The document discusses architectural design and the design process. It defines design as a problem-solving process to implement functional requirements while respecting constraints. It discusses top-down and bottom-up design approaches. Key principles for good design discussed are dividing problems into smaller parts for easier management (divide and conquer), increasing cohesion where related parts are grouped together, and reducing coupling between modules. It discusses different types of cohesion and coupling to aim for and avoid in design.
The document discusses techniques for designing software architecture and making good design decisions. It provides principles for dividing a system into components, increasing cohesion and reducing coupling between components. The document emphasizes designing for qualities like flexibility, reusability, portability and testability. Priorities, objectives and cost-benefit analysis can be used to evaluate design alternatives. The architecture is the core of the design and should divide the system into subsystems and define their interactions and interfaces.
This is take two of the presentation, some things added, some removed, but still the regurgitation is best..
The purpose is to raise your awareness of software architecture in light of modern day agile development. Disciplines to incorporate and reconsider
This document provides an overview of software design engineering concepts in 3 sentences or less:
The document outlines the key concepts in software design including the design process, design quality, abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. It also summarizes design models, principles of data design, architectural styles like layered architectures, and common architectural patterns for concurrency, persistence, and distribution.
This document provides an overview of model-view-controller (MVC) patterns and their use in software development. It discusses how MVC separates an application's frontend from its backend code to improve quality and maintenance. The document outlines the history and components of MVC, provides an example application, and discusses how interfaces can help adapt an application to different data sources.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 1 of the book "Object-Oriented Software Engineering". It discusses the nature of software and how it differs from other engineering domains. It defines software engineering as the systematic development of large, high-quality software systems within constraints. It also outlines common software engineering project activities like requirements, design, modeling, programming, and quality assurance. Finally, it lists some of the difficulties and risks inherent in software engineering projects.
An Introduction To Model View Controller In XPagesUlrich Krause
This document outlines an introduction to the model-view-controller (MVC) pattern presented by Ulrich Krause. The presentation covers the basics of MVC including its history, components, and interaction. It provides an example application to demonstrate how MVC can help address challenges with software quality and maintenance for applications with code spread across different languages and locations. The example shows how interfaces, data access objects, and refactoring can help adapt an application to use different data sources.
This document discusses different aspects of interaction design and prototyping. It covers conceptual design, which transforms user requirements into a conceptual model. It also discusses different types of prototyping like low and high fidelity, as well as compromises in prototyping. Finally, it discusses how prototypes can be used to support the design process by answering questions and testing ideas.
This ppt covers the following topics :-
Introduction
Design quality
Design concepts
The design model
Thus it covers design engineering in software engineering
The document discusses techniques for designing software architecture and making good design decisions. It provides principles for dividing a system into components, increasing cohesion and reducing coupling between components. The document emphasizes designing for qualities like flexibility, reusability, portability and testability. Priorities, objectives and cost-benefit analysis can be used to evaluate design alternatives. The architecture is the core of the design and should divide the system into subsystems and define their interactions and interfaces.
This is take two of the presentation, some things added, some removed, but still the regurgitation is best..
The purpose is to raise your awareness of software architecture in light of modern day agile development. Disciplines to incorporate and reconsider
This document provides an overview of software design engineering concepts in 3 sentences or less:
The document outlines the key concepts in software design including the design process, design quality, abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. It also summarizes design models, principles of data design, architectural styles like layered architectures, and common architectural patterns for concurrency, persistence, and distribution.
This document provides an overview of model-view-controller (MVC) patterns and their use in software development. It discusses how MVC separates an application's frontend from its backend code to improve quality and maintenance. The document outlines the history and components of MVC, provides an example application, and discusses how interfaces can help adapt an application to different data sources.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 1 of the book "Object-Oriented Software Engineering". It discusses the nature of software and how it differs from other engineering domains. It defines software engineering as the systematic development of large, high-quality software systems within constraints. It also outlines common software engineering project activities like requirements, design, modeling, programming, and quality assurance. Finally, it lists some of the difficulties and risks inherent in software engineering projects.
An Introduction To Model View Controller In XPagesUlrich Krause
This document outlines an introduction to the model-view-controller (MVC) pattern presented by Ulrich Krause. The presentation covers the basics of MVC including its history, components, and interaction. It provides an example application to demonstrate how MVC can help address challenges with software quality and maintenance for applications with code spread across different languages and locations. The example shows how interfaces, data access objects, and refactoring can help adapt an application to use different data sources.
This document discusses different aspects of interaction design and prototyping. It covers conceptual design, which transforms user requirements into a conceptual model. It also discusses different types of prototyping like low and high fidelity, as well as compromises in prototyping. Finally, it discusses how prototypes can be used to support the design process by answering questions and testing ideas.
This ppt covers the following topics :-
Introduction
Design quality
Design concepts
The design model
Thus it covers design engineering in software engineering
The document discusses key concepts in software design. It covers 5 levels of design from the system level down to the individual routine level. It also discusses design challenges and provides heuristics to guide design decisions, such as finding real-world objects, hiding secrets through information hiding and encapsulation, forming consistent abstractions, and identifying areas likely to change. The overall goal is to manage complexity through decomposition and isolation of volatile components.
This document summarizes the role of an architect and key aspects of architecture. It discusses that an architect understands architectural drivers, designs technical strategies while considering things that are costly to change. An architect fits between the product owner and project manager. The document also covers architecture frameworks, modeling approaches, technical architecture styles, non-functional requirements, and testing non-functional requirements.
The document discusses software design and the software design process. It covers stages of design like problem understanding, identifying solutions, and describing solution abstractions. It also discusses phases in the design process like architectural design, abstract specification, interface design, component design, data structure design, and algorithm design. The document outlines principles for good design like linguistic modular units, few interfaces, small interfaces, explicit interfaces, and information hiding. It discusses concepts like coupling, cohesion, and stepwise refinement in software design.
Software Architecture and Architectors: useless VS valuableComsysto Reply GmbH
The document discusses several cases where architecture decisions hurt software teams. It provides lessons learned from each case:
- Overly sharing code across domains can cause dependencies and fragility. Architectural boundaries should separate domains.
- Attempting to satisfy all use cases with a single highly configurable solution often satisfies no one. Specific solutions may be preferable.
- Microservices are not a universal solution and will not improve a flawed design alone. Modules should only be split across microservices at domain boundaries.
- Systems need to be designed to evolve dynamically over time as requirements change. Centralized control hinders this.
Deep Dive into the Idea of Software ArchitectureMatthew Clarke
This talk was an experiment in combining a number of ideas I'd been learning and thinking about into a coherent presentation, that would hopefully be useful. The was to give a solid grounding to the idea of software architecture, including taking a critical look at what it is and if it really matters. It then moves into the topics of boundaries and abstractions, horizontal and vertical layers, cross-cutting concerns, "Clean Architecture" and the Dependency Rule it rests upon. It was presented internally at Genesis Energy in September 2018.
Abstract
The idea of this talk is to help development teams to make correct architectural decisions.
Andrei will highlight the basic architectural principles and show ways to achieve architecture that is good enough to cover the project requirements and evolve in the future.
He will also present several cases from real projects, where wrong, missing, or over-sophisticated architecture decisions really hurt the development teams:
- Painful sharing: do shared modules increase reusability or will be the source of problems?
- Microservices are the solution to every problem!
- Non-extensible extensibility: too sophisticated configuration hurts
- Over fine-grained: incorrect splitting to Microservices can make life even harder as with monolith
- Convey horizontal split: how organizational driven split can jeopardise the architecture
- Model-driven: central responsibility blocks and limits the team
- Cargo cult: blindly following patterns and rule can produce an unmaintainable system
- Freestyle architecture: what happens if teams completely ignore architecture
- Improve with less intelligence: smart endpoint and dumb pipes
Abstract
The idea of this talk is to help development teams to make correct architectural decisions.
Andrei will highlight the basic architectural principles and show ways to achieve architecture that is good enough to cover the project requirements and evolve in the future.
He will also present several cases from real projects, where wrong, missing, or over-sophisticated architecture decisions really hurt the development teams:
- Painful sharing: do shared modules increase reusability or will be the source of problems?
- Microservices are the solution to every problem!
- Non-extensible extensibility: too sophisticated configuration hurts
- Over fine-grained: incorrect splitting to Microservices can make life even harder as with monolith
- Convey horizontal split: how organizational driven split can jeopardise the architecture
- Model-driven: central responsibility blocks and limits the team
- Cargo cult: blindly following patterns and rule can produce an unmaintainable system
- Freestyle architecture: what happens if teams completely ignore architecture
- Improve with less intelligence: smart endpoint and dumb pipes
The document discusses key concepts in software design, including:
- Mitch Kapor's "software design manifesto" emphasized good design exhibiting firmness, commodity, and delight.
- Design encompasses principles, concepts, and practices that lead to high quality systems, including data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Quality guidelines for design include modularity, distinct representations of elements, appropriate data structures, independent components, and reduced complexity interfaces.
Slides for Chapter 1: Software and Software Engineering;l211772
This chapter introduces the field of software engineering. It discusses the nature of software and how it differs from other engineering domains. The key points covered include: the intangible and mutable nature of software; the importance of systematic and disciplined development processes; and the different types of software projects. The chapter also outlines common software engineering activities like requirements analysis, design, modeling, and quality assurance. It introduces some of the difficulties and risks inherent in software engineering work.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It discusses key OOAD concepts like iterative development, the Unified Process, UML notation, thinking in terms of objects and their services/responsibilities. It explains the differences between object-oriented analysis, which focuses on identifying domain objects, and object-oriented design, which defines software objects and how they collaborate. The document uses a dice game example to illustrate domain modeling with objects, interaction diagrams to show message flows, and a class diagram to define class attributes and methods.
Introduction To Agile Refresh Savannah July20 2010 V1 4Marvin Heery
The document provides an introduction to Agile software development methods. It discusses some of the limitations of traditional waterfall development approaches and why Agile methods have become more popular. It summarizes some of the core values and practices of Extreme Programming (XP), one of the earliest and most commonly used Agile methods. These include user stories, weekly iterations, test-driven development, pair programming, and continuous integration. The document also briefly discusses Scrum and other Agile methodologies.
The document discusses various aspects of managing software projects and processes. It covers tasks that a project manager would be responsible for, including planning, scheduling, directing teams, and monitoring progress. It also discusses different software development models like the waterfall model and agile development. Project managers play an important role in planning projects, estimating costs and schedules, and building effective teams to complete software work.
Solutions Architect's Handbook 2nd Edition - Book ReviewAshraf Fouad
Book review for "Solutions Architect's Handbook: Kick-start your career as a solutions architect by learning architecture design principles and strategies, 2nd Edition".
ISBN: 978-1801816618
This document discusses object-oriented design and architectural design. It begins by outlining topics related to determining how to build a system using object-oriented design, including design goals, architectural designs, class modeling, design patterns, state chart modeling, collaboration modeling, and more. It then discusses what software design is, including that it is a problem-solving process to implement functional requirements while meeting non-functional constraints. Design involves making decisions to resolve issues while choosing from design alternatives. The document also discusses top-down and bottom-up design approaches, software design principles, and the object-oriented design process.
The document discusses software requirement engineering. It outlines the objective of requirement engineering as understanding issues, processes, elicitation and specification techniques. It describes requirement engineering as identifying user needs and bridging them to software capabilities. The key tasks are inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation and management. Requirements errors are most costly if found late, so requirement engineering aims to establish a solid foundation early in development.
The document summarizes the emergence and evolution of software engineering approaches from the 1950s to modern times. It describes early exploratory programming using assembly languages. It then discusses the introduction of high-level languages and increased focus on control flow-based design. Subsequently, the complexity of software led to data-flow oriented design using data flow diagrams. Object oriented design revolutionized the field by enabling reuse through concepts like encapsulation and inheritance. Finally, it briefly outlines evolutionary, RAD, spiral models for iterative development.
This document discusses system design and decomposing systems into subsystems. It covers:
- Analyzing requirements, functional models, object models, and dynamic models to inform system design goals and subsystem decomposition.
- Identifying design goals and typical trade-offs between goals like functionality vs usability.
- Decomposing the system into subsystems using concepts like layers, partitions, and subsystem interfaces. Properties of good subsystem decomposition like low coupling are discussed.
- The relationship between subsystems, layers, and virtual machines is explained as a way to structure complex systems hierarchically.
This document discusses system design and decomposing systems into subsystems. It covers:
- Analyzing requirements, functional models, object models, and dynamic models to inform system design goals and subsystem decomposition.
- Identifying design goals and typical trade-offs between goals like functionality vs usability.
- Decomposing the system into subsystems using concepts like layers, partitions, and subsystem interfaces. Properties of good subsystem decomposition like low coupling are discussed.
- The relationship between subsystems, layers, and virtual machines is explained as a way to structure complex systems hierarchically.
This document discusses software design principles and processes. It describes key stages of design like problem understanding, identifying solutions, and describing solution abstractions. The design process involves phases like architectural design, interface design, and algorithm design. Good design principles include having linguistic modular units, few interfaces with loose coupling between modules, explicit interfaces, and information hiding. Top-down design and stepwise refinement are common design methods. Cohesion and coupling are important attributes of modular design.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Similar to Chap 6 - Software Architecture Part 1.pptx
The document discusses key concepts in software design. It covers 5 levels of design from the system level down to the individual routine level. It also discusses design challenges and provides heuristics to guide design decisions, such as finding real-world objects, hiding secrets through information hiding and encapsulation, forming consistent abstractions, and identifying areas likely to change. The overall goal is to manage complexity through decomposition and isolation of volatile components.
This document summarizes the role of an architect and key aspects of architecture. It discusses that an architect understands architectural drivers, designs technical strategies while considering things that are costly to change. An architect fits between the product owner and project manager. The document also covers architecture frameworks, modeling approaches, technical architecture styles, non-functional requirements, and testing non-functional requirements.
The document discusses software design and the software design process. It covers stages of design like problem understanding, identifying solutions, and describing solution abstractions. It also discusses phases in the design process like architectural design, abstract specification, interface design, component design, data structure design, and algorithm design. The document outlines principles for good design like linguistic modular units, few interfaces, small interfaces, explicit interfaces, and information hiding. It discusses concepts like coupling, cohesion, and stepwise refinement in software design.
Software Architecture and Architectors: useless VS valuableComsysto Reply GmbH
The document discusses several cases where architecture decisions hurt software teams. It provides lessons learned from each case:
- Overly sharing code across domains can cause dependencies and fragility. Architectural boundaries should separate domains.
- Attempting to satisfy all use cases with a single highly configurable solution often satisfies no one. Specific solutions may be preferable.
- Microservices are not a universal solution and will not improve a flawed design alone. Modules should only be split across microservices at domain boundaries.
- Systems need to be designed to evolve dynamically over time as requirements change. Centralized control hinders this.
Deep Dive into the Idea of Software ArchitectureMatthew Clarke
This talk was an experiment in combining a number of ideas I'd been learning and thinking about into a coherent presentation, that would hopefully be useful. The was to give a solid grounding to the idea of software architecture, including taking a critical look at what it is and if it really matters. It then moves into the topics of boundaries and abstractions, horizontal and vertical layers, cross-cutting concerns, "Clean Architecture" and the Dependency Rule it rests upon. It was presented internally at Genesis Energy in September 2018.
Abstract
The idea of this talk is to help development teams to make correct architectural decisions.
Andrei will highlight the basic architectural principles and show ways to achieve architecture that is good enough to cover the project requirements and evolve in the future.
He will also present several cases from real projects, where wrong, missing, or over-sophisticated architecture decisions really hurt the development teams:
- Painful sharing: do shared modules increase reusability or will be the source of problems?
- Microservices are the solution to every problem!
- Non-extensible extensibility: too sophisticated configuration hurts
- Over fine-grained: incorrect splitting to Microservices can make life even harder as with monolith
- Convey horizontal split: how organizational driven split can jeopardise the architecture
- Model-driven: central responsibility blocks and limits the team
- Cargo cult: blindly following patterns and rule can produce an unmaintainable system
- Freestyle architecture: what happens if teams completely ignore architecture
- Improve with less intelligence: smart endpoint and dumb pipes
Abstract
The idea of this talk is to help development teams to make correct architectural decisions.
Andrei will highlight the basic architectural principles and show ways to achieve architecture that is good enough to cover the project requirements and evolve in the future.
He will also present several cases from real projects, where wrong, missing, or over-sophisticated architecture decisions really hurt the development teams:
- Painful sharing: do shared modules increase reusability or will be the source of problems?
- Microservices are the solution to every problem!
- Non-extensible extensibility: too sophisticated configuration hurts
- Over fine-grained: incorrect splitting to Microservices can make life even harder as with monolith
- Convey horizontal split: how organizational driven split can jeopardise the architecture
- Model-driven: central responsibility blocks and limits the team
- Cargo cult: blindly following patterns and rule can produce an unmaintainable system
- Freestyle architecture: what happens if teams completely ignore architecture
- Improve with less intelligence: smart endpoint and dumb pipes
The document discusses key concepts in software design, including:
- Mitch Kapor's "software design manifesto" emphasized good design exhibiting firmness, commodity, and delight.
- Design encompasses principles, concepts, and practices that lead to high quality systems, including data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Quality guidelines for design include modularity, distinct representations of elements, appropriate data structures, independent components, and reduced complexity interfaces.
Slides for Chapter 1: Software and Software Engineering;l211772
This chapter introduces the field of software engineering. It discusses the nature of software and how it differs from other engineering domains. The key points covered include: the intangible and mutable nature of software; the importance of systematic and disciplined development processes; and the different types of software projects. The chapter also outlines common software engineering activities like requirements analysis, design, modeling, and quality assurance. It introduces some of the difficulties and risks inherent in software engineering work.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It discusses key OOAD concepts like iterative development, the Unified Process, UML notation, thinking in terms of objects and their services/responsibilities. It explains the differences between object-oriented analysis, which focuses on identifying domain objects, and object-oriented design, which defines software objects and how they collaborate. The document uses a dice game example to illustrate domain modeling with objects, interaction diagrams to show message flows, and a class diagram to define class attributes and methods.
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The document provides an introduction to Agile software development methods. It discusses some of the limitations of traditional waterfall development approaches and why Agile methods have become more popular. It summarizes some of the core values and practices of Extreme Programming (XP), one of the earliest and most commonly used Agile methods. These include user stories, weekly iterations, test-driven development, pair programming, and continuous integration. The document also briefly discusses Scrum and other Agile methodologies.
The document discusses various aspects of managing software projects and processes. It covers tasks that a project manager would be responsible for, including planning, scheduling, directing teams, and monitoring progress. It also discusses different software development models like the waterfall model and agile development. Project managers play an important role in planning projects, estimating costs and schedules, and building effective teams to complete software work.
Solutions Architect's Handbook 2nd Edition - Book ReviewAshraf Fouad
Book review for "Solutions Architect's Handbook: Kick-start your career as a solutions architect by learning architecture design principles and strategies, 2nd Edition".
ISBN: 978-1801816618
This document discusses object-oriented design and architectural design. It begins by outlining topics related to determining how to build a system using object-oriented design, including design goals, architectural designs, class modeling, design patterns, state chart modeling, collaboration modeling, and more. It then discusses what software design is, including that it is a problem-solving process to implement functional requirements while meeting non-functional constraints. Design involves making decisions to resolve issues while choosing from design alternatives. The document also discusses top-down and bottom-up design approaches, software design principles, and the object-oriented design process.
The document discusses software requirement engineering. It outlines the objective of requirement engineering as understanding issues, processes, elicitation and specification techniques. It describes requirement engineering as identifying user needs and bridging them to software capabilities. The key tasks are inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation and management. Requirements errors are most costly if found late, so requirement engineering aims to establish a solid foundation early in development.
The document summarizes the emergence and evolution of software engineering approaches from the 1950s to modern times. It describes early exploratory programming using assembly languages. It then discusses the introduction of high-level languages and increased focus on control flow-based design. Subsequently, the complexity of software led to data-flow oriented design using data flow diagrams. Object oriented design revolutionized the field by enabling reuse through concepts like encapsulation and inheritance. Finally, it briefly outlines evolutionary, RAD, spiral models for iterative development.
This document discusses system design and decomposing systems into subsystems. It covers:
- Analyzing requirements, functional models, object models, and dynamic models to inform system design goals and subsystem decomposition.
- Identifying design goals and typical trade-offs between goals like functionality vs usability.
- Decomposing the system into subsystems using concepts like layers, partitions, and subsystem interfaces. Properties of good subsystem decomposition like low coupling are discussed.
- The relationship between subsystems, layers, and virtual machines is explained as a way to structure complex systems hierarchically.
This document discusses system design and decomposing systems into subsystems. It covers:
- Analyzing requirements, functional models, object models, and dynamic models to inform system design goals and subsystem decomposition.
- Identifying design goals and typical trade-offs between goals like functionality vs usability.
- Decomposing the system into subsystems using concepts like layers, partitions, and subsystem interfaces. Properties of good subsystem decomposition like low coupling are discussed.
- The relationship between subsystems, layers, and virtual machines is explained as a way to structure complex systems hierarchically.
This document discusses software design principles and processes. It describes key stages of design like problem understanding, identifying solutions, and describing solution abstractions. The design process involves phases like architectural design, interface design, and algorithm design. Good design principles include having linguistic modular units, few interfaces with loose coupling between modules, explicit interfaces, and information hiding. Top-down design and stepwise refinement are common design methods. Cohesion and coupling are important attributes of modular design.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
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5. 4
Object-Oriented Analysis
•An investigation of the problem (rather than how a
solution is defined)
•During OO analysis, there is an emphasis on
finding and describing the objects (or concepts) in
the problem domain.
• For example, concepts in a Library Information
System include Book, and Library.
6. 5
Object-Oriented Design
•Emphasizes a conceptual solution that fulfills the
requirements.
•Need to define software objects and how they collaborate to
fulfill the requirements.
•For example, in the Library Information System, a Book
software object may have a title attribute and a getChapter
method.
•Designs are implemented in a programming language.
•In the example, we will have a Book class in Java.
•These we refer to as ‘software classes’ or POJC (Plain Old
Java Class)
7. 6
From Design to Implementation
Book
title
print()
public class Book {
public void print();
private String title;
}
Book
(concept)
Analysis
investigation
of the problem
Design
logical solution
Construction
code
Domain concept Representation in
analysis of concepts
Representation in an
object-oriented
programming language.
33. Chapter 6 Architectural
design
Architectural Abstraction
Architecture in the small is concerned with the architecture of
individual programs.
At this level, we are concerned with the way that an individual
program is decomposed into components.
Structure charts; UML diagrams showing
organization…
Architecture in the large is concerned with the architecture of
complex enterprise systems that include other systems,
programs, and program components. These enterprise
systems are distributed over different computers, which may
be owned and managed by different companies.
36
34. Chapter 6 Architectural
design
Architectural Representations
==> Simple, informal block diagrams showing entities
and relationships are the most frequently used method
for documenting software architectures.
But these have been criticized because they lack
semantics, do not show the types of relationships
between entities nor the visible properties of entities in
the architecture.
Depends on the use of architectural models.The
requirements for model semantics depends on how the
models are used.
37
35. Chapter 6 Architectural
design
Architectural Design Decisions
Is there a generic application architecture that can be
used?
How will the system be distributed?
What architectural styles are appropriate?
What approach will be used to structure the system?
How will the system be decomposed into modules?
What control strategy should be used?
How will the architectural design be evaluated?
How should the architecture be documented?
40
36. Chapter 6 Architectural
design
Architecture Reuse
Systems in the same domain often have similar
architectures that reflect domain concepts.
Application product lines are built around a core architecture
with variants that satisfy particular customer requirements.
The architecture of a system may be designed around one
of more architectural patterns or ‘styles’.
These capture the essence of an architecture and can be instantiated
in different ways.
Discussed later in this lecture.
41
37. Chapter 6 Architectural
design
Architectural Views
What views or perspectives are useful when designing
and documenting a system’s architecture?
What notations should be used for describing
architectural models?
Each architectural model only shows one view or
perspective of the system.
It might show how a system is decomposed into modules, how the
run-time processes interact or the different ways in which system
components are distributed across a network. For both design
and documentation, you usually need to present multiple views of
the software architecture.
43
38. Chapter 6 Architectural
design
4 + 1 view model of software architecture
A logical view, which shows the key abstractions in the
system as objects or object classes.
A process view, which shows how, at run-time, the
system is composed of interacting processes.
A development view, which shows how the software is
decomposed for development.
A physical view, which shows the system hardware and
how software components are distributed across the
processors in the system.
Related using use cases or scenarios (+1)
44
39. Representing Architecture: The 4+1 View Model
Process
View
Deployment
View
Logical
View
Implementation
View
Programmers
Software management
Performance
Scalability, Concurrency,
Throughput, Parallelism…
System Integrators
System topology
Delivery, installation
Communication
System Engineering
Use-Case
View
Structure
Analysts/
Designers End-user
Functionality
A View is a complete description (an abstraction) of a system from a particular view-
point or perspective – covering particular concerns and omitting others not
relevant to this perspective.
Different ‘views’ from different ‘stakeholders; different concerns.
A Model is a complete representation.
Functional requirements
Logical View
Functional
Requirements –
Deals with design,
packages, sub-
systems, and
classes, layers, …
Implementation
View – deals mostly
with programming
and organization of
the static software
modules & unit test