This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of an introduction to nursing informatics textbook. It discusses the history of computing and technology, highlighting major milestones from the 1950s onward. It also profiles several nursing pioneers who contributed to the early development of informatics in areas like education, administration, care, and research. Some of the pioneers discussed include Mariann Drost Bitzer, Judith Ronald, and Kathryn Hannah. The chapter concludes with a summary of themes identified in a historical analysis of nursing informatics papers published between 1960 and 1997.

1. Introduction to Nursing
Informatics 4th Edition
Chapter 4 Introductory Presentation
History of Computing & Technology
Visit www.intro2nursinginformatics.com for more
information
Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 History of Informatics Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

2. History of Computing and
Technology
To understand a science it is necessary to know its history
Comte 1798-1857
Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 History of Informatics Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

3. Core Concepts Included in this Presentation Include
Historical Milestones in Technology
Historical Milestones in Computing
Nursing Pioneers and Computer Use
Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

4. Historical Milestones in Technology
These online resources summarise generations one to three
of the computing paradigm.
image
Presented by the Computer
History Museum
Follow this link to view
Whilst computers and technology
are linked it is useful to view
them in this chapter separately by
year.
This can be done by viewing the
technology time line in the
computer history museum and
by searching under key categories
relating to the technology.
For example one can search
under categories such as
components, networks ,
computer software and
languages.
Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

5. Historical Milestones in Computing
These online resources summarise generation one to three of the computing paradigm.
A Brief History of the Computer
Presented by TIME Photographs
Follow this link to view This resource developed by the
Computer History Museum depicts the
development of computers from 1939- 1988
Follow this link to view
Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

6. Emergence of Technology in Healthcare
Evolution of technology supporting health care and professional nursing practice
Pre
1950
Open Link
1950
1960
Open Link
1970
Open Link
1980
1990
2000
Open Link
2000+
Open Link
Click images to open hyperlinks
Marion
Ball Podcast
BCS
Information
Pioneers
Open Link
History of Computing
& Technology
Open Link
Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

7. Nursing Pioneers & Computer Use
In many instances the early pioneer nurses in informatics were poorly paid
and had inadequate study leave and in many cases left the profession to pursue careers
as systems analysts.
However, some of the pioneers remained and we acknowledge some of them within
the following sections – nursing education, nursing administration, nursing care and
nursing research .
Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

8. Nursing Education
• Mariann Drost Bitzer (1963)
• First simulation in nursing obstetrics
• Judith Ronald, University of New York
(1970’s)
• CAI in Nurse Education in the 1970’s
• Diane Skiba, Boston College
• Co-ordinating Nursing Informatics
Courses
• Virginia Saba, Georgetown University
• Co-ordinating Nursing Informatics
Courses
• Christine Henney, University of Dundee
• Co-ordinating Nursing Informatics
Courses
Journal of Nursing
Administration featured a
monthly article on computer
applications in nursing from
1970
Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

9. Nursing Administration
• Marilyn Plomann, Chicago (1970’s & 1980’s)
• Developed nursing administration initiatives
• Catherine Cunningham (1970’s & 1980’s)
• Nurse Manpower Planning Projects
• Elly Pluytr-Wenting, Leiden, Holland (1976-1983)
• Nursing Manpower Planning
• Phyllis Giovanetti (1978)
• Nurse Scheduling Systems
• Elizabeth Butler (1973-1983)
• Nurse Scheduling and Staffing Systems
• Virginia Saba (1970’s & 1980’s)
• Public Health Service Dept. – Promoting
Public Health Nursing Services
Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

10. Nursing Care
1992 Norma Lang & June Clark – if we cannot
name it (nursing) we cannot control it, finance it,
research it or put it into public policy.. (In relation
to nursing language).
Kathryn Hannah first nurse elected to COACH
(Canadian Organisation for the Advancement of
Computers in Health) .
Maureen Scholes – The London Hospital
Real-Time Computer Project – resulted in
The introduction of a hospital communication
system that provided patient administration services,
laboratory services and radiography services using
105 visual display units in all hospital wards and
departments.
Elizabeth Butler – Kings Hospital, London
Engaged in developing and implementing the
computerised nursing care plan system for the
Professional Medical Unit and for the nursing care
plan system for all wards and specialties in the 500
bedded hospital.
Christine Henney, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee
Involved in the design and implementation of
a real time nursing system
Joy Brown and Marjorie Wright, York Hospital
Ontario
Both worked as systems co-ordinators and were
actively involved in designing, coding and
implementing the computerised patient care system
at their hospital.
They were also responsible for training on the
system.
Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

11. Nursing Research
• 1960 working with ANA (American Nurses Association) Harriet
Werley identified research on communication and decision
making in nursing (1960’s)
• Kathryn Hannah with David Shires in 1980 at Medinfo in Tokyo
set up a separate nursing informatics section within IMIA
• Maureen Scholes in 1982 facilitated an open forum on the
impact of computers in nursing (London)
• 1981 Virginia Saba established a nursing presence at the
symposium on computer applications in medical care (USA)
• 1982 Carol Ostrowski created a nursing profession specialty
group - AAMSI (American Association for Medical Systems and
Informatics)
• 1983 Marion Ball identified nursing informatics as specialty
• 1988 Harriet Werley and Norma Lang identify the American
nursing minimum data set
Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

12. Scholes Analysis of Papers 1960-1997
Scholes et al in 2000 completed an analysis of early scientific papers in nursing research,
relating specifically to informatics and computers from 1960-1997
and the following key themes emanated from the work.
Education Training
Research Statistics Models
Language Classification and Retrieval
Information Systems Data Base Data Protection Ethics Law
Laboratory , Imaging Monitoring / Therapy Prevention
Decision Support, Artificial Intelligence Patient (Nursing) Record
Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

13. Chapter Summary
• The development of technology and its contribution
to the history of computing is explored in this
presentation.
• Evolving since the 1950’s the computer has replaced
traditional methods of processing information.
• Nursing informatics pioneers can be identified over
the past 50 years as contributing to this evolution.
Chapter 4 Introduction to Nursing Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition

14. Activity
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Introduction to Nursing Chapter 4 Informatics 2014 - 4th Edition