The document provides an overview of different qualitative research methods, including phenomenology, ethnography, case study research, grounded theory, historiography, hermeneutics, narrative analysis, participatory action research, and secondary analysis. For each method, it describes the research purpose, typical data collection approaches, data analysis techniques, and expected narrative report focus. The document aims to educate readers on the key dimensions and approaches used in various qualitative research designs.

1. “We hate numbers, we don’t like statistics!”

2. Phenomenology
• deals with individuals’ (maybe 10-
15) lived experience on a
phenomenon or a problem in term
called ‘encounters’. For example,
you might interview 15 widows and
ask them to describe their
experiences of the deaths of their
husbands. You might interview
students who have experiences and
encounters with ‘bullies’
• foundational question: What is the
meaning, structure and essence of
the lived experience of this
phenomenon by an individual or by
many individuals?
• search for commonalities across
individuals (rather than only
focusing on what is unique to a
single individual). For example, what
are the essences of peoples'
experience of the death of a loved
one?
Experiences with the ‘unknown power’?

3. Ethnography
• focuses on describing the culture
of a group of people. Note that a
culture is the shared attitudes,
values, norms, practices, language,
rituals and material things of a group
of people. For example, you might
decide to go and live in Mangyan
communities and study their culture
and health practices. You may live
with people who belonged to the
‘third sex’ to understand their lives,
problems, coping mechanisms and
alike
• foundational question: What are the
cultural characteristics of this group
of people or of this cultural scene?
• Ethnology, the comparative study
of cultural groups
• Ethnohistory, the study of the
cultural past of a group of people
• Ethnocentrism., judging others
based on your cultural standards

4. Case study research
• focus on providing a detailed
account on one or more cases. For
an example, you might study cases
of drop out students and find out the
reason why. Or you might study the
life of the people in the garbage
dumpsite area who later on become
successful businessmen
• foundational question: What are the
characteristics of this single case or
a comparison of many cases?
• applies multiple methods of data
collection that are often used in case
study research (e.g., interviews,
observation, ethnography, oral
history, questionnaires, etc.)
• final report is rich (e.g., vivid and
detailed) and holistic (e.g., describes
the whole and its parts) description
of the case and its context.
Is it poverty in our own making?

5. Grounded theory
• done to generate and develop a
theory from data that the researcher
collects. For example, you might
collect data from 20-30 parents and
who have pulled their children out of
public schools and develop a theory
explaining how and why this
phenomenon occurs, ultimately
developing a theory of school pull-
out. Or you might develop a theory
on how and why the people of
Marinduque are selling their votes to
the traditional and clan politicians
• foundational question: What theory
or explanation emerges from an
analysis of the data collected about
this phenomenon?
• final report should include a
detailed and clear description of the
grounded theory
Pulled out from school!

6. Dimension Approach or Subtype
Phenomenology Ethnography Case Study Grounded Theory
Research
purpose
To describe one
or more
individual’s
experiences of a
phenomenon
To describe the
cultural
characteristics of
a group of people
or their cultural
practices /
changes
To describe one
or more cases in-
depth and
address the
research
questions or
issues
To inductively
generate a
theory describing
and explaining a
phenomenon
Primary data
collection
In-depth
interviews with
10-15 people
Participant-
observation
(POA) with a
group of people
over an extended
period of time
Use of multiple
methods
(interviews,
document
analysis, POA,
etc.)
In-depth
interviews with
20-30 people and
observation with
them
Data analysis
approach
Write their
narratives, get
the ‘meanings’ of
their narratives
and identify the
essence of the
phenomenon
Holistically
describe them
and look for
cultural themes
Holistic
description (with
combination of
narratives,
statistics,
documents, etc)
and look for
cultural themes
Begin with open
coding of the
result of
interviews and
observations,
then axial coding
and end with
selective coding
Narrative report
focus
Rich description
of the
characteristics
and essences of
the people’s
experiences
Rich description
of context and
cultural themes
Rich description
of the cases’
context, themes,
issues and their
implications
Description of
the topic and
people studies
and end with the
presentation of
the theory. List
of propositions
may also be
listed

7. Historiography
• about events that occurred in the past.
For example, you might study the use of
corporeal punishment in schools in the
19th century. You might study how
political clientilism becomes a culture in
Marinduque or how Islamic extremism
occurred in Sulu.
• not a mere accumulation of facts and
dates or even a description of past
events
•Ethnohistory, the study of the cultural
past of a group of people, their past
indigenous, folkloric, rural, etc.
knowledges
• Prosopography, the techniques are
more akin to profiling of biographical
details (family background, childhood
events, educational background,
religion, etc.) that are found in common
or in the aggregate among a group of
people—e.g. heads of states, political
leaders, generals, professors, terrorists
and/or elites in society.
Why a rise on extremism in the
Philippines?

8. Hermeneutics
• considered as both philosophy and
a specific mode of analysis, provides
the philosophical grounding for
interpretivism. As a mode of analysis,
it suggests a way of understanding
textual data.
• primarily concerned with the
meaning of a text or text-analogue,
wherein its meaning can be cultural,
political, economic, geographical,
technological, social relationship,
oppression, migration, etc. The basic
question in hermeneutics is: What is
the meaning of this text?
• Example of hermeneutic analysis is
the case of ‘rurality’. How ‘rurality’ as
a text-analogue is defined by both the
‘outsider’ and the ‘insider’. The aim is
to dig out how the people make sense
of ‘rurality’ as a whole and the
relationship between people and the
organisation among them—social,
political, economic, ecological, etc.
How it is to be ‘rural’?
What is ‘rurality’?

9. Narrative analysis
• A narrative is a "tale, story, recital of
facts, especially story told in the first
person." There are many kinds of
narrative, from oral narrative through
historical narrative. Metaphor is the
application of a name or descriptive
term or phrase to an object or action
to which it is not literally applicable
(e.g. a window in Windows 98)
• Narrative and metaphor have long
been key terms in literary discussion
and analysis. It includes metaphor
and symbolism in indigenous
cultures, oral narrative, narrative and
metaphor in organizations, metaphor
and medicine, metaphor and
psychiatry, etc.
• Sources of data in narrative analysis
studies are, but often include case
studies, existing documents (such as
archives and records), forms of media
(newspaper, audio accounts), etc.
‘Cockfighting’, an avenue between the rich
and the poor interaction

10. Participatory Action Research
• involves individuals and groups
researching their own personal
beings, socio-cultural settings and
experiences. They reflect on their
values, shared realities, collective
meanings, needs and goals.
Knowledge is generated and power is
regained through deliberate actions
that nurture, empower and liberate
persons and groups. The researcher
works in partnership with participants
throughout the research process.
• example of PAR study involved
researchers working with parents of
children with physical disabilities to
discover environmental situations
which presented substantial
challenges to their children. Through
focus groups and individual interviews
with number of families, participants
identified the environmental factors
which supported or hindered the daily
activities of their children (Law, 1992).
PAR involves groups of individuals
researching about a certain problem and
later on reflect and shared their
experiences in generating knowledge.

11. Secondary Analysis
• the re-analysis of data that was
originally compiled by another
researcher for other purposes than
the one the present researcher
intends to use it for
• example are compiled criminal
reports, which can be analysed to
understand the rise and fall of
certain actor.
• often, secondary analysis involve
adding an additional variable to an
existing dataset. This variable will be
something that the researcher
collects on their own, from another
dataset or from another source of
information
• related technique is the meta-
analysis of several different studies
dealing with the same research
question. It is decidedly quantitative,
but involves some of the same
sorting and coding techniques found
in qualitative research

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finished Chapter 6
Don’t you worry….I will not give you any linking
up activity papers! Just read my lectures!