Your healthcare provider usually diagnoses goiter when they perform a physical examination and feel that you have an enlarged thyroid. However, the presence of a goiter indicates that there’s an issue with your thyroid gland. They’ll need to figure out what the issue is. Your provider can use several tests to diagnose and evaluate goiter, including the following: Physical exam: Your provider may be able to tell if your thyroid gland is enlarged by feeling your neck area for nodules and signs of tenderness. Thyroid blood test: This blood test measures thyroid hormone levels, which reveal if your thyroid is working properly. Antibody test: This blood test looks for certain antibodies that are produced in some forms of goiter. An antibody is a protein made by white blood cells. Antibodies help defend against invaders (for example, viruses) that cause disease or infection in your body. Thyroid ultrasound: Ultrasound is a procedure that sends high-frequency sound waves through body tissues. The echoes are recorded and transformed into video or photos. Your provider can “see” your thyroid to check its size and if it has nodules. rule out cancer. Thyroid uptake and scan: This imaging test provides information on the size and function of your thyroid. In this test, a small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein to produce an image of your thyroid on a computer screen. Providers don’t order this test very often, since it’s only useful in certain circumstances. CT scan or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of your thyroid: If the goiter is very large or spreads into your chest, a CT scan or MRI is used to measure the size and spread of the goiter. Management and Treatment Do goiters go away on their own? A simple goiter may happen for only a short time and may go away on its own without treatment. Many goiters, such as multinodular goiter, are associated with normal levels of thyroid hormone. These goiters usually don’t require any specific treatment after your healthcare provider has diagnosed it. However, you may be at risk of developing hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in the future. If you have an enlarged thyroid gland, it’s still important to see your healthcare provider since goiters have multiple possible causes — some of which require treatment. How is goiter treated? Treatment for goiter depends on how large your thyroid has grown, symptoms and what caused it. Treatments include: No treatment/"watchful waiting": If the goiter is small and isn’t bothering you, your healthcare provider may decide that it doesn’t need to be treated. However, they’ll carefully monitor your thyroid for any changes. Medications: Levothyroxine (Levothroid®, Synthroid®) is a thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Your provider will likely If you have an enlarged thyroid gland, it’s still important to see your healthcare provider since goiters have multiple possible causes — some of which require treatment. How is goiter treated? Treatment for goiter depend

1. Preliminary
陳仁暉 副教授
http://www.csie.cgu.edu.tw/~jhchen/
Tel: (03)211-8800 Ext 5990

2. Text book
 Data Communications
and Networking, 4th edt.
 Author: Behrouz A.
Forouzan
 台灣代理商
 新月圖書公司
 Tel: 2331-7856

3. Reference book
 Textbook: William
Stallings, Wireless
Communications and
Networks, 2nd Edt.
Prentice Hall, 2002.
 The Web site:
http://williamstalling
s.com/Wireless1e.ht
ml

4. Grades
 Midterm Exam: 30% (close book)
 On Thursday, April 16, 2009.
 Final Exam: 30% (depending on conditions)
 On Thursday, June 25, 2009.
 Quizzes: 20%
 2 times
 Homework: 15%
 2 times
 Class participation: 5%

5. Topics of this course (1/3)
 Overview
 Introduction
 Network Models
 Physical Layer and Media
 Data and Signals
 Digital Transmission
 Analog Transmission
 Bandwidth Utilization
 Multiplexing and Spreading
 Transmission Media
 Switching
 Using Telephone and Cable Networks for Data
Transmission

6. Topics of this course (2/3)
 Data Link Layer
 Error Detection and Correction
 Data Link Control
 Multiple Access
 Wireless Part
 Introduction of wireless communications
 Transmission fundamentals
 Communication network
 Protocols and the TCP/IP suite

7. Topics of this course (3/3)
 Wireless Communication Technology
 Antennas and propagation
 Signal encoding techniques
 Spread spectrum
 Coding and error control
 Satellite communications

8. Wireless Comes of Age
 Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896
 Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in analog signal
 Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
 Communications satellites launched in 1960s
 Advances in wireless technology
 Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication satellites
 More recently
 Satellite communications, wireless networking, cellular technology

10. Broadband Wireless Technology
 Higher data rates obtainable with broadband wireless technology
 Graphics, video, audio
 Shares same advantages of all wireless services: convenience
and reduced cost
 Service can be deployed faster than fixed service
 No cost of cable plant
 Service is mobile, deployed almost anywhere

11. Limitations and Difficulties of
Wireless Technologies
 Wireless is convenient and less expensive
 Limitations and political and technical difficulties inhibit
wireless technologies
 Lack of an industry-wide standard
 Device limitations
 E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only displaying a few lines of
text
 E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use wireless markup
language (WML) instead of HTML

12. Part One: Background
 Provides preview and context for rest of book
 Covers basic topics
 Data Communications
 TCP/IP

13. Chapter 2: Transmission
Fundamentals
 Basic overview of transmission topics
 Data communications concepts
 Includes techniques of analog and digital data transmission
 Channel capacity
 Transmission media
 Multiplexing

14. Chapter 3: Communication
Networks
 Comparison of basic communication network
technologies
 Circuit switching
 Packet switching
 Frame relay
 ATM

15. Chapter 4: Protocols and the TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
 Protocol architecture
 Overview of TCP/IP
 Open systems interconnection (OSI) reference model
 Internetworking

16. Part Two: Wireless Communication
Technology
 Underlying technology of wireless transmission
 Encoding of analog and digital data for wireless
transmission

17. Chapter 5: Antennas and
Propagation
 Principles of radio and microwave
 Antenna performance
 Wireless transmission modes
 Fading

18. Chapter 6: Signal Encoding
Techniques
 Wireless transmission
 Analog and digital data
 Analog and digital signals

19. Chapter 7: Spread Spectrum
 Frequency hopping
 Direct sequence spread spectrum
 Code division multiple access (CDMA)

20. Chapter 8: Coding and Error Control
 Forward error correction (FEC)
 Using redundancy for error detection
 Automatic repeat request (ARQ) techniques

21. Part Three: Wireless Networking
 Examines major types of networks
 Satellite-based networks
 Cellular networks
 Cordless systems
 Fixed wireless access schemes
 Use of mobile IP and Wireless Access Protocol (WAP)
to provide Internet and Web access

22. Chapter 9: Satellite Communications
 Geostationary satellites (GEOS)
 Low-earth orbiting satellites (LEOS)
 Medium-earth orbiting satellites (MEOS)
 Capacity allocation

23. Chapter 10: Cellular Wireless
Networks
 Cellular wireless network design issues
 First generation analog (traditional
mobile telephony service)
 Second generation digital cellular networks
 Time-division multiple access (TDMA)
 Code-division multiple access (CDMA)
 Third generation networks

24. Chapter 11: Cordless Systems and
Wireless Local Loop
 Cordless systems
 Wireless local loop (WLL)
 Sometimes called radio in the loop (RITL) or fixed wireless
access (FWA)

25. Chapter 12: Mobile IP and Wireless
Access Protocol
 Modifications to IP protocol to accommodate wireless
access to Internet
 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
 Provides mobile users access to telephony and information
services including Internet and Web
 Includes wireless phones, pagers and personal digital
assistants (PDAs)

26. Part Four: Wireless Local Area
Networks
 Examines underlying wireless LAN technology
 Examines standardized approaches to local wireless
networking

27. Chapter 13: Wireless LAN
Technology
 Overview of LANs and wireless LAN technology and
applications
 Transmission techniques of wireless LANs
 Spread spectrum
 Narrowband microwave
 Infrared

28. Chapter 14: IEEE 802.11 Wireless
LAN Standard
 Wireless LAN standards defined by IEEE 802.11
committee

29. Chapter 15: Bluetooth
 Bluetooth is an open specification for wireless
communication and networking
 Personal computers
 Mobile phones
 Other wireless devices

30. Internet and Web Resources
 Web page for this book
 WilliamStallings.com/Wireless1e.html
 Useful web sites, errata sheet, figures, tables, slides, internet mailing list,
wireless courses
 Computer Science Student Support Site
 WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
 Newsgroups
 comp.std.wireless
 comp.dcom.*