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![REFERENCES
Johnisaac. (2020, January 18). Diffraction-Fraunhofer Diffraction [Slide
show]. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/diffractionfraunhofer-diffraction
/221205244
Wikipedia contributors. (2024, August 20). Joseph von Fraunhofer.
Wikipedia. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer
Wikipedia contributors. (2024b, September 13). Augustin-Jean Fresnel.
Wikipedia. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel
What is Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction? - GoPhotonics.com. (n.d.).
https://www.gophotonics.com/community/what-is-fraunhofer-and-fres
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CHAPTER VII- DIFFRACTION.pptx Waves and Optics
- 1. UNIT VII: DIFFRACTION Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction PRESENTEDBY: MA.CLOTILDE J. CABAHUG
- 2. DIFFRACTION - It isdefined as the bending of light around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture into the region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle/aperture.
- 3. Augustin-Jean Fresnel (May10, 1788 to July 14, 1827) was a French physicist and engineer who put the wave theory of light on a firm mathematical foundation
- 4. FRESNEL DIFFRACTION It is usedto calculate the diffraction pattern created by waves passing through an aperture or around an object, when viewed from relatively close to the object.
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- 6. Joseph Ritter vonFraunhofer (6 March 1787 – 7 June 1826) was a German physicist and optical lens manufacturer. He made optical glass, an achromatic telescope, and objective lenses. He developed diffraction grating and also invented the spectroscope. In 1814, he discovered and studied the dark absorption lines in the spectrum of the sun now known as Fraunhofer lines.
- 7. FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION Equation isused to model the diffraction of waves when the diffraction pattern is viewed at a long distance from the diffracting object, and also when it is viewed at the focal plane of an imaging lens.
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- 11. REFERENCES Johnisaac. (2020, January18). Diffraction-Fraunhofer Diffraction [Slide show]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/diffractionfraunhofer-diffraction /221205244 Wikipedia contributors. (2024, August 20). Joseph von Fraunhofer. Wikipedia. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer Wikipedia contributors. (2024b, September 13). Augustin-Jean Fresnel. Wikipedia. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel What is Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction? - GoPhotonics.com. (n.d.). https://www.gophotonics.com/community/what-is-fraunhofer-and-fres nel-diffraction
- 12. DIFFRACTION FROM A SINGLESLIT PRESENTED BY: ROSELYN RIVERA BERNAL
- 13. DIFFRACTION FROM ASINGLE SLIT – occurs when light passes through a narrow slit, producing a unique interference pattern characterized by a broad central maximum with narrower and dimmer maxima to the sides.
- 14. DIFFRACTION PATTERNS – Isthe brightest region in a single slit diffraction pattern, appearing at the center of the screen. It’s formed due to constructive interference, where light waves traveling straight through the slit reinforce each other, resulting in a more intense central peak. Central Maximum
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- 16. DIFFRACTION PATTERN – Theseare the less bright peaks that occur on either side of the central maximum. – They appear as smaller peaks with lower intensity compared to the central maximum. Secondary Maxima (Less Bright Spot)
- 17. DIFFRACTION PATTERN – Theseare the dark regions where destructive interference occurs. – In these regions, the waves cancel each other out, resulting in no light. – Minima represent the troughs in the interference pattern. Minima (Dark Regions)
- 18. MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION Destructive Interferencefor a Single Slit WHERE: d – width of the slit teta – angle relative to the original direction of the light m – integer representing the order of the minimum (except m = 0, which corresponds to the central maximum) lambda – wavelength of the wave
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- 20. Intensity in the SingleSlit Diffraction BY: Ycoy, Lyka Kirsten L. BSED SCIENCE 2A
- 21. WHAT IS SINGLESLIT DIFFRACTION? • Single slit diffraction is a phenomenon that occurs when light passes through a narrow opening, resulting in a characteristic pattern of alternating dark and bright regions on a screen. • The intensity of these fringes varies, with the central maximum being the brightest and widest, while subsequent maxima are narrower and less intense.
- 22. BASIC PRINCIPLES: ● Whenlight waves pass through a single slit, they can be treated as originating from multiple point sources along the width of the slit. Each point acts as a Huygens source, emitting wavelets that interfere with one another. The resultant intensity at any point on the screen depends on the path difference between these wavelets. The condition for destructive interference (minima) occurs when: Dsinθ=mλ
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- 24. Characteristics of theDiffraction Pattern 1. Central Maximum: The brightest and widest part of the pattern. 2. Subsequent Maxima: These are less intense and become narrower as you move away from the center. 3. Minima: Points where destructive interference occurs, leading to zero intensity. The width of the central maximum can be approximated for small angles as:
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- 26. MULTIPLE SLITS PRINCES JANE Q.JUEGOS BSED-SCI2A
- 27. OBJECTIVES: • Students willbe able to know what is a multipl-slits. • Students will be able to identify the principal maxima and secondary maxima in a multiple-slit interference pattern.
- 28. MULTIPLE SLITS refers to anarrangement where light (or other waves) passes through more than one narrow opening.
- 29. KEY TERMS TOREMEMBER PRINCIPAL MAXIMA FORMULA: SECONDARY MAXIMA - noticeably taller and narrower for a greater number of slits. These are the brightest fringes in the interference pattern. - these are much fainter bright fringes located between the principal maxima. They are less bright because the waves from the different slits don't arrive perfectly in phase. WHERE: d – width of the slit teta – angle relative to the original direction of the light m – integer representing the order of the minimum (except m = 0, which corresponds to the central maximum) lambda – wavelength of the wave
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- 32. The Diffraction Grating PRESENTEDBY: BACO, BEA O.
- 33. DIFFRACTION - It isdefined as the bending of light around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture into the region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle/aperture.
- 34. A (transmission) diffractiongrating is an arrangement of identical, equally spaced parallel lines ruled on glass. Diffraction gratings are used to produce optical spectra
- 35. Each of theclear spaces (A,B,C etc) acts like a very narrow slit and produces its own diffraction. The light is from the same monochromatic source and therefore is coherent.
- 36. Consider the lightwhich is diffracted by each slit at some angle θ to the normal. The slits are equally spaced so that if angle θ produces light that phase at A and B (and therefore positively reinforces ) then the light will also be in phase from every other slit and also produce positive reinforcement.
- 38. Diffraction Grating The angleθ will be slightly different for each wavelength of light and so the grating separates white light into its spectrum and does this much more effectively than a prism. The light needs to be focussed with the eyepiece lens of a telescope or spectrometer ( or the lens of the eye) after it
- 39. Diffraction Grating A diffractiongrating with a large number of lines produces very sharp maxima and completely destructive interference at other angles
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- 41. X-ray Diffraction PRESENTED BY: ARAR, MARIECLAIRE E. BSED-SCIENCE 2A
- 42. What is X-rayDiffraction? X-ray was first discovered by W.C. Roentgen by 1895. It is an electromagnetic wave of high energy and very short wavelength, which is able to pass through many materials opaque to light. • X-RAY • DIFFRACTION It is the process by which a beam of light or other system of waves is spread out as a result of passing through a narrow aperture or across an edge, typically accompanied by interference between the wave forms produced.
- 43. What is X-rayDiffraction? It is a phenomenon in which atoms of a crystal by virtue of their uniform spacing, cause an interference pattern of the waves present in an incident beams of X-rays. The atomic planes of the crystal act on the X-rays in exactly the same manner as does a uniformly ruled diffraction grating on a beam of light. • X-RAY DIFFRACTION
- 44. BASICS OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHY •A crystal consists of a periodic arrangement of the unit cell into a lattice. The unit cell can contain a single atom or atoms in a fixed arrangement. • Crystals consist of planes of atoms that are spaced a distance d apart, but can be resolved into many atomic planes, each with a different d-spacing.
- 45. CRYSTAL LATTICES The crystallattice is the symmetrical three-dimensional structural arrangements of atoms, ions or molecules (constituent particle) inside a crystalline solid as points. It can be defined as the geometrical arrangement of the atoms, ions or molecules of the crystalline solid as points in space.
- 46. Characteristics of aCrystal Lattice •In a crystal lattice, each atom, molecule or ions (constituent particle) is represented by a single point. •These points are called lattice site or lattice point. •Lattice sites or points are together joined by a straight line in a crystal lattice, called lattice planes or crystal planes. •When we connect these straight lines we can get a three-dimensional view of the structure. This 3D arrangement is called Crystal Lattice also known as Bravais Lattices.
- 47. Bragg’s Law Bragg’s Lawis a physical law explaining the relationship between an X-ray light shooting into and its reflection off a crystal surface. Introduced by W.H. Bragg and his son W.L. Bragg. Bragg's Law Statement Bragg's Law states that, "When the X-ray is incident onto a crystal surface, its angle of incidence, θ, will reflect with the same angle of scattering, θ"
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- 49. Bragg’s Equation n isan Integer λ is the Wavelength of Incident X-ray d is the Distance between Crystal Planes θ is the Angle of Incidence Equation for Bragg's Law is: nλ = 2d.sin θ
- 50. X-ray Diffraction Techniques •Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) is a technique used to determine the structure of materials with short-range order, such as small particles or non-crystalline substances, by collecting scattering intensity at wide angles corresponding to interatomic distances. • Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) is a technique used to obtain information about the size, shape, and spatial arrangement of nanoparticles in a sample. It is particularly useful for studying nanocrystals and nanostructured thin films. • Single-crystal X-ray Diffraction is a non-destructive analytical technique which provides detailed information about the internal lattice of crystalline substances, including unit cell dimensions, bond-lengths, bond-angles, and details of site-ordering • Powder X-ray diffraction, the diffraction pattern is obtained from a powder of the material, rather than an individual crystal. Debye-Scherrer refers to a method in materials science where a powder《 specimen is exposed to X-rays, resulting in the formation of Debye-Scherrer rings on a photographic plate or solid state detector, allowing for the analysis .of crystalline structures
- 51. 1. Materials Research 2.Phase Analysis 3. Microstructural Analysis 4. Non-ambient Studies 5. Thin Film Characterization 6. Industrial Applications 7. Forensic Analysis 8. Geological Studies APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION
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- 54. Electromagnetic Waves and its Behavior CircularAperture Waves and Optics
- 55. Electromagnetic Waves and its Behavior Thecircular aperture may be just a circular hole in a opaque object. The circular aperture may also be a circular lens through which light could pass such as in the viewing tube of a telescope or microscope. Waves and Optics
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- 59. Electromagnetic Waves and its Behavior ResolvingPower Waves and Optics
- 60. Electromagnetic Waves and its Behavior Theability of an optical instrument or type of film to separate or distinguish small or closely adjacent images. Waves and Optics
- 61. Electromagnetic Waves and its Behavior Theresolving power of an objective lens is measured by its ability to differentiate two lines or points in an object. The greater the resolving power, the smaller the minimum distance between two lines or points that can still be distinguished. The larger the N.A., the higher the resolving power. Waves and Optics
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- 65. HOLOGRAPHY > is atechnique that creates three-dimensional images using light. > sometimes called lens-less photography, because it uses the wave characteristics of light > HOLOGRAM- 3D outcome
- 66. CONSTRUCTIO N OF THE HOLOGRAM: 1.Recording: A laser beam is split into two parts: one illuminates the object, and the other serves as a reference beam. 2. Interference: The light scattered from the object interferes with the reference beam, creating an interference pattern. 3. Encoding: The interference pattern is recorded on a medium, such as photographic film or a digital sensor. 4. Reconstruction: When the recorded hologram is illuminated with laser light, the interference pattern is recreated, and the image of the object appears.
- 69. TYPES OF HOLOGRAPHY: > TRANSMISSIONHOLOGRAPHY >REFLECTION HOLOGRAPHY >INTEGRAL HOLOGRAPHY >COMPUTER-GENERATED HOLOGRAPHY
- 70. REFERENCES: OpenStax. (n.d.). 4.8:Holography. In University Physics III - Optics and Modern Physics (OpenStax). Retrieved from https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physi cs_III_-_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/04%3A_Diffraction/4.08%3A_Holography