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CHAPTER-2_SOCIOLOGICAL-THEORIES-AND-EDUCATION (1).pptx
- 1. 2.1 FUNCTIONAL TEORY 2.2CONFLICT THEORY 2.3 INTERACTIONIST THEORY 2.4 CRITICAL THEORY 2.5 RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY CHAPTER 2: SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND EDUCATION Reporters: Jocelyn P. Dumalti Swarchzen P. Delizo Sheryl T. Garcia
- 21. Interactionist Theory the interactionistperspective and its importance in sociology
- 22. What is interactionisttheory? Interactions with others and societal norms shape an individual's perspective Interactionist means looking at people's relationship with different aspects of society as a response to their interactions with others It involves observing how a person has been taught to think about a certain experience in the life Humans assign meaning to their lives through interactions with the world around them
- 23. What’s the importance? Allowsfor understanding of an individual's response as a part of the broader society's worldview It helps us understand the value and meaning of events, memories, and experiences to individuals It provides insights into social processes such as conflict, cooperation, and identity formation
- 24. History of the interactionisttheory ● Developed from Max Weber's social action theory, which focused on human activity as the basis for sociological research ● Influenced by George Herbert Mead's teachings on the self and social interactions ● Herbert Blumer coined the term 'symbolic interactionism' to describe the perspective
- 25. Understanding interactionism Behavior can beunderstood by studying how others in society have behaved and the individual's observations of their situation Social behavior is the result of the interaction between an individual and their situation
- 26. Assumptions of Interactionist Perspective ●The interactionist perspective assumes that you can understand all human behavior based on the three principles of interactionism.
- 27. Three Principles of Interactionism ●An individual's behavior is the result of the meaning they assign to people, things, or experiences. ● Meaning is assigned through social interactions. ● People can change the meaning they associate with people, things, or experiences by interpreting their own interactions and making adjustments.
- 28. Strengths of Interactionism ● Allowsunderstanding of behavior based on societal influence. ● Helps make assumptions and predictions about future actions.
- 29. 01 02 Weaknesses of Interactionism Vague applicationand lack of clear results. Does not consider political, historical, or personal emotional influences.
- 30. ● Interactionist perspectivehelps understand how people relate to others. ● Society plays a significant role in assigning value. ● Not comprehensive, but provides a starting point for sociologists. Conclusion
- 31.
- 32. ● Critical theoryis a social theory oriented toward critiquing the changing society. It differs from traditional theory, focusing only on understanding or explaining society. Critical theories aim to dig beneath the surface of social life and uncover the assumptions that keep human beings from a full and true understanding of how the world works.
- 33. ● Critical theoryemerged out of the Marxist tradition and was developed by a group of sociologists at the University of Frankfurt in Germany who referred to themselves as The Frankfurt School.
- 43. Eclectic is aconceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.
- 45. The works ofthe Frankfurt School members, Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Erich Fromm, Walter Benjamin, and Herbert Marcuse, are considered the heart of critical theory.
- 46. The Purpose of CriticalTheory
- 47. ● Max Horkheimerdefined critical theory in his book Traditional and Critical Theory. Where he asserted that a critical theory must do two important things: ● (1) It must account for society within a historical context, and ● (2) it should seek to offer a robust and holistic critique by incorporating insights from all social sciences.
- 48. Further, Horkheimer statedthat a theory can only be considered a true critical theory if it is explanatory, practical, and normative. The theory must adequately explain the social problems that exist, offer practical solutions for how to respond to them and abide by the norms of criticism established by the field.
- 49. ● Horkheimer condemned"traditional" theorists for producing works that fail to question power, domination, and the status quo. He expanded on Gramsci's critique of the role of intellectuals in processes of domination.
- 50.
- 51. Rational choice theoryis a sociological perspective that interprets human behavior as being driven by individuals' calculations of costs and benefits, particularly in relation to economic incentives. This theory suggests that people make rational decisions by carefully weighing the potential gains and losses associated with different courses of
- 52. ● At thecore of rational choice theory is the understanding that individuals are motivated primarily by their self-interest, with economic considerations playing a central role. Money, profitability, and material resources are seen as powerful motivations that influence human behavior. According to this perspective, individuals are constantly evaluating the costs and benefits of their actions, intending
- 53. ● Rational choicetheory assumes that individuals are capable of making rational decisions based on logical calculations. It emphasizes the importance of the individual's ability to gather and process information, assess potential outcomes, and make decisions that will lead to the greatest
- 54. ● This theorysuggests that individuals are goal-oriented and strive to make choices that are in their self-interest, taking into account factors such as potential rewards, risks, and trade-offs. ● In summary, rational choice theory offers a framework for understanding human behavior by focusing on individuals' calculations of costs and benefits, particularly
- 55. ● By emphasizingthe role of motivations such as money and profitability, this theory suggests that individuals make rational decisions based on careful calculations to maximize their personal welfare.
Editor's Notes
- #22 The Interactionist Perspective is a way of looking at how people relate to each other and to different parts of society. It's like trying to understand how we see the world based on our everyday interactions. Here’s how you can think about it:
- #23 The Interactionist Perspective is a way of looking at how people relate to each other and to different parts of society. It's like trying to understand how we see the world based on our everyday interactions. Here’s how you can think about it: 1. Learning Through Interactions Observation: We learn how to act or think about things by watching how others do it. Communication: The way people talk about things can shape our own views and reactions. Example: If you see your friends getting excited about a new movie, you might start to think it's worth watching too, even if you hadn’t heard of it before. 2. Assigning Meaning We give meaning to different parts of our lives based on how we’ve interacted with them. Shaped: These meanings aren’t fixed; they can change depending on new interactions and experiences. Example: Think about how you might feel about a job. If you’ve had good experiences at work and positive interactions with colleagues, you might find it enjoyable and meaningful. If you’ve had bad experiences, you might see it as stressful.
- #24 Connecting Personal Reactions to Society Understanding Reactions: It helps us see how a person’s actions and reactions fit into the bigger picture of society. Finding Meaning in Experiences Personal Significance: It explains how people find meaning in their events and memories based on their interactions. Real-Life Example: Why does a wedding mean so much to people? Interactionist theory shows us how the experiences and conversations around weddings make them special.
- #25 The Interactionist Theory evolved over time that started with a German sociologist named Max Weber. Weber believed that society is made up of all the things people do, and that we should study these actions to understand how society works. Weber's ideas had a big impact on George Herbert Mead, an American professor. Although Mead didn’t publish his ideas himself, his students collected his teachings into books, which became the foundation for the Interactionist Theory. Mead emphasized that our behavior and identity are shaped by our interactions with people around us. Blumer’s Clarification Later, another professor named Herbert Blumer built on Mead’s work. Blumer explained and expanded these ideas clearly and named them "Symbolic Interactionism." This term describes how our interactions and the symbols (like language and gestures) we use shape our understanding of the world and ourselves.
- #26 Learning from Others Watching Others: We can understand why people act a certain way by looking at how others around them have behaved. Example: If you see many people lining up calmly at a bus stop, you might also join the line quietly because that’s what you see others doing. Behavior Comes from Interactions Responding to Situations: The way people act depends on how they interact with their surroundings and the situations they find themselves in. Example: If you’re at a party and everyone is dancing, you might feel encouraged to dance too because the situation and the people around you make it feel like the right thing to do
- #27 principles, examples, strengths, weaknesses, and conclusion of the interactionist perspective.
- #28 Behavior Comes from the Meanings We Give Personal Meanings: How we act depends on what we think about the people, things, or experiences in our lives. Example: If you think a dog is friendly, you’re likely to pet it. But if you think it’s dangerous, you might stay away. We Learn Meanings Through Interaction Learning from Others: We decide what things mean by talking to others and seeing how they react. Example: You might think a certain food is delicious because your friends enjoy it and talk about how great it tastes. We Can Change Our Meanings Adjusting Views: We can change how we see things based on new interactions or experiences. Example: If you once thought a sport was boring but then had fun playing it with friends, you might start to see it as exciting.
- #29 Understanding Behavior through Society How Society Shapes Us: We can see how people's actions are influenced by the society they live in and the people around them. Example: Understanding why someone might follow certain traditions or trends because it’s what’s accepted or expected in their community. Predicting Future Actions Making Informed Guesses: By studying societal influences, we can make educated guesses about how people might behave in the future. Example: Predicting that a new fashion trend will catch on because it's being promoted by celebrities and influencers.
- #30 Vague Application and Lack of Clear Results Uncertain Application: Sometimes, understanding behavior based on societal influence can be unclear or not clearly defined. Example: It may be hard to predict how someone will act solely based on societal norms because individuals can interpret and apply them differently. Neglects Political, Historical, or Emotional Factors Missing Influences: This approach may overlook how politics, historical events, or personal emotions affect behavior. Example: People's actions and decisions are also influenced by their personal experiences, emotional state, and the historical context they're in, which aren't always accounted for when focusing solely on societal norms.
- #33 Evaluation, assessment, analyzation \,
- #48 1. 2. To offer a robust and holistic critique by incorporating insights from all social sciences means to integrate perspectives and methodologies from various disciplines such as sociology, 2. anthropology, psychology, economics, political science, and history. This interdisciplinary approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of complex social phenomena. Here are key points to elaborate on this concept: