Chandigarh is home to both the capital cities of Punjab and Haryana. It is also a territory of …
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Impact of Employment of Mothers on Self Concept of Adolescentsinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Employment of women has become increasingly significant in the lives of women. The pertinent question that arises: Is the women happier and provide better parenting to their adolescents by relinquishing the traditional role or by combining the two roles? An attempt has been made to examine the effect of parenting of employed mothers on self-concept of their adolescents. A total of 200 parents were consisted for this study. 100 parents were with employed mothers and 100 were with homemaker mothers. 50 adolescent girls and 50 boys were further selected for measuring their self-concept from the schools of Dehradun, Haridwar and Roorkee district of Uttarakhand State, India. Parent child relationship scale was administered on parents and self-concept scale on adolescents. Study revealed significant difference in favour of parenting of homemaker mothers in the dimensions of marital conflict vs. marital adjustment and the faulty role expectations vs. realistic role expectations. Employed mother’s adolescents showed high self-concept on the dimension of social, temperamental and on total self concept. Boys of the same group found to be high self-concept on physical and temperamental and girls on the dimension of social self concept than the counter group. Implication of this research from the perspective of women employment and their parenting of adolescents regarding self-concept have been discussed.
Young Unmarried Mothers' Relationships and Their Effects on Parenting Self-Efficacy. Poster Preseted at 2010 Conference for the National Council on Family Relations (NCFR).
mm bagali...... mba...... research......management......hrm......hrd............dr m m bagali, phd in hr
This document discusses work-life balance among working mothers in India. It begins by providing context on the rising levels of female employment in India and the challenges working mothers face in balancing work and family responsibilities. It then reviews literature on various studies related to work-life balance practices. The study aims to do a comparative analysis of work-life balance based on the age of working mothers' children and identify influencing factors. It defines six sub-scales used to measure work-life balance: personal factors, balancing factors, organizational support, motivational factors, career advancement, and psychological factors. The document provides details of the methodology used for collecting primary data through questionnaires distributed to working mothers across various sectors in Bangalore, India.
The document summarizes research on the impact of childhood disabilities on families. It finds that while disabilities can increase demands on families' time and resources, families also experience personal and spiritual growth. While some differences exist based on specific diagnoses, caregivers of children with various conditions experience similar impacts. Research shows that childhood disabilities are associated with increased stress and depression for parents. However, factors like child behavior problems and care needs, rather than just the diagnosis, are better predictors of negative family outcomes. Marital adjustment and overall family functioning also influence stress levels, and many families of children with disabilities function well. Parental self-efficacy and coping styles further impact outcomes.
M M Bagali, PhD, Research paper, MBA Faculty, HRM, HR, HRD, PhD in HR and Man...dr m m bagali, phd in hr
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes work-life balance among working mothers in India. It discusses how women now hold a variety of jobs across sectors. The paper aims to compare work-life balance for working mothers in public and private sectors through a survey. It measures six factors influencing work-life balance, including personal, balancing, organizational support, motivational, career advancement, and psychological factors. The results found differences in work-life balance based on these factors and age levels. The study aims to define HR interventions to improve work-life balance for working mothers.
Parental stress, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction in parents of ch...James Cook University
Lovisotto, R., Caltabiano, N., & Hajhashemi, K. (2015). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(10), 30-38.
Abstract: Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a life-long developmental disorder, responded to an online survey considering their stress experience, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction. As these parents sourced different programs for their children, type of program was used to assign parents to different groups in order to consider their stress, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction. The type of programs parents used included the Applied Behaviour Analysis (n=15); Early Intervention Centre (n=13) and no formal program (n=16). Parents of children with ASD in the ABA group reported significantly lower parental stress scores, lower affective symptoms scores and higher marital satisfaction scores compared to the other two groups. These results are suggestive of the beneficial effect that an ABA program can have on the family unit.
Personality Factors as Related to Stresses among Parents of Mentally Sub-Norm...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between personality factors and stress levels among parents of mentally sub-normal children. 150 parents aged 35-55 years completed questionnaires measuring their personality using the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and their stress levels using a 30-item stress scale. Results found that 7 of the 16 personality factors (A, B, E, F, H, O, Q4) were significantly related to higher stress scores in parents. However, the majority of personality factors (C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1, Q2, Q3) did not significantly impact parental stress levels. The study provides insight into how certain personality traits may influence the stress experienced by parents of
This assignment allowed me to demonstrate my writing development skills as well as my ability to explore, understand, and use research to draw thoughtful conclusions. I researched families in our society by focusing on the question "what are women's roles within families?".
Impact of Employment of Mothers on Self Concept of Adolescentsinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Employment of women has become increasingly significant in the lives of women. The pertinent question that arises: Is the women happier and provide better parenting to their adolescents by relinquishing the traditional role or by combining the two roles? An attempt has been made to examine the effect of parenting of employed mothers on self-concept of their adolescents. A total of 200 parents were consisted for this study. 100 parents were with employed mothers and 100 were with homemaker mothers. 50 adolescent girls and 50 boys were further selected for measuring their self-concept from the schools of Dehradun, Haridwar and Roorkee district of Uttarakhand State, India. Parent child relationship scale was administered on parents and self-concept scale on adolescents. Study revealed significant difference in favour of parenting of homemaker mothers in the dimensions of marital conflict vs. marital adjustment and the faulty role expectations vs. realistic role expectations. Employed mother’s adolescents showed high self-concept on the dimension of social, temperamental and on total self concept. Boys of the same group found to be high self-concept on physical and temperamental and girls on the dimension of social self concept than the counter group. Implication of this research from the perspective of women employment and their parenting of adolescents regarding self-concept have been discussed.
Young Unmarried Mothers' Relationships and Their Effects on Parenting Self-Efficacy. Poster Preseted at 2010 Conference for the National Council on Family Relations (NCFR).
mm bagali...... mba...... research......management......hrm......hrd............dr m m bagali, phd in hr
This document discusses work-life balance among working mothers in India. It begins by providing context on the rising levels of female employment in India and the challenges working mothers face in balancing work and family responsibilities. It then reviews literature on various studies related to work-life balance practices. The study aims to do a comparative analysis of work-life balance based on the age of working mothers' children and identify influencing factors. It defines six sub-scales used to measure work-life balance: personal factors, balancing factors, organizational support, motivational factors, career advancement, and psychological factors. The document provides details of the methodology used for collecting primary data through questionnaires distributed to working mothers across various sectors in Bangalore, India.
The document summarizes research on the impact of childhood disabilities on families. It finds that while disabilities can increase demands on families' time and resources, families also experience personal and spiritual growth. While some differences exist based on specific diagnoses, caregivers of children with various conditions experience similar impacts. Research shows that childhood disabilities are associated with increased stress and depression for parents. However, factors like child behavior problems and care needs, rather than just the diagnosis, are better predictors of negative family outcomes. Marital adjustment and overall family functioning also influence stress levels, and many families of children with disabilities function well. Parental self-efficacy and coping styles further impact outcomes.
M M Bagali, PhD, Research paper, MBA Faculty, HRM, HR, HRD, PhD in HR and Man...dr m m bagali, phd in hr
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes work-life balance among working mothers in India. It discusses how women now hold a variety of jobs across sectors. The paper aims to compare work-life balance for working mothers in public and private sectors through a survey. It measures six factors influencing work-life balance, including personal, balancing, organizational support, motivational, career advancement, and psychological factors. The results found differences in work-life balance based on these factors and age levels. The study aims to define HR interventions to improve work-life balance for working mothers.
Parental stress, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction in parents of ch...James Cook University
Lovisotto, R., Caltabiano, N., & Hajhashemi, K. (2015). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(10), 30-38.
Abstract: Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a life-long developmental disorder, responded to an online survey considering their stress experience, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction. As these parents sourced different programs for their children, type of program was used to assign parents to different groups in order to consider their stress, affective symptoms and marital satisfaction. The type of programs parents used included the Applied Behaviour Analysis (n=15); Early Intervention Centre (n=13) and no formal program (n=16). Parents of children with ASD in the ABA group reported significantly lower parental stress scores, lower affective symptoms scores and higher marital satisfaction scores compared to the other two groups. These results are suggestive of the beneficial effect that an ABA program can have on the family unit.
Personality Factors as Related to Stresses among Parents of Mentally Sub-Norm...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between personality factors and stress levels among parents of mentally sub-normal children. 150 parents aged 35-55 years completed questionnaires measuring their personality using the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and their stress levels using a 30-item stress scale. Results found that 7 of the 16 personality factors (A, B, E, F, H, O, Q4) were significantly related to higher stress scores in parents. However, the majority of personality factors (C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1, Q2, Q3) did not significantly impact parental stress levels. The study provides insight into how certain personality traits may influence the stress experienced by parents of
This assignment allowed me to demonstrate my writing development skills as well as my ability to explore, understand, and use research to draw thoughtful conclusions. I researched families in our society by focusing on the question "what are women's roles within families?".
The study examined how a parenting class and parental work status affected adjustment to parenthood. Twenty parents attended the parenting class, while eight parents did not (the control group). The class covered various parenting topics. Participants completed surveys on parenting self-efficacy, stress, support, behaviors, and knowledge.
Results found no significant differences between the parenting class and control groups on adjustment factors. However, working mothers reported more positive parenting behaviors, greater social support, and less parenting stress than stay-at-home mothers. This suggests work status may impact adjustment to parenthood more than a parenting class, though sample size was small.
This summary analyzes a study that examined how maternal depression and child delinquency impact a mother's job satisfaction. The study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth involving 855 mothers and their children under age 12-14. It found that high maternal depression was weakly positively correlated with lower job satisfaction, and high child delinquency was also weakly positively correlated with lower job satisfaction. Only maternal depression was significantly linked to lower job satisfaction in multivariate analysis. The discussion focused on how treatment for maternal depression and assistance for children exhibiting delinquent behaviors could help improve a mother's satisfaction at work.
This study examined the relationships between maternal stress, challenging child behaviors (aggression and self-injury), and maternal cognitions. 46 mothers of children/young adults with intellectual disabilities completed questionnaires. The results found:
1) Challenging behaviors were positively correlated with maternal stress.
2) Maternal cognitions were related to both challenging behaviors and stress levels.
3) Cognitions about the consequences of behaviors partially mediated the relationship between behaviors and stress. Specifically, perceptions of consequences for the child were a significant mediator for both aggression and self-injury.
This document provides an overview of a proposed research study on work-life balance among women in higher educational institutions. It outlines the introduction, literature review, research gap, problem statement, objectives, hypothesis, and methodology. The research problem aims to understand challenges women in academia face in balancing work and personal lives. The objectives are to analyze the impact of factors like family/social support, responsibilities, workload, and organizational policies on work-life balance. The hypothesis is that there is a work-life balance problem among these women. A descriptive research design will be used, collecting data via questionnaires distributed to a sample of the population.
Socioeconomic Correlations to Maternal Stress Research (Complete)Brianna G. Scott
This research project aimed to identify socioeconomic factors that correlate with maternal stress levels. A survey of 23 mothers in India found lower stress levels correlated with greater family support and income. Stress decreased as household chores responsibilities decreased. Stress also correlated with occupational status, as non-working mothers with degrees reported less stress. The results provide insight to encourage family support and extended maternity leave. The researchers seek to expand the study internationally and examine how factors interact to impact stress levels. The goal is to support evidence for social and political reforms that help new mothers.
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors like mind-mindedness, stress, and empathy in parents of children with Down syndrome, 22q11 deletion syndrome, and typically developing children. The study used new measures of mind-mindedness and measured levels of mind-mindedness, empathy, and parental stress in 160 parents total. Results found significant effects between parental stress levels and diagnosis, and between mind-mindedness and parental stress. However, no significance was found for other relationships tested. The study suggests mind-mindedness can predict variance in parenting stress levels.
Technical And Business Of EntrepreneurshipDiane Allen
The document discusses technical and business undergraduate students' self-efficacy in entrepreneurship. It finds that business undergraduates may have higher self-efficacy in entrepreneurial endeavors than non-business students, as business students had more opportunities to be involved in business activities. Preliminary analyses were conducted to ensure assumptions of normality, linearity and homoscedasticity were not violated.
Identifying Factors Associated with Depressive Symptoms
in Japanese Fathers Who Try to be Actively Involved in
Childcare: A Web-based Cross-Sectional Study
This paper examines the issue of whether maternal employment negatively impacts child growth and development. The authors conducted research on both sides of the issue and concluded that the benefits of maternal employment outweigh the supposed negatives. While some argue children with working mothers have less time with parents and perform worse on tests, the authors found maternal employment does not harm children and can provide financial benefits and reduce parental stress levels.
Insights Into Work Family Conflict among Working Mothers Does Occupation Stat...YogeshIJTSRD
Working mothers provide a remarkable contribution to the development of our countrys economy. There are many changes in womens lives in the modern era. the present life of Working mothers is extremely challenging. The work family conflict has now evolved as an essential and universal problem for working mothers in todays world. This study set out to research significant differences in work family conflict across the occupation status of working mothers. The sample comprises 210 working mothers from the north Kerala region. Data was collected through a field survey by using a structured questionnaire. Collected data has been analyzed by using various statistical tools like one way ANOVA and Bonferroni Post hoc test. The research has revealed that the occupation status of working mothers had a significant difference in work family conflict. The Research also revealed that the working mothers in the private sector have a greater work family conflict than others. This result validates earlier research findings, where the occupation status had a significant influence on work family conflict among working mothers. Vishnu P K | Dr. Anil P V | Vyshak P K "Insights Into Work-Family Conflict among Working Mothers: Does Occupation Status Matter?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43909.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/organizational-behaviour/43909/insights-into-workfamily-conflict-among-working-mothers-does-occupation-status-matter/vishnu-p-k
1) The study examined the relationship between parental communication and body image among 30 University of California, Santa Barbara students.
2) It found that high levels of parent communication were correlated with high levels of body satisfaction in students.
3) Mother-daughter and mother-son relationships appeared to be most important in developing a healthy body image.
This document summarizes a research paper on work-life balance challenges and opportunities in Indian companies. It discusses trends pressuring employers to rethink people practices and how this generates potential to meet organizational and worker goals. It outlines work-life balance definitions and reviews literature on its importance. Challenges include long work hours, aging workforce, and technology advances. Benefits of work-life policies include improved employee retention, motivation, productivity and reduced absenteeism, which positively impact organizations. The document recommends organizations evaluate compensation, support employees, offer flexible policies and programs, and create an enabling environment to achieve work-life balance.
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between family structure, specifically two-parent families, family income, and educational achievement. The study found that children from two-parent, married, biological families had better educational outcomes compared to children from other family structures, as measured by MEAP test scores. There was a strong correlation between the percentage of two-parent families in a school district and higher MEAP scores. The study also found family income was strongly correlated with MEAP scores. Interviews with teachers reinforced that two-parent families are better able to support children's education due to having more time, resources, and ability to instill important values. While not the only factor, family structure significantly influences students' academic performance and
Effect of Postpartum Violence Research.pdfsdfghj21
This study examined the effect of postpartum intimate partner violence on mother-infant bonding. The researchers surveyed 200 mothers 4-6 weeks postpartum at hospitals in Turkey. Mothers who experienced violence from their partners during the postpartum period, such as being ignored, scolded, abused, or forced into sexual intercourse, had lower mother-infant bonding scores. In contrast, mothers who planned their pregnancy, were satisfied with their baby's sex, breastfed within 30 minutes of birth, and had a marriage initiated by both partners had higher bonding scores. The study suggests intimate partner violence during the postpartum period can negatively impact mother-infant bonding.
This document discusses work-life balance and summarizes several research papers on the topic. It begins by defining work-life balance and outlining its positive and negative effects. It then reviews literature that has studied work-life balance among married women and dual-earner couples. The document also summarizes the objectives, methodologies, findings, and conclusions of the reviewed research. Overall, the research emphasizes the need for organizations to support work-life balance policies to improve employee satisfaction and performance.
Running head CHILD CARE PROBLEMS AND EMPLOYMENT1CHILD CARE PRO.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: CHILD CARE PROBLEMS AND EMPLOYMENT 1
CHILD CARE PROBLEMS AND EMPLOYMENT 2Child Care Problems and Employment
Child Care Problems and Employment
The issues that will be addressed are that all parents struggle with daycare and employment, however a single parent in particular single mothers can and do have more problems juggling daycare and their employment. This needs to be addressed because the single mother is more likely to make changes to their employment status because of the daycare problems.
If single mothers do not have close friends and relatives to help with daycare, the mothers end up missing work because of problems with daycare. The child or children could be sick and not be able to attend daycare, they may be having behavioral problems that lead to the mother having to leave or miss work and stay at home with the child. Daycare may cost more than the mother can afford to pay.
Forry and Hofferth (2011) discusses the “association between child care subsidies and parents’ experience of child care related work disruptions while controlling for individual, family, child care and community characteristics” (Forry & Hofferth, 2011). During this study there were two questions asked, the first question posed was asking “is receipt of a child care subsidy a negative predictor of experiencing a child care–related work disruption?” the second question posed to the same parents over a period of time, “do parents experience fewer child care–related work disruptions while receiving a child care subsidy as compared with while not receiving a subsidy?” (Forry & Hofferth, 2011).
The first study used longitudinal survey and “verified administrative data collected in Montgomery County, Maryland, using quasi-experimental design” (Forry & Hofferth, 2011). The second study was a subsample of families that was taken from the Fragile and Child Wellbeing study that were either receiving child care subsidy or were financially eligible to receive child care subsidy. “The use of multivariate change analyses applied to quasi-experimental data also sets this study apart from current literature in the field. (Forry & Hofferth, 2011).
One thing that was surprising in this article was it was found that even when there was more than one adult in the home there was still disruption in child care and work related disruptions. This was found to be because even though there was more adults in the home, usually the multiple adults in the home was for financial reasons so the adults were working and not available to help with daycare.
Hofferth and Collins (2000), discusses the ways that childbearing and child rearing affect a mother’s ability to maintain stable employment. The article shows that mother who have recently given birth, have a large number of children and young children are more likely to quit their job at any given time. The article shows that mothers who have lower paying jobs and have young children and do not have the c ...
How to choose thesis topic | Bed | Med Thesis description | Guidelines | AIOU...NaumanMalik30
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The document discusses research on the differences between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles. Authoritative parenting is characterized by warmth and setting boundaries, while authoritarian parenting involves asserting power without warmth. Studies have found authoritative parenting is associated with fewer behavior problems in children, higher academic performance, greater well-being, and less depression and OCD in children and young adults. Authoritarian parenting is linked to more conduct disorders, lower self-esteem, poorer grades, and increased psychological issues. Overall, the research suggests authoritative parenting is more effective than authoritarian styles.
Original paper parents’ experiences of home based applied bSAHIL781034
This document summarizes a study that interviewed parents of children with autism who received 2 years of early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) therapy. The study aimed to obtain first-hand accounts of the perceived benefits and challenges of home-based EIBI programs from the parents' perspectives. In general, parents reported positive experiences with EIBI and benefits for their children, families, and themselves. However, interviews also revealed some challenging aspects of managing intensive therapy programs at home, such as financial burdens and disruptions to family routines. The implications of these findings could help improve support for families undertaking EIBI.
Parents employment and children welbeingopondocarol
The document discusses how parents' employment can affect children's wellbeing, both positively and negatively. It may negatively impact wellbeing by reducing bonding time between parents and young children, and decreasing the likelihood of breastfeeding. Low-quality jobs are also linked to higher parental stress, which can negatively impact children, especially for single parents. However, parental employment provides income that can boost child wellbeing through investments in nutrition, childcare, healthcare and education. The impacts likely depend on factors such as job quality, availability of family-friendly policies, and childcare arrangements. Overall, the effects of parental employment are complex and depend on children's developmental needs and family circumstances.
When we say that it takes a lot of time and effort to cross everything off your wedding …
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Exploring the Enchanting Spiti Valley: Top 8 Must Visit PlacesTurban trainer
Spiti Valley is a tiny village located in a frigid desert region of upper Himachal Pradesh. Height above …
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The study examined how a parenting class and parental work status affected adjustment to parenthood. Twenty parents attended the parenting class, while eight parents did not (the control group). The class covered various parenting topics. Participants completed surveys on parenting self-efficacy, stress, support, behaviors, and knowledge.
Results found no significant differences between the parenting class and control groups on adjustment factors. However, working mothers reported more positive parenting behaviors, greater social support, and less parenting stress than stay-at-home mothers. This suggests work status may impact adjustment to parenthood more than a parenting class, though sample size was small.
This summary analyzes a study that examined how maternal depression and child delinquency impact a mother's job satisfaction. The study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth involving 855 mothers and their children under age 12-14. It found that high maternal depression was weakly positively correlated with lower job satisfaction, and high child delinquency was also weakly positively correlated with lower job satisfaction. Only maternal depression was significantly linked to lower job satisfaction in multivariate analysis. The discussion focused on how treatment for maternal depression and assistance for children exhibiting delinquent behaviors could help improve a mother's satisfaction at work.
This study examined the relationships between maternal stress, challenging child behaviors (aggression and self-injury), and maternal cognitions. 46 mothers of children/young adults with intellectual disabilities completed questionnaires. The results found:
1) Challenging behaviors were positively correlated with maternal stress.
2) Maternal cognitions were related to both challenging behaviors and stress levels.
3) Cognitions about the consequences of behaviors partially mediated the relationship between behaviors and stress. Specifically, perceptions of consequences for the child were a significant mediator for both aggression and self-injury.
This document provides an overview of a proposed research study on work-life balance among women in higher educational institutions. It outlines the introduction, literature review, research gap, problem statement, objectives, hypothesis, and methodology. The research problem aims to understand challenges women in academia face in balancing work and personal lives. The objectives are to analyze the impact of factors like family/social support, responsibilities, workload, and organizational policies on work-life balance. The hypothesis is that there is a work-life balance problem among these women. A descriptive research design will be used, collecting data via questionnaires distributed to a sample of the population.
Socioeconomic Correlations to Maternal Stress Research (Complete)Brianna G. Scott
This research project aimed to identify socioeconomic factors that correlate with maternal stress levels. A survey of 23 mothers in India found lower stress levels correlated with greater family support and income. Stress decreased as household chores responsibilities decreased. Stress also correlated with occupational status, as non-working mothers with degrees reported less stress. The results provide insight to encourage family support and extended maternity leave. The researchers seek to expand the study internationally and examine how factors interact to impact stress levels. The goal is to support evidence for social and political reforms that help new mothers.
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors like mind-mindedness, stress, and empathy in parents of children with Down syndrome, 22q11 deletion syndrome, and typically developing children. The study used new measures of mind-mindedness and measured levels of mind-mindedness, empathy, and parental stress in 160 parents total. Results found significant effects between parental stress levels and diagnosis, and between mind-mindedness and parental stress. However, no significance was found for other relationships tested. The study suggests mind-mindedness can predict variance in parenting stress levels.
Technical And Business Of EntrepreneurshipDiane Allen
The document discusses technical and business undergraduate students' self-efficacy in entrepreneurship. It finds that business undergraduates may have higher self-efficacy in entrepreneurial endeavors than non-business students, as business students had more opportunities to be involved in business activities. Preliminary analyses were conducted to ensure assumptions of normality, linearity and homoscedasticity were not violated.
Identifying Factors Associated with Depressive Symptoms
in Japanese Fathers Who Try to be Actively Involved in
Childcare: A Web-based Cross-Sectional Study
This paper examines the issue of whether maternal employment negatively impacts child growth and development. The authors conducted research on both sides of the issue and concluded that the benefits of maternal employment outweigh the supposed negatives. While some argue children with working mothers have less time with parents and perform worse on tests, the authors found maternal employment does not harm children and can provide financial benefits and reduce parental stress levels.
Insights Into Work Family Conflict among Working Mothers Does Occupation Stat...YogeshIJTSRD
Working mothers provide a remarkable contribution to the development of our countrys economy. There are many changes in womens lives in the modern era. the present life of Working mothers is extremely challenging. The work family conflict has now evolved as an essential and universal problem for working mothers in todays world. This study set out to research significant differences in work family conflict across the occupation status of working mothers. The sample comprises 210 working mothers from the north Kerala region. Data was collected through a field survey by using a structured questionnaire. Collected data has been analyzed by using various statistical tools like one way ANOVA and Bonferroni Post hoc test. The research has revealed that the occupation status of working mothers had a significant difference in work family conflict. The Research also revealed that the working mothers in the private sector have a greater work family conflict than others. This result validates earlier research findings, where the occupation status had a significant influence on work family conflict among working mothers. Vishnu P K | Dr. Anil P V | Vyshak P K "Insights Into Work-Family Conflict among Working Mothers: Does Occupation Status Matter?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43909.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/organizational-behaviour/43909/insights-into-workfamily-conflict-among-working-mothers-does-occupation-status-matter/vishnu-p-k
1) The study examined the relationship between parental communication and body image among 30 University of California, Santa Barbara students.
2) It found that high levels of parent communication were correlated with high levels of body satisfaction in students.
3) Mother-daughter and mother-son relationships appeared to be most important in developing a healthy body image.
This document summarizes a research paper on work-life balance challenges and opportunities in Indian companies. It discusses trends pressuring employers to rethink people practices and how this generates potential to meet organizational and worker goals. It outlines work-life balance definitions and reviews literature on its importance. Challenges include long work hours, aging workforce, and technology advances. Benefits of work-life policies include improved employee retention, motivation, productivity and reduced absenteeism, which positively impact organizations. The document recommends organizations evaluate compensation, support employees, offer flexible policies and programs, and create an enabling environment to achieve work-life balance.
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between family structure, specifically two-parent families, family income, and educational achievement. The study found that children from two-parent, married, biological families had better educational outcomes compared to children from other family structures, as measured by MEAP test scores. There was a strong correlation between the percentage of two-parent families in a school district and higher MEAP scores. The study also found family income was strongly correlated with MEAP scores. Interviews with teachers reinforced that two-parent families are better able to support children's education due to having more time, resources, and ability to instill important values. While not the only factor, family structure significantly influences students' academic performance and
Effect of Postpartum Violence Research.pdfsdfghj21
This study examined the effect of postpartum intimate partner violence on mother-infant bonding. The researchers surveyed 200 mothers 4-6 weeks postpartum at hospitals in Turkey. Mothers who experienced violence from their partners during the postpartum period, such as being ignored, scolded, abused, or forced into sexual intercourse, had lower mother-infant bonding scores. In contrast, mothers who planned their pregnancy, were satisfied with their baby's sex, breastfed within 30 minutes of birth, and had a marriage initiated by both partners had higher bonding scores. The study suggests intimate partner violence during the postpartum period can negatively impact mother-infant bonding.
This document discusses work-life balance and summarizes several research papers on the topic. It begins by defining work-life balance and outlining its positive and negative effects. It then reviews literature that has studied work-life balance among married women and dual-earner couples. The document also summarizes the objectives, methodologies, findings, and conclusions of the reviewed research. Overall, the research emphasizes the need for organizations to support work-life balance policies to improve employee satisfaction and performance.
Running head CHILD CARE PROBLEMS AND EMPLOYMENT1CHILD CARE PRO.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: CHILD CARE PROBLEMS AND EMPLOYMENT 1
CHILD CARE PROBLEMS AND EMPLOYMENT 2Child Care Problems and Employment
Child Care Problems and Employment
The issues that will be addressed are that all parents struggle with daycare and employment, however a single parent in particular single mothers can and do have more problems juggling daycare and their employment. This needs to be addressed because the single mother is more likely to make changes to their employment status because of the daycare problems.
If single mothers do not have close friends and relatives to help with daycare, the mothers end up missing work because of problems with daycare. The child or children could be sick and not be able to attend daycare, they may be having behavioral problems that lead to the mother having to leave or miss work and stay at home with the child. Daycare may cost more than the mother can afford to pay.
Forry and Hofferth (2011) discusses the “association between child care subsidies and parents’ experience of child care related work disruptions while controlling for individual, family, child care and community characteristics” (Forry & Hofferth, 2011). During this study there were two questions asked, the first question posed was asking “is receipt of a child care subsidy a negative predictor of experiencing a child care–related work disruption?” the second question posed to the same parents over a period of time, “do parents experience fewer child care–related work disruptions while receiving a child care subsidy as compared with while not receiving a subsidy?” (Forry & Hofferth, 2011).
The first study used longitudinal survey and “verified administrative data collected in Montgomery County, Maryland, using quasi-experimental design” (Forry & Hofferth, 2011). The second study was a subsample of families that was taken from the Fragile and Child Wellbeing study that were either receiving child care subsidy or were financially eligible to receive child care subsidy. “The use of multivariate change analyses applied to quasi-experimental data also sets this study apart from current literature in the field. (Forry & Hofferth, 2011).
One thing that was surprising in this article was it was found that even when there was more than one adult in the home there was still disruption in child care and work related disruptions. This was found to be because even though there was more adults in the home, usually the multiple adults in the home was for financial reasons so the adults were working and not available to help with daycare.
Hofferth and Collins (2000), discusses the ways that childbearing and child rearing affect a mother’s ability to maintain stable employment. The article shows that mother who have recently given birth, have a large number of children and young children are more likely to quit their job at any given time. The article shows that mothers who have lower paying jobs and have young children and do not have the c ...
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The document discusses research on the differences between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles. Authoritative parenting is characterized by warmth and setting boundaries, while authoritarian parenting involves asserting power without warmth. Studies have found authoritative parenting is associated with fewer behavior problems in children, higher academic performance, greater well-being, and less depression and OCD in children and young adults. Authoritarian parenting is linked to more conduct disorders, lower self-esteem, poorer grades, and increased psychological issues. Overall, the research suggests authoritative parenting is more effective than authoritarian styles.
Original paper parents’ experiences of home based applied bSAHIL781034
This document summarizes a study that interviewed parents of children with autism who received 2 years of early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) therapy. The study aimed to obtain first-hand accounts of the perceived benefits and challenges of home-based EIBI programs from the parents' perspectives. In general, parents reported positive experiences with EIBI and benefits for their children, families, and themselves. However, interviews also revealed some challenging aspects of managing intensive therapy programs at home, such as financial burdens and disruptions to family routines. The implications of these findings could help improve support for families undertaking EIBI.
Parents employment and children welbeingopondocarol
The document discusses how parents' employment can affect children's wellbeing, both positively and negatively. It may negatively impact wellbeing by reducing bonding time between parents and young children, and decreasing the likelihood of breastfeeding. Low-quality jobs are also linked to higher parental stress, which can negatively impact children, especially for single parents. However, parental employment provides income that can boost child wellbeing through investments in nutrition, childcare, healthcare and education. The impacts likely depend on factors such as job quality, availability of family-friendly policies, and childcare arrangements. Overall, the effects of parental employment are complex and depend on children's developmental needs and family circumstances.
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1. Title: Examining Psychological Well-being, Parenting Efficacy, and Parenting Stress among Employed and
Unemployed Mothers
Introduction:
The well-being of mothers is a critical aspect that influences not only their own mental health but also
the overall family dynamics and the development of their children. The employment status of mothers
has emerged as an important factor that can significantly impact their psychological well-being, parental
efficacy, and parental stress levels. Understanding the effects of employment status on these variables is
crucial for developing interventions and support systems that cater to the diverse needs of employed
and unemployed mothers.
Existing research has provided insights into the relationship between employment status and
psychological well-being. Studies have found that employed mothers often experience a sense of
fulfillment, financial stability, and personal identity beyond their role as caregivers (Perry-Jenkins &
Gerstel, 2020; Schober, 2016). Engaging in meaningful work can contribute to higher levels of
psychological well-being and life satisfaction (Muller, 2019). On the other hand, unemployment can lead
to increased psychological distress and depressive symptoms among mothers (Coley et al., 2014; Reisel
et al., 2011). The loss of employment can result in financial strain, diminished self-esteem, and
heightened stress levels, negatively affecting maternal mental health (Nomaguchi & Milkie, 2003;
Steward & Barling, 2009).
Parental efficacy, which refers to a parent's confidence and belief in their abilities to fulfill their
parenting responsibilities, is another important aspect that can be influenced by employment status.
Employed mothers may face challenges in balancing work and family demands, which can impact their
perceptions of parenting competence and self-efficacy (Maunder et al., 2012). However, employment
can also provide opportunities for skill development, social support, and expanded social networks that
positively influence parental efficacy (Blair et al., 2019; O'Brien et al., 2009). Conversely, unemployed
mothers may experience a loss of confidence in their parenting abilities due to financial strain, social
isolation, and limited resources (Barnett & Hyde, 2001; Deater-Deckard et al., 2009).
Additionally, employment status can contribute to differences in parental stress levels among mothers.
Employed mothers may experience work-family conflicts, time pressures, and juggling multiple
responsibilities, leading to higher levels of parenting stress (Byron, 2005; Grzywacz & Marks, 2000).
Financial stress associated with unemployment can also contribute to elevated levels of parenting stress
among unemployed mothers (Letcher et al., 2012; Nepomnyaschy & Kalil, 2007).
While these studies have shed light on the relationship between employment status and psychological
well-being, a comprehensive comparative study is needed to directly compare employed and
unemployed mothers to gain a deeper understanding of the specific impacts of employment status on
psychological well-being, parental efficacy, and parental stress. This research aims to address this gap in
the literature by conducting a thorough investigation into these variables among employed and
unemployed mothers. The findings will provide valuable insights for the development of interventions
and support systems that cater to the specific needs of mothers in different employment contexts.
2. Rationale of the Study
Understanding the influence of employment status on psychological well-being, parenting efficacy, and
parental stress is of paramount importance. This study seeks to contribute to the existing literature by
conducting a comparative analysis of employed and unemployed mothers. By examining these variables,
we aim to identify the unique challenges and strengths associated with each group, informing the
development of targeted interventions and support systems. The findings will provide valuable insights
for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in promoting the well-being of mothers and their
families.
Literature Review
The literature on the influence of employment status on psychological well-being, parenting efficacy,
and parental stress provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics and challenges faced by
employed and unemployed mothers. This section will review key studies and theories that have
examined these variables, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms and factors at play.
Psychological Well-Being:
Research has consistently shown that employed mothers report higher levels of psychological well-being
compared to unemployed mothers. In a study by Amstad et al. (2011), employed mothers reported
higher life satisfaction and lower levels of depression compared to unemployed mothers. The authors
found that employment provided mothers with a sense of purpose, social connection, and personal
fulfillment, contributing to their psychological well-being. Similarly, a longitudinal study by Kalil et al.
(2014) revealed that employed mothers had lower levels of psychological distress and higher self-
esteem than unemployed mothers.
Parenting Efficacy:
Employment status has implications for parenting efficacy, with employed and unemployed mothers
experiencing different challenges and strengths. Ranson and Urichuk (2008) found that employed
mothers reported lower levels of parenting self-efficacy compared to stay-at-home mothers. The
authors suggested that the juggling of work and family responsibilities might contribute to a perception
of lower competence in parenting. On the other hand, Blair et al. (2019) demonstrated that employment
can enhance parenting self-efficacy through the development of transferable skills, increased social
support, and expanded social networks. Their findings indicated that employed mothers reported higher
levels of parenting competence and confidence compared to unemployed mothers.
3. Unemployed mothers may face specific challenges that impact their parenting efficacy. In a study by
Meijers et al. (2017), unemployed mothers reported lower levels of parenting self-efficacy compared to
employed mothers. The authors highlighted the detrimental effects of unemployment, such as financial
strain and limited resources, which can undermine a mother's confidence in her parenting abilities.
Parental Stress:
Employment status is linked to differences in parental stress levels among mothers. Employed mothers
often experience work-family conflicts and time pressures, leading to higher levels of parenting stress. In
a study by Bryson et al. (2011), employed mothers reported higher levels of work-family conflict, which,
in turn, was associated with increased parenting stress. Similarly, a study by Grzywacz and Marks (2000)
found that employed mothers experienced higher levels of time pressure, which contributed to elevated
levels of parenting stress.
Unemployed mothers also face unique stressors that impact their parental stress levels. In a study by
Crouter et al. (2006), unemployed mothers reported higher levels of economic hardship, which was
associated with increased parenting stress. The financial strain and uncertainty associated with
unemployment can add an additional burden on mothers, affecting their ability to provide for their
children and meet their needs.
In conclusion, the literature suggests that employment status significantly influences maternal well-
being, parenting efficacy, and parental stress. Employed mothers often experience higher levels of
psychological well-being, while unemployment can lead to poorer mental health outcomes among
mothers. Employment can enhance parenting efficacy, but it also presents challenges in balancing work
and family responsibilities. Both employed and unemployed mothers face unique stressors that impact
their parental stress levels. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing interventions and
support systems that address the specific needs of employed and unemployed mothers.
Research methodology
Independent Variables- Employed and Unemployed mothers of delhi- NCR
Dependent Variables – Psychological well- being, Parental efficacy and Parental stress
Objectives of the Study:
1. To examine and compare the levels of psychological well-being among employed and
unemployed mothers.
2. To investigate and compare the levels of parenting efficacy between employed and unemployed
mothers.
4. 3. To explore and compare the levels of parental stress experienced by employed and unemployed
mothers.
4. To provide insights into the unique challenges and strengths faced by employed and
unemployed mothers in relation to their psychological well-being, parenting efficacy, and
parental stress levels.
5. To contribute to the existing literature and inform the development of targeted interventions
and support systems for mothers in different employment contexts.
Hypothesis:
H1: Employed mothers will report higher levels of psychological well-being compared to
unemployed mothers.
H2: Employed mothers will demonstrate higher levels of parenting efficacy compared to
unemployed mothers.
H3: Employed mothers will experience higher levels of parental stress compared to unemployed
mothers.
H4: Parental efficacy will mediate the relationship between employment status and
psychological well-being.
Sample: 200-300 employed ( minimum 1 year of experience) and unemployed within the age
range of 25-35 years having at least one child above 3 years of age.
Research Design:
A mixed-methods research design will be employed, combining quantitative surveys and
qualitative interviews. This approach will provide a comprehensive understanding of the
research topic, allowing for both statistical analysis and rich qualitative insights.
Participants:
The study will involve a diverse sample of employed and unemployed mothers of delhi -NCR.
Participants will be recruited through community organizations, social media platforms, and
local networks . The sample will aim for representation across various socioeconomic
backgrounds and demographic characteristics to ensure diversity.
Measures :
Psychological Well-being:
Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): A 14-item self-report scale assessing
overall mental well-being. Participants rate their agreement with statements related to positive
affect, satisfaction with life, and personal functioning. Higher scores indicate higher levels of
psychological well-being (Tennant et al., 2007).
Parenting Efficacy:
5. Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC): A 16-item scale measuring perceived parenting
competence and satisfaction. Participants rate their agreement with statements related to their
confidence in parenting and satisfaction with their parental role. Higher scores reflect higher
levels of parenting efficacy (Johnston & Mash, 1989).
Parental Stress:
Parenting Stress Index (PSI): A 36-item questionnaire assessing stress levels related to parenting.
It measures various domains of stress, including parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional
interaction, and difficult child characteristics. Higher scores indicate higher levels of parental
stress (Abidin, 1995).
Data Collection Procedure:
Participants will be recruited through stratified random sampling. After obtaining informed
consent, participants will complete a set of self-report measures, including the Warwick-
Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) to assess psychological well-being, the Parenting
Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) to measure parenting efficacy, and the Parenting Stress
Index (PSI) to evaluate parental stress. Demographic information, such as age, education level,
employment history, and number of children, will also be collected. Participants will have the
option to complete the questionnaires online or in-person. Confidentiality and anonymity will be
ensured throughout the data collection process.
Data analysis
Quantitative data analysis will be conducted using appropriate statistical techniques, such as t-
tests, ANOVA, and correlation analyses, to compare the variables of interest between employed
and unemployed mothers. Statistical software such as SPSS or R will be used for data analysis.
References:
Barnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory.
American Psychologist, 56(10), 781–796.
Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of
Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 169–198.
Coley, R. L., Leventhal, T., Lynch, A. D., & Kull, M. (2014). Relations between housing
characteristics and the well-being of low-income children and adolescents. Developmental
Psychology, 50(3), 623–632.
6. Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An
ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and
family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 111–126.
Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (1989). A measure of parenting satisfaction and efficacy. Journal of
Clinical Child Psychology, 18(2), 167–175.
Maunder, R. E., Hunter, K., & Davidson, G. (2012). The experience of the working mother: A
qualitative study. Community, Work & Family, 15(4), 429–446.
Muller, H. J. (2019). Parenthood and life satisfaction: The moderating role of leisure. Journal of
Happiness Studies, 20(2), 399–416.
Nepomnyaschy, L., & Kalil, A. (2007). Effects of maternal employment and childcare
arrangements on preschoolers’ cognitive and behavioral outcomes: Evidence from the National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care. Developmental
Psychology, 43(2), 345–369.
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