Chapter 5 Lecture
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The document discusses probation supervision and presentence investigation reports. It covers the purpose and contents of presentence investigation reports, which are used for sentencing and risk management. It also discusses evidence-based supervision techniques for probation officers, specialized supervision programs, and whether probation is effective in reducing criminality. It concludes by examining the different ways probation can end and potential changes to probation in the future.
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Internal Investigations
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Learning Objectives
Situations requiring investigation or audit
Steps in conducting an internal investigation
Interviewing employees and third parties
Reviewing documents and records
Contents of a thorough investigation report
Sources of a government investigation
Responses to a government investigation
When to conduct an internal compliance audit
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Introduction
An organization conducts an internal investigation to discover whether a violation of law has occurred or is likely to occur.
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Recidivism is the act of relapsing into a problem or criminal behavior during or after receiving
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or return to prison. Yes, these programs are effective in preventing recidivism. Recidivism data
have been reported in terms of a variety of measures, including re-arrest, re-adjudication, and re-
incarceration. As a result, policy makers are often unable to make sense of seemingly disparate
findings or draw meaningful conclusions about program or system performance. Common
definitions and indicators are necessary to clearly communicate the meaning of outcome study
results, to unambiguously describe the methods used to obtain research findings, to enable
replication of research designs, to make possible comparisons across studies and regions, and to
facilitate our understanding of program or system effectiveness.
By definition, recidivism comprises two elements: 1) the commission of an offense, 2) by an
individual already known to have committed at least one other offense (Blumstein & Larson,
1971). To have a truly operable definition, one must clarify and qualify both parts.
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offense?” Does the definition include status offenses? Would parole violations fall under the
definition? One might assume that the phrase “commission of an offense” refers to a criminal act
and thus excludes status offenses and parole violations. Consistency requires that the phrase
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For the second half of the definition, one must ask: Who is considered to be “an individual
already known to have committed at least one other offense?” In the case of a juvenile, must the
juvenile have been found guilty of an offense? If the juvenile had been arrested but diverted prior
to adjudication, is she included in this definition? A policy maker might argue that diversion
does not imply innocence; in fact, it implies or requires admission of guilt. Thus, if a youth who
was previously diverted comes before the court on a subsequent offense, is that not recidivism?
Evaluators must agree on uniform answers to these questions or their findings will be difficult to
interpret or compare.
Measuring Recidivism
The terms “define” and “measure” are often confused by non-researchers. Whereas “define”
refers to the meaning of a word—in this case, recidivism—“measure” refers to a method of
systematically determining its extent or degree within a given sample. In program evaluations,
the measures are the types of data used to determine recidivism levels. These data types include,
among others, self-.
Cedp 402 assessment lectures
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1) Behavioral assessment focuses on gathering objective data about behaviors rather than suspicions. Baseline data is collected to establish stability before treatment.
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one of the best Research Methods in Criminal Justice updated 2023 doc 3.docx
Research methods in criminal justice
refer to the systematic approaches and techniques used to investigate and analyze various aspects of the field. These methods provide a framework for gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to generate knowledge and contribute to the understanding of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system.
This discussion will explore the key research methods commonly used in criminal justice and their applications.
Quantitative Research Methods: Quantitative research methods involve the collection and analysis of numerical data to uncover patterns, relationships, and trends. These methods often utilize statistical techniques to draw conclusions and make generalizations. Examples of quantitative research methods in criminal justice include surveys, experiments, statistical analysis of existing data, and quantitative content analysis of documents or records. They are valuable in studying crime rates, recidivism, victimization, and assessing the effectiveness of criminal justice policies and interventions.
Qualitative Research Methods: Qualitative research methods focus on understanding and interpreting the meaning and subjective experiences of individuals and groups. These methods rely on non-numerical data such as interviews, focus groups, observations, and content analysis of textual data. Qualitative research in criminal justice provides insights into the lived experiences of victims, offenders, and justice professionals, and explores complex social phenomena such as police-community relations, the impact of incarceration, and the dynamics of criminal organizations.
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental DesignsChapter 5.docx
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
Chapter 5
*
Introduction
Experiments are best suited for explanation and evaluation research
Experiments involve:
Taking action
Observing the consequences of that action
Especially suited for hypothesis testing
Often occur in the field
The Classical Experiment Classical experiment: a specific way of structuring researchInvolves three major components:
Independent variable and dependent variable
Pretesting and posttesting
Experimental group and control group
Independent and Dependent Variables
The independent variable takes the form of a dichotomous stimulus that is either present or absent
It varies (i.e., is independent) in our experimental process
The dependent variable is the outcome, the effect we expect to see
Might be physical conditions, social behavior, attitudes, feelings, or beliefs
Pretesting and Posttesting
Subjects are initially measured in terms of the DV prior to association with the IV (pretested)
Then, they are exposed to the IV
Then, they are remeasured in terms of the DV (posttested)
Differences noted between the measurements on the DV are attributed to influence of IV
Experimental and Control Groups
Experimental group: exposed to whatever treatment, policy, initiative we are testing
Control group: very similar to experimental group, except that they are NOT exposed
Can involve more than one experimental or control group
If we see a difference, we want to make sure it is due to the IV, and not to a difference between the two groups
Placebo
We often don’t want people to know if they are receiving treatment or not
We expose our control group to a “dummy” independent variable just so we are treating everyone the same
Medical research: participants don’t know what they are taking
Ensures that changes in DV actually result from IV and are not psychologically based
Double-Blind Experiment
Experimenters may be more likely to “observe” improvements among those who received drug
In a double-blind experiment, neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which is the experimental group and which is the control group
Selecting Subjects
First, must decide on target population – the group to which the results of your experiment will apply
Second, must decide how to select particular members from that group for your experiment
Cardinal rule – ensure that experimental and control groups are as similar as possible
RandomizationRandomization: produces an experimental and control group that are statistically equivalentEssential feature of experimentsEliminates systematic bias
Experiments and Causal Inference
Experimental design ensures:
Cause precedes effect via taking posttest
Empirical correlation exists via comparing pretest to posttest
No spurious 3rd variable influencing correlation via posttest comparison between experimental and control groups, and via randomization
Example of Research Using an Experimental Design
Researchers at the University of Marylan ...
K Austin The Efficacy Of Motivational Interviewing With Offenders
1) The study examined the efficacy of a brief motivational interviewing (MI) program called the Short Motivational Programme (SMP) in increasing motivation to change among 38 high-risk male offenders in New Zealand prisons.
2) The results showed that offenders demonstrated a statistically significant increase in motivation to change from before to after the SMP.
3) While the psychologists demonstrated some MI skills, they did not fully achieve competence in all MI skills measured. However, offenders reported strongly experiencing the core MI principles.
The Cochrane Collaboration Colloquium: Incorporating qualitative information ...
The Cochrane Collaboration Colloquium: Incorporating qualitative information ...Cochrane.Collaboration
This document discusses the role that qualitative research could play in Cochrane reviews. It provides examples of how qualitative research has contributed to understanding factors like patient behavior, barriers to treatment, and medicine taking strategies. Integrating qualitative research into Cochrane reviews faces some methodological challenges, as the review process differs from established quantitative practices. Organizational challenges also require discussion around guidance, inclusion of qualitative research in reports, and support for mixed method reviewers.Â
Level of Evidence- Dina Hudiya Nadana Lubis.pptx
This document provides an overview of different types of evidence and study designs used to assess levels of evidence in healthcare research. It defines level of evidence as a hierarchical system used to assess the quality and strength of research findings. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies are described as primary sources of evidence, while systematic reviews and meta-analyses are secondary sources. The advantages and disadvantages of each study design are summarized in a table. Systematic reviews synthesize existing evidence through a structured process, while meta-analyses conduct quantitative analyses to derive summary effect sizes. Expert opinion is also discussed as a source of evidence.
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one of the best Research Methods in Criminal Justice updated 2023 doc 3.docx
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Cwi crij 103 intro to law and justice summer 2012 syllabus
This document provides the syllabus for an online Introduction to Law and Justice course offered during the summer of 2012 at the College of Western Idaho. The syllabus outlines the course objectives, which include gaining an understanding of the criminal justice system and applying sociological and psychological principles to legal issues. Students will be assessed through exams, discussion posts, article responses, and individual posts. The course will be conducted entirely online and expects students to dedicate 12-16 hours per week to be successful.
Walsh power point_chapter 1
1) Law serves to regulate human behavior and transform self-interest into social interest by establishing general rules that bind a community.
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The National Academy of Sciences convened a committee to study forensic science needs and issues. The committee made 13 recommendations in its report, including creating a National Institute of Forensic Sciences, standardizing terminology and practices, and improving research, education, oversight and accreditation. The National Institute of Justice recognizes the need for reform and is taking steps like funding research projects and establishing advisory groups to address the report's recommendations.
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Walsh power point_chapter 14
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The document discusses different types of terrorism including domestic and international terrorism. It outlines the United States Government Interagency Domestic Terrorism Concept of Operations Plan which coordinates response to domestic threats. It also discusses terror alerts issued by the Department of Homeland Security that aim to inform the public of potential threats and recommend protective actions.
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Walsh power point_chapter 13
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Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
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Gastrointestinal Infections
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
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Microbiology & Parasitology Exercises Parts of the Microscope
Microbiology & Parasitology Exercises Parts of the Microscope
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Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) Cosmetics
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) Cosmetics
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Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
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Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptx
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptx
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Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
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Helminthiasis or Worm infestation in Children for Nursing students
Helminthiasis or Worm infestation in Children for Nursing students
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Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)
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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
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Chapter 5 Lecture
- 1. Corrections in the Community
- 18. Â
Editor's Notes
- Learning Objective One
- Learning Objectives One and Two
- Learning Objectives One and Two
- Learning Objective Three
- Learning Objective Three
- Learning Objective Three
- Learning Objective Four
- Learning Objective Five
- Learning Objective Six
- Learning Objective Seven
- Learning Objective Seven
- Learning Objective Seven
- Learning Objective Seven
- Learning Objective Eight
- Learning Objective Nine
- Learning Objective Nine
- Learning Objective Nine