of fixed-size blocks, called
pages
• Virtual address is a page number and
an offset within the page
• Each page may be located any where
in main memory
• Real address or physical address in
main memory
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37. 37
Information Protection and
Security
• Availability
– Concerned with protecting the system
against interruption
• Confidentiality
– Assuring that users cannot read data for
which access is unauthorized
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38. 38
Information Protection and
Security
• Data integrity
– Protection of data from unauthorized
modification
• Authenticity
– Concerned with the proper verification of
the identity of users and the validity of
messages or data
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39. 39
Scheduling and Resource
Management
• Fairness
– Give equal and fair access to resources
• Differential responsiveness
– Discriminate among different classes of
jobs
• Efficiency
– Maximize throughput, minimize
response time, and accommodate as
many uses as possible
Shikha Manrai
41. 41
System Structure
• View the system as a series of levels
• Each level performs a related subset of
functions
• Each level relies on the next lower
level to perform more primitive
functions
• This decomposes a problem into a
number of more manageable
subproblems
Shikha Manrai
42. 42
Process Hardware Levels
• Level 1
– Electronic circuits
– Objects are registers, memory cells, and
logic gates
– Operations are clearing a register or
reading a memory location
• Level 2
– Processor’s instruction set
– Operations such as add, subtract, load,
and store
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43. 43
Process Hardware Levels
• Level 3
– Adds the concept of a procedure or
subroutine, plus call/return operations
• Level 4
– Interrupts
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44. 44
Concepts with
Multiprogramming
• Level 5
– Process as a program in execution
– Suspend and resume processes
• Level 6
– Secondary storage devices
– Transfer of blocks of data
• Level 7
– Creates logical address space for
processes
– Organizes virtual address space into
blocks
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45. 45
Deal with External Objects
• Level 8
– Communication of information and
messages between processes
• Level 9
– Supports long-term storage of named files
• Level 10
– Provides access to external devices using
standardized interfaces
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46. 46
Deal with External Objects
• Level 11
– Responsible for maintaining the
association between the external and
internal identifiers
• Level 12
– Provides full-featured facility for the
support of processes
• Level 13
– Provides an interface to the operating
system for the user
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47. 47
Modern Operating Systems
• Microkernel architecture
– Assigns only a few essential functions to
the kernel
• Address spaces
• Interprocess communication (IPC)
• Basic scheduling
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48. 48
Modern Operating Systems
• Multithreading
– Process is divided into threads that can
run concurrently
• Thread
– Dispatchable unit of work
– executes sequentially and is interruptable
• Process is a collection of one or more threads
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49. 49
Modern Operating Systems
• Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
– There are multiple processors
– These processors share same main
memory and I/O facilities
– All processors can perform the same
functions
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51. 51
Modern Operating Systems
• Distributed operating systems
– Provides the illusion of a single main
memory space and single secondary
memory space
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52. 52
Modern Operating Systems
• Object-oriented design
– Used for adding modular extensions to a
small kernel
– Enables programmers to customize an
operating system without disrupting
system integrity
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53. 53
Windows Architecture
• Modular structure for flexibility
• Executes on a variety of hardware
platforms
• Supports application written for other
operating system
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55. 55
Operating System Organization
• Modified microkernel architecture
– Not a pure microkernel
– Many system functions outside of the
microkernel run in kernel mode
• Any module can be removed,
upgraded, or replaced without rewriting
the entire system
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56. 56
Kernel-Mode Components
• Executive
– Contains base operating system services
• Memory management
• Process and thread management
• Security
• I/O
• Interprocess communication
• Kernel
– Consists of the most used components
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57. 57
Kernel-Mode Components
• Hardware abstraction layer (HAL)
– Isolates the operating system from
platform-specific hardware differences
• Device drivers
– Translate user I/O function calls into
specific hardware device I/O requests
• Windowing and graphics systems
– Implements the graphical user interface
(GUI)
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58. 58
Windows Executive
• I/O manager
• Cache manager
• Object manager
• Plug and play manager
• Power manager
• Security reference monitor
• Virtual memory manager
• Process/thread manager
• Configuration manager
• Local procedure call (LPC) facility
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59. 59
User-Mode Processes
• Special system support processes
– Ex: logon process and the session
manager
• Service processes
• Environment subsystems
• User applications
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60. 60
Client/Server Model
• Simplifies the Executive
– Possible to construct a variety of APIs
• Improves reliability
– Each service runs on a separate process
with its own partition of memory
– Clients cannot not directly access
hardware
• Provides a uniform means for
applications to communicate via LPC
• Provides base for distributed
computing Shikha Manrai
61. 61
Threads and SMP
• Operating system routines can run on any
available processor
• Different routines can execute
simultaneously on different processors
• Multiple threads of execution within a single
process may execute on different processors
simultaneously
• Server processes may use multiple threads
• Share data and resources between process
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62. 62
Windows Objects
• Encapsulation
– Object consists of one or more data items
and one or more procedures
• Object class or instance
– Create specified instances of an object
• Inheritance
– Support to some extent in the Executive
• Polymorphism
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63. 63
UNIX
• Hardware is surrounded by the
operating system software
• Operating system is called the system
kernel
• Comes with a number of user services
and interfaces
– Shell
– Components of the C compiler
Shikha Manrai