Ch. 11 Sec. 3 Safavid Empire
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The Safavid Empire was founded in the 16th century by Shah Ismail I in the region between the Ottoman Empire and India. It became an important empire along the Silk Road trade route through cooperation with neighbors. However, it declined after its ruler was defeated by the Ottomans and replaced by his 16-year old son Abbas I, who reconquered lost lands and developed architecture but lacked strong successors.
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Germany's Schlieffen Plan to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium backfired when Belgium resisted and Britain joined the war in support of the Allies. This led to stalemate as massive casualties mounted on both sides without major gains, resulting in trench warfare with both sides developing new weapons like tanks, poison gas, zeppelins and airplanes. The war became a total war effort by all countries as it dragged on for years until the US entry in 1917 and a German-supported Bolshevik revolution in Russia reduced enemies for Germany, leading to the Treaty of Versailles ending the war that blamed and punished Germany.
Ch. 17 Sec. 3 and 4 After the War
After World War 1, several dictators rose to power in Russia, Germany, and Italy. In Russia, Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and became dictator after the execution of Czar Nicholas II. In Germany, Adolf Hitler led the Nazi party and declared himself dictator after gaining power. In Italy, Benito Mussolini led the Fascist party and was appointed leader after marching on Rome. These dictators consolidated their control and rebuilt their militaries, undermining the peace efforts of the League of Nations and other post-WW1 agreements.
Ch. 17 Sec. 5 The Great Depression
The Great Depression was caused by the financial devastation of World War I, with the US loaning money to allies who did not repay, the failure of the Federal Reserve to control interest rates, and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raising prices of foreign goods and reducing US exports. This led to about 1/3 of the workforce becoming unemployed even as Hoover and later FDR created numerous government programs to stimulate the economy and help the unemployed in the face of the crisis.
Russian Revolution
The document summarizes Russian history from Catherine the Great's rule in the late 18th century through the reign of Nicholas II in the early 20th century. It describes Russia's harsh climate and serf-based agricultural system. It notes key events like Catherine expanding Russia's territory, Alexander II abolishing serfdom but not providing land for freed serfs, and Alexander III and Nicholas II cracking down on dissent through censorship, persecution, and pogroms against threatening groups. Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia is also summarized, where the Russian winter and scorched earth tactics helped defeat the French armies.
Ch. 14 Vocabulary
This document lists 10 vocabulary terms: socialism, proletariat, bourgeoisie, communism, Corn Laws, Parliament Bill of 1911, anti-Semitism, pasteurization, romanticism, and realism. These terms relate to political and economic systems, social classes, laws and government, science, and artistic movements from history.
Ch. 14 Sec. 1 "Reform in Western Culture"
This document summarizes various social reforms that occurred in Western culture between the 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses the rise of socialism and Marxism, which advocated for public ownership and a classless society. It also outlines women's suffrage and temperance movements that aimed to give women the right to vote and reduce alcohol consumption. Finally, it provides details on reforms in Britain that expanded voting rights and increased the power of the House of Commons, as well as rising anti-Semitism in Europe during the Dreyfus Affair in France.
Ch. 14 Sec. 2 "Changes in Culture and Education"
Romanticism emphasized emotion over reason and often depicted peaceful rural scenes, while Realism sought to portray life realistically, including the negative aspects of industrialization in works by Charles Dickens and Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. Education reforms occurred across Europe in the 1800s, with Britain establishing Sunday schools and building public schools, Germany requiring primary education for all children, and France's Jules Ferry forming a system mandating attendance until age 15 under one of Europe's finest systems.
Ch. 14 Sec. 3 Science and Technology
This document summarizes the contributions of several important scientists from the 19th century including James Maxwell, Louis Pasteur, and Charles Darwin, and highlights several technological advancements such as the railroad, steamship, internal combustion engine, airplane, telegraph, and telephone. Key scientific discoveries included Maxwell's work in physics and astronomy, Pasteur proving spontaneous generation is false and pioneering pasteurization, and Darwin developing the theory of evolution by natural selection. Major technologies that transformed transportation and communication during this period were also outlined.
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This document summarizes the contributions of several important scientists from the 19th century including James Maxwell, Louis Pasteur, and Charles Darwin, and highlights several technological advancements such as the railroad, steamship, internal combustion engine, airplane, telegraph, and telephone. Key scientific discoveries included Maxwell's work in physics and astronomy, Pasteur's disproving of spontaneous generation and development of pasteurization, and Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Major technologies that transformed transportation and communication during this period were also outlined.
Ch. 15 Vocabulary
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Ch. 11 Sec. 3 Safavid Empire
- 2. • The region between the Ottoman Empire and India
- 3. • Founded by Shah Ismail I
- 5. Ismail I
- 6. • Worked with neighboring countries • This was essential because of its location along the trade route
- 7. • Became Muslim under Ismail
- 8. • Lost to a larger Ottoman force • Ismail withdrew from an active role in government after this loss
- 9. • A rival family leader replaced the Safavid ruler with his 16 year old son Abbas
- 10. • He reorganized the army and conquered land that had been taken from the Safavids • Great builder of religious architecture, royal palaces and public buildings
- 12. • It declined due to lack of qualified successors
Editor's Notes
- It grew out of a boy’s desire to avenge the murder of some of his family
- Ismail and his family belonged to the Safavid clan. A rival clan killed his father and older brother. This murder resulted in Ismail’s becoming the head of his family at the age of seven. To survive, he went into hiding until he was twelve. Then he began his military career by leading forces to take revenge on those who murdered his father. Once he had exacted his vengeance, Ismail’s fame quickly spread and he gathered supporters. Ismail continued to seize territory and began to build a state.
- Ismail had reputation of being invincible Made it vulnerable to internal struggles and attack from neighboring states