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Chapter 4 5 world religions, germanic tribes
The document provides an overview of several major world religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. It discusses their origins and key figures like Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, Siddhartha Gautama. The major teachings and texts of each religion are summarized such as the Torah, Bible, Quran, Vedas, and Four Noble Truths. Symbols and houses of worship like the Star of David, mosques, and temples are also briefly described.
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Chapter 4 5 world religions, germanic tribes
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- 6. RevelationThe divine disclosureof sacred Knowledge.Abraham in CanaanMoses on Mount SinaiJesus at the river Jordan Mohammad in the Deserts near Mecca
- 7. JudaismThe Hebrew monotheismYahwehor JehovahThe covenant (contract)This contract or covenant bound the Hebrews to God in return for God’s protection.Torah (Hebrew bible,“instructions”)2000 B.C.E.Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (now Istanbul), completed 537 C.E.
- 9. The Ark ofthe CovenantThis decorative mosaic pictures the curtained Ark that sheltered the Torah with sacramental Objects - menorah (seven-branched candelabrum) and theshofar or Ram’s horn, which is used to call the faithful to prayer. The Ark of the Covenant and sanctuary implements, Hammath near Tiberias, fourth century. Mosaic. Zev Radovan.
- 10. Ten CommandmentsYahweh revealedto Moses the essence of the covenant in a set of ten laws or commandments.Defines the proper relationship between God and the faithful.
- 11. Ethical monotheismThe beliefthat a single, benevolent, all-knowing God requires obedience to divine laws of right conduct, would become the fundamental tenet of three great world religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
- 12. ChristianityMystery CultsMithraism Strictinitiation ritesPeriods of fastingRitual baptismCommunal meal of bread and wineCelebrated their god’s birth on 12/25 Winter solstice that marked the sun’s rebirth Christ, detail of a deësis mosaic, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul;
- 13. JesusBorn in Nazarethduring the reign of the Roman Emperor OctavianMessiah
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- 15. Jesus dies onthe cross
- 16. Jesus’ resurrection Foundation of ChristianityWhat is Christianity based on ?Jesus’ resurrection from deathSupporting material:1Co 15:14: “And if Christ has not been raised, then our proclamation is worthless, and your faith is also worthless.”
- 17. The Coming ofJesusSadducees, envisioned the messiah as a temporal leader who would rescue the Jews from political bondage to Rome.Others, whose beliefs reflected the religious traditions of the mystery cults looked forward to deliverance in the immoral soul from the earthly body.
- 18. The Coming ofJesusPharisees, a scribal class of rabbis, anticipated the advent of a spiritual redeemer who would usher the righteous to eternal salvation and the wicked to damnation.Catacomb of Priscilla
- 19. Co-founder: PaulAfter Jesusdeath only about 10% - 15 % of the population were ChristiansPaul (65 C.E.) carried on the teachings of Jesus and Preached to the Gentiles
- 20. Paul wrote downJesus' sermons
- 21. Wrote 10-14 ofthe 27 books “New Testament”SymbolismChristian monograms, symbols of the 4 evangelists and Latin and Greek crossesDescription : (a) Christian monograms; (b) symbols of the four evangelists; (c) Latin and Greek crosses.
- 22. Emperor Justinian (481-565c.e.) tried to restore the power and prestige of ancient Rome.
- 26. IslamThe Qur’anMuhammad didnot write down his teachings but his followers did.
- 27. IslamProphet Muhammad570 C.E. in the city of Mecca( Saudi Arabia)Orphaned at the age of 6Received little formal educationMarried a wealthy widowLong periods of solitary Meditation in the desert
- 28. MuhammadOne night theangle Gabriel appeared to him to proclaim his role as the prophet of Allah (God).At 41 years of age he declared himself the final messenger.
- 29. IslamTo the righteous,those who practice submission, humility, and reverence, it promises a here-after that resembles the garden of paradise, filled with cool rivers and luscious fruit trees.To the wicked and the infidels (nonbelievers), it promises the terrifying punishments of hell – as hot and dusty as the desert itself.
- 30. The five PillarsConfessionof faithRecitation of prayer five times dailyCharitable contribution to the welfare of the Islamic community Fasting from dawn to sunset during the sacred month of Ramadan.The hajj (pilgrimage) to the city of Mecca.
- 31. In Meccaduring thepilgrimagewww.thefaithclub.com28
- 33. Mohammed Ali mosque,Cairo, Egypthttp://www.solarnavigator.net/geography/egypt.htm31
- 34. Blue Mosque (SultanAhmet Mosque), Istanbul Turkey34http://cs.ua.edu/~greg/personal.html
- 36. Interior of theBlue Mosquehttp://www.britannica.com35
- 37. Dome of amosque, Esfahan, Iranhttp://www.perceptivetravel.com/issues/1106/maclean.html36
- 38. Mosque in Djenne,Mali (West Africa)http://www.travelblog.org/Photos/17028.html38
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- 41. Stained glass windowsin the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, Turkeyhttp://www.geocities.com/mlafren/english/turk.html48
- 42. Muslim profession offaith in the Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkeyhttp://www.britannica.com/eb/article-251804/Muhammad47
- 43. Arabic calligraphy insecular arthttp://www.plumsite.com/palace/arabic.html49
- 44. Bitterness over MuslimleadershipSunni – consider themselves the orthodox of Islam. (“The tradition of the prophet”)90 % of modern Muslim worldThey believe that religious rulers should be chosen by the faithful.Shiites – claim descent through Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law Ali. (“partisans of Ali” Iran, Iraq)Only direct descendants should rule.
- 45. buddhismBuddha - SiddharthaGautama(Sanskrit “Enlighten One”)India560-480 or 440-360 B.C.E.Devastated by his discovery of the three “truths” of existence- sickness, old age, and death.
- 46. BuddhismAt 29 herenounced his wealth.Abandoned his family and took up the quest for enlightenment.
- 47. buddhismSitting beneath abo (fig) tree, he finally arrived at the full perception of reality that became the basis of his teachings.
- 48. BuddhismTo arrive ata release from illusion and ultimately nirvanaTo follow this path is the escape from the wheel of rebirth that binds all Hindus.
- 49. buddhismFour Noble TruthsOne’sspiritual Journey mustlead to the awareness of Four Noble Truths. Pain is UniversalDesire causes painCeasing to desire relieves painRight conduct provides escape from pain
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- 54. United forever withthe divine
- 55. Infinite bliss andawareness
- 56. Reincarnation Sacred Texts Rig Veda: Hinduism’s oldest text- nearly 4000 years.
- 57. BhagavadGita: Hinduism’s mostpopular sacred text.
- 58. THE TWO MOSTPOPULAR GODSVISHNUSHIVA
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- 61. Personal faithIf youwere to choose a personal faith, which of the religions discussed in this chapter is the one you would be most likely to follow? Why?
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- 63. People may bereincarnated at a higher or lower level of existence depending on their karma from their present life.
- 64. People may bereborn as plants or animals or they may be elevated to a higher caste as a human.
- 65. Death is notfinal for Hindus as they expect to be reborn many times. Karma & DharmaKarma: “action” or “deeds”
- 66. Every actionproduces a Justified effect based on its moral worthiness.
- 67. Karma determines allthe particular circumstances and Situations of one’s life.
- 68. Dharma: ethicalduty based on the divine order of reality. The word is the closest equivalent to “religion.”Banaras - Hindu’s Holy CityPilgrims come from all over to bathe in the Ganges.
- 69. Countless Hindus cometo Banaras to die.
- 70. It has 1500temples, most of them devoted to Shiva.
- 71. It is agathering place for the religiously learned and their disciples.END
- 72. Beliefs of theLawThemainstream Jewish view is that God will reward those who observe His commandments and punish those who intentionally transgress them. once one learned Torah properly, one could then learn the higher truths one can attain closeness to God even in this world through moral and spiritual perfection.As a matter of practice Orthodox Judaism lays stress on the performance of the actual commandments.
- 73. MenorahItistheoldest symbol oftheJewishfaith The Menorah has 7 branchestosymbolizethe 7 days of Hanukah The Menorahissaidtobethe symbol of Israel and ourmissiontobe “a light unto thenations” The lamp stands today in allsynagoguesaroundtheworldThereisalso 9 branchedMenorahsusedforHanukah, itcelebratesthemiraclethat a daysworthof oil can last 8 days
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- 75. Judaismwasfoundedby Abraham around1750 B.C.E.
- 76. AlthoughAbraham isseen asthefounder of Judaism, hisgrandson Jacob, who’snamechangedto Israel, wasthefather of 12 childrenwhobecameknown as the “children of Israel”, orIsraelites. Muchlater, theycametobeknown as theJewishpeople. So Jacob wasthegreat, great, great, grandfather of each and everyJew.Star of David The Star of David isthe universal symbol of Judaism The Star of David appearsonsynagogues, thestateflag of Israel, and Jewishritaulobjects The starismade of twotrianglesAppearedearly as the 960’s BCDuringtheHolocaustallJewishpeoplehadtoweartheStar of David ontheirarmto show thattheywereJewish The HebrewtermfortheStar of David isMagen David
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- 78. Early middle agesTheGermanic TribesGermanic Culture differed dramatically from that of Rome.Self-sufficient communitiesNomadic peoples, fighting was a way of life and a highly respected skill.
- 79. Germanic LiteratureBeowulf (ca.700C.E.)Anglo-Saxons, Old EnglishFirst monumental literary composition in a European vernacular language. The Song of the Nibelung(ca. early 13th century) Burgundian tribes, Old GermanSong of Roland (ca. early 12th century)Frankish, Old French
- 80. The age ofCharllemagneIn the 8th century, Charlemagne brought Europe together as a civilized continent.
- 81. Pursued the dreamof restoring the Roman Empire under Christian leadership.
- 82. The Carolingian Renaissance - A passionate interest in education and the arts. The Empire of Charlemagne, 814.
- 83. The Monastic ComplexReconstructedmodel of the monastery of Saint Gall, Switzerland
- 84. The Carolingian RenaissanceArebirth of learning and literacy.
- 85. In the strictestdefinition of illuminated manuscript, only manuscripts decorated with gold or silver, like this miniature of Christ in Majesty from the Aberdeen Bestiary
- 86. The Medieval BookCarolingianbooks were prepared for and by monks and clerics rather than for laypeople.
- 87. Page of textfrom a Carolingian Gospel Book written in Carolingian minuscule.
- 89. Geometric and abstractdesigns Monks in secluded monasteries decorated pages of Scripture and other writings with infinite detail.X-P pageFrom the Lindisfarne Gospel Book
- 90. The Lindisfarne Gospels:Gospelof St John theEvangelist, initial page, late 7th or early 8th century.
- 91. A page fromthe Book of KellsCeltic-Germanic art combined ornamental interlacing patternswith the animal style
- 92. Art of theMiddle AgesCeltic-Germanic art combined ornamental interlacing patterns with animal style
- 93. Lock for apurse makes use of garnets, glass, enamel, and gold and was mounted on a slab of ivory.
- 94. Wood, stone werealso used in Celtic animal style
- 96. Feudal SocietyAfter Charlemagne‘sdeath in 814 C.E.Fear caused people to attach themselves to members of a military Nobility who provided protection.Matthew Paris (c. 1200-1259), Vassal Paying Homage to his Lord, from the Westminster Psalter, ca. 1250. .
- 97. Invaders and RaidersVikingsVikingsHunsNeighboring Tribes
- 98. No Strong CentralGovt.Lack of central government for protection leads to rise of Feudalism
- 99. What is Feudalism?Feudalism:“loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord.”
- 100. Feudalism (political system)Sowho is in charge?Higher lordsEach person had rights and responsibilities
- 101. Manor LifeSo wheredo the people live?In Medieval Europe, people lived on manorsself-sufficient communities consisting of a castle, church, village and surrounding farmlands.Serfs work land and give part of their crops to the local (land) lord, for letting them farm the land.
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- 103. The Norman ConquestIn1066, England was invaded by Normans (Vikings from modern-day France)The Battle of Hastings
- 104. Harold, King ofEngland killed
- 105. William of Normandy(William the Conqueror) takes over.William of Normandy helped make England what it is today and codified feudalism (gave it the force of law).
- 106. French was spokenin the English court for the next 200 years.1066 – William creates Domesday Book for purposes of fair tax collection.William of NormandyNorman ship
- 107. Bayeaux Tapestry (11 century)The Bayeaux Tapestry was stitched to commemorate the Battle of HastingsIt measures 230 feet long (70 meters) and 20 inches wide. It was made to hang around the wall of a cathedral or castle.
- 108. An unusual visualrecord of the conquest of England by William of Normandy.11 century
- 109. Named for thecity in northwestern France where it was made it is still there today.
- 110. 626 figures190 horsesOver500 other animals
- 111. Created in only8 colors of wool yarn.
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Editor's Notes
- #7 TheStar of David isthe universal symbol of JudaismTheStar of David appearsonsynagogues, thestateflag of Israel, and JewishritaulobjectsThestarismade of twotrianglesAppearedearly as the 960’s BCDuringtheHolocaustallJewishpeoplehadtoweartheStar of David ontheirarmto show thattheywereJewishTheHebrewtermfortheStar of David isMagen David
- #8 The mainstream Jewish view is that God will reward those who observe His commandments and punish those who intentionally transgress them. once one learned Torah properly, one could then learn the higher truths one can attain closeness to God even in this world through moral and spiritual perfection.As a matter of practice Orthodox Judaism lays stress on the performance of the actual commandments.
- #9 Catacomb of Priscilla
- #11 Relief from the Arch of Titus, detail showing the Spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem Exhibited in Rome, ca. 81 C.E.
- #13 Good Shepherd, ca. 300. Marble
- #15 Gregory the Great and Three Scribes, West Germany or Lorraine, 10th century. Ivory relief,
- #16 Before Christianity was legalized in 313 c.e. , visual symbols served the practical function of identifying the converts to the faith among themselves. Followers of Jesus adopted the sign of the fish (ichthys)because the Greek word for fish is an acrostic (written lines containing word) combination of the first letters of the Greek words ”Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savoir.” They also used the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet alpha omega to designate Christ’s presence at the beginning and the end of time. Roman converts to Christianity saw in the Latin word for peace, pax, a symbolic reference to Christ , since the last and first letters could also be read as chi and rho, the first two letters in the Greek word Christos. Pax was emblazoned on the banner under with the emperor Constantine was said to have defeated his enemies. Such symbols soon found their way into Christian art.
- #17 The mosaics on either side of the altar show Justinian and his consort Theodora, each carrying offerings to Christ. The iconography of the Justinian representation illustrates the bond between Church and state that characterized Byzantine history: Justinian is flanked by twelve companions, an allusion to Christ and the apostles. On the right are his soldiers, the defenders of Christ (note the chi and rho emblazoned on the shield), while on his left are representatives of the clergy, who bear the instruments of the liturgy: crucifix, book, and incense vessel. Crowned by a solar disk or halo – a device often used in Persian and late Roman art to indicate divine status – Justinian assumes the sacred authority of Christ on earth, thus uniting temporal and spiritual power in the person of the emperor.
- #30 Over the center of this enormous church, a large and imposing dome rises 41 feet higher than the Pantheon in Rome. Light filtering through the forty closely set windows at the base of the dome works to give the illusion that the great canopy is floating miraculously above the massive substructure.
- #40 Princely Hindu familyAt 19 married his cousin and fathered a son.
- #41 Shaven head, yellow robe, begging bowl he followed the way of the Hindu ascetic.After 6 years he came to reject the life of self-denial.Turning inward he began the work of meditation that would bring him to inner illumination
- #46 Buddha's hands form one of many mudras (Hand gestures)that make reference to his teachings
- #48 Samsara is the wheel of rebirth which means the soul is reborn from one life form to another.People may be reincarnated at a higher or lower level of existence depending on their karma from their present life.People may be reborn as plants or animals or they may be elevated to a higher caste as a human.Death is not final for Hindus as they expect to be reborn many times.Karma & DharmaKarma: “action” or “deeds” Every action produces a Justified effect based on its moral worthiness.Karma determines all the particular circumstances and Situations of one’s life.Dharma: ethical duty based on the divine order of reality. The word is the closest equivalent to “religion.”
- #56 The Ganges River - Falling from its source of Vishnu’s feet onto Shiva’s head and out from his hair, the water of the Ganges is sacred enough to purify all sins
- #63 Lacking the hallmarks of civilization: urban settlements, monumental architecture, art and writing. 378 c.e. – Romans saw them as “ barbarians”. The Visigoths defeated the “invincible” Roman army. So they swept across the Roman border, raiding the cites of the declining West, including Rome itself in 410 c.e. (East Goths (Ostrogoths), West Goths (Visigoths), Franks, Vandals, Burgundians, Angles, and Saxons – to name a few Germanic language family, dialects of which differed from tribe to tribe.
- #64 Germanic traditions, including those of personal valor and heroism associated with a warring culture, are reflected in the epic poems of the early Middle Ages. These epic poems were transmitted orally for hundreds of years before they were written down sometime between the 10th and 13th centuries. Beowolf - Beowulf describes the adventures of a great Scandinavian warrior of the sixth century. -a fierce battle ensues that leads to Beowolf's entering the watery lair of Grendel's mother, where a devil's bargain awaits. Beowulf returns to Herot, the castle, and becomes king. Jump ahead many years, and the sins of the father are visited upon Beowulf and his kingdom.The Song of the Nibelung-A tale of the cycle of betrayal and revenge in the cursed Burgundian royal family. Song of Roland – It is based on an event that took place in 778 C.E. – the ambush at the “Gate of Spain,” a narrow pass in the Pyrenees, of Charlemagne’s rear guard, led by Charlemagne’s nephew Roland as they returned from an expedition against the Muslims.
- #65 His holy wars – the Christian equivalent of the Muslim Jihad – resulted in the forcible conversion of the Saxons east of the Rhine River, the Lombards of northern Italy, and the Slavic peoples along the Danube. His campaigns also pushed the Muslims back beyond the Pyrenees into Spain. In the year 800 c.e. Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne “emperor of the Romans”, establishing a firm relationship between church and state. Charlemagne (768-814 C.E.)
- #67 The heart of Charlemagne’s educational revival was the monastic complex. During his reign he authorized the construction of numerous Benedictine monasteries, or abbeys – communities for prayer and the preservation of Christian and classical learning. Central to each religious sanctuary was a church the served as a place of worship and as a shrine that housed the sacred relics – a bone, skull, or a shank of hair exhumed from the Roman catacombs – of Christian saints and martyrs.
- #68 Carolingian Empire (800–888) is a term which has been used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty. Charlemagne could barely read and write – his sword hand was, so callused that he had great difficulty forming letters. Bestiary - a medieval book containing pictures and moralizing stories about real and imaginary animals.The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The name "Carolingian", Medieval Latinkarolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German *karling, kerling (meaning "descendant of Charles", cf. MHGkerlinc),[1] derives from the Latinised name of Charles Martel: Carolus.[2] The family consolidated its power in the late 7th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princepsFrancorum hereditary and becoming the de facto rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the throne. By 751, the Merovingian dynasty which until then had ruled the Franks by right was deprived of this right with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy and a Carolingian, Pepin the Short, was crowned King of the Franks.
- #70 Laypeople – most of whom could not read or write. The middle Ages was the great era of book production. Medieval bibles and liturgical manuscripts were lavishly ornamented, as befitting their sacred character; often sheathed in costly materials, such as ivory, tooled leather, and precious metals.
- #80 The short lived unity he had brought to Western Europe died with him. Although he had turned the Frankish kingdom into an empire, he failed to establish any legal and administrative machinery comparable with that of imperial Rome. There was no standing army , no system of taxation, and no single code of law to unify the widely diverse population. Following his death the fragile stability of the empire was shattered by Scandinavian seafarers known as Vikings. The fragmentation of the empire and the insecurity generated by the Viking invasions caused people at all social levels to attach themselves to members of a military nobility who were capable of providing protection.
- #82 So how will we be protected?
- #90 Sewn into the linen cloth are lively pictorial representations of the incidents leading up to and including the Battle Hastings
- #96 The brilliance of the Normans’ achievements on architecture, apparent in their fortresses and in some of the earliest Romanesque churches lies in the use of stone to replace earlier timber fortifications and in the clarity with which the form of the building reflects its function.
- #98 (and as the Normans and other marauders began to settle down) Aside from such economic advantages as those enjoyed by individual Crusaders and the Italian city-states, the gains made by the Crusades were slight. In the first of the four major expeditions, the Crusaders did retake some important cities, including Jerusalem. But by 1291, all recaptured lands were lost again to the Muslims. In over 200 years of fighting the Crusaders did not secure any territory permanently, nor did they stop the westward advance of the Turks. Constantinople finally fell in 1453 to a later wave of Muslim Turks.
- #99 Usually men and women of noble birth, poems were accompanied themselves on a lyre or lute. Their art was influenced by Arabic traditions. Their songs often focused on passionate affection and physical pleasure.
- #100 Her achievement is all the more remarkable in that she – like every Japanese female – was excluded from the opportunity of a scholarly education and, from training in written Chinese, the literary language of Japan. Nevertheless, using a system of phonetic symbols derived from Chinese characters, Murasaki left a record of her culture, both in her Diary and in her novel.
- #101 This Japanese classic tells the story of a young Heian prince and his life and loves at court, but also describes his moods, his tastes, and his desires. Here Murasaki wrote the world’s first psychological novel, but in addition as she painted a detailed picture of daily life among the Heian aristocrats with their elegant silk robes, refined manners, affection for music ,and poetic versatility – features that prefigure by 500 years those of the Renaissance West.The Tale of Genjiwas written shortly after the year 1000 in Japan's Heian era, when the capital was situated at Heian-kyo (present-day Kyoto). Genji, the hero of the Tale, is the son of the emperor and his favorite concubine, Kiritsubo. A Korean sage predicts a brilliant future for Genji but his mother suffers the jealousy of rivals at court, becomes ill and dies. The distraught emperor becomes obsessed with the tragic story of Yang Kwei-fei, but eventually finds another concubine, Fujitsubo, who reminds him of his former love. Since Genji lacks backing at court, the emperor makes him a commoner, assigning him membership of the non-royal Genji clan. The eldest son of the emperor and Lady Kokiden is made crown prince. Genji becomes an uncommonly handsome and gifted young man, admired by all but feared by Lady Kokiden and her family. The first part of the Tale follows his amorous exploits with a variety of ladies in and around Heian-kyo, his friendship with To no Chujo and arranged marriage to To no Chujo's sister Aoi, the birth of his son and his budding relationship with the young Murasaki. Meanwhile, the old emperor dies and is succeeded by Lady Kokiden's son. Genji's amorous intrigues cause a scandal at court and he is forced to leave the capital and live in Suma for several years. During this second part of the Tale, Genji meets the ex-Governor of Harima and his daughter The Akashi Lady. Genji returns to the capital and the emperor abdicates in favour of Fujitsubo's (and secretly Genji's) son. Genji's position at court is restored and the Akashi Lady has a baby girl. Genji then goes on a pilgrimage to the Sumiyoshi Shrine to give thanks to the deity for protecting him during the storm at Suma. After his return to the capital he settles down with Murasaki and several other ladies at his Rokujo Mansion. During this long section of the Tale, Genji's influence at court increases steadily and he is preoccupied with the advancement of his children and grandchildren at court. Genji is persuaded to marry the Third Princess, who gives birth to a son and soon after becomes a Buddhist nun.