Ch 1 sec 1 6
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This document discusses the areas of ethics, including morality and social ethics. Morality examines principles and virtues to determine how individuals should live their lives. Social ethics raises questions about public policy and civic virtue. Business ethics addresses both individual morality and social ethics. The fundamental goals of business ethics are to help students reflect on what kind of person they should be and what actions they should take.
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This slide gives the complete view how and in which way consumer behaviour influenced & which are the responsible factor
Ethics, integrity and aptitude
This book has been written in accordance with the course curriculum /syllabus, as prescribed by UPSC for its General Studies-IV paper, titled ‘Ethics Integrity and Aptitude’. Simple vocabulary, and common day to day language has been made use of in the book, in order to provide a seamless reading and learning experience for the reader. The examples cited in the book, are in most cases, real-life ones. These would help the reader connect the conceptual formulations with everyday experience and generate a sound understanding of the subject material. Many chapters of this book have been enriched with self explanatory flowcharts for a quick revision of the content elaborated there-in.
In the starting of the book the syllabus as provided by the UPSC has been given. It would be beneficial for the aspirants to go through it at least 4 to 5 times, in order to absorb the content and scope of the paper. It is also advisable that before reading any chapter provided in the book, the aspirants ought to jot down their own general ideas on the topic. This exercise would be beneficial for inculcating originality of thought, and drafting unique answers. Several case studies have been provided for, alongside the various chapters of this book. The case studies will challenge the mind of the reader and pose dilemmas which may be tough to decide upon. These case studies have been drafted considering the various real-life dilemmas that an administrator faces and the development of a broad-based understanding which is a prerequisite for him/her. In order not to restrict the originality and uniqueness of the answers of the aspirants to these case studies, and also giving due consideration to the fact that different people may hold different views on how to act in a situation, cyclo-style answers have not been provided. Rather, an analysis of the situation has been provided in the form of flowcharts, to help the aspirant write his/her own unique answers.
This book is meant to be a holistic guide on the subject matter for all aspiring civil servants. Additionally, this book is beneficial to all those, who decide to take a conscious step towards developing a deeper understanding of the ethics and morals of our society, the need of which persists today, more than ever before.
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Pengambilan keputusan
Dokumen tersebut membahas model pengambilan keputusan etis dalam menangani dilema-dilema etis dalam pelayanan kesehatan. Beberapa model yang dijelaskan meliputi model Murphy dan Murphy yang terdiri dari 8 tahap, model MORAL Crisham yang terdiri dari 5 tahap, serta pertimbangan-pertimbangan etis yang perlu diperhatikan manajer dalam pengambilan keputusan.
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This book has been written in accordance with the course curriculum /syllabus, as prescribed by UPSC for its General Studies-IV paper, titled ‘Ethics Integrity and Aptitude’. Simple vocabulary, and common day to day language has been made use of in the book, in order to provide a seamless reading and learning experience for the reader. The examples cited in the book, are in most cases, real-life ones. These would help the reader connect the conceptual formulations with everyday experience and generate a sound understanding of the subject material. Many chapters of this book have been enriched with self explanatory flowcharts for a quick revision of the content elaborated there-in.
In the starting of the book the syllabus as provided by the UPSC has been given. It would be beneficial for the aspirants to go through it at least 4 to 5 times, in order to absorb the content and scope of the paper. It is also advisable that before reading any chapter provided in the book, the aspirants ought to jot down their own general ideas on the topic. This exercise would be beneficial for inculcating originality of thought, and drafting unique answers. Several case studies have been provided for, alongside the various chapters of this book. The case studies will challenge the mind of the reader and pose dilemmas which may be tough to decide upon. These case studies have been drafted considering the various real-life dilemmas that an administrator faces and the development of a broad-based understanding which is a prerequisite for him/her. In order not to restrict the originality and uniqueness of the answers of the aspirants to these case studies, and also giving due consideration to the fact that different people may hold different views on how to act in a situation, cyclo-style answers have not been provided. Rather, an analysis of the situation has been provided in the form of flowcharts, to help the aspirant write his/her own unique answers.
This book is meant to be a holistic guide on the subject matter for all aspiring civil servants. Additionally, this book is beneficial to all those, who decide to take a conscious step towards developing a deeper understanding of the ethics and morals of our society, the need of which persists today, more than ever before.
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The document outlines a model for ethical decision making involving 6 steps: 1) Understanding the facts of the situation, 2) Identifying the ethical issues, 3) Identifying stakeholders and how they may be affected, 4) Considering alternative courses of action from different perspectives, 5) Applying a "New York Times Test" to consider public reaction, 6) Making a decision after weighing all factors. A responsible ethical decision requires gaining a full understanding of the situation, considering how all involved may be impacted, exploring options from multiple viewpoints, and transparency in the choice made.
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Sec 5 6
The liberal model of work takes a middle ground between other perspectives. Liberals believe workers should freely choose their work goals but recognize work impacts workers. They assess work based on how it affects worker autonomy rather than a single human purpose. Liberals argue workers have rights in the workplace to protect goods like health and rationality that allow pursuit of individual goals, rejecting views that work meaning is purely subjective or that managers can dictate worker development.
Sec 5 5
The human fulfillment model views work as the primary means for people to develop their full human potential. It argues that through work, people can cultivate virtues like diligence, perseverance, and concentration that improve skills and character. Without work, people risk becoming apathetic. Unemployment has psychological costs like loss of self-esteem as well as social costs. The model claims that the right kind of work can foster human development and fulfillment by expressing our nature as social, creative beings.
Sec 5 3
Work provides value beyond just income. It can provide feelings of achievement, self-worth, and satisfaction from challenging goals. Work also has social value through status, respect, and companionship. Certain types of work are more socially valuable than others as they contribute more to the community. While work is necessary for income, its other values are often lost. An ethical workplace would aim to provide meaningful work that employees find worthwhile. However, not all can have highly valued jobs, so steps should be taken to increase work's value rather than decrease it.
Sec 5 2
This document discusses the different meanings of work and its importance. It covers:
1) Work has psychological and social impacts as it influences individuals' self-esteem and health as well as organizations' performance and employee retention.
2) Work can refer to a variety of activities from paid employment to unpaid domestic duties. People may identify themselves by their work through their job, career, or calling.
3) A career provides social status and self-esteem through development and advancement, while a calling integrally connects one's identity to their work activities.
Sec 5 1
This document introduces some key topics in business ethics by discussing the nature and purpose of work. It notes that while students often study and work primarily to earn a degree or money, work could potentially be more meaningful. The document then discusses how work is viewed in different philosophies - as a curse, a necessity for a good life, or something that can be uplifting or degrading depending on how it is structured within a business or society. It poses questions about the responsibilities of business and whether work should only be a means to an end or can also be an end in itself.
Chapter 5 case study
The document discusses social entrepreneurship and how it challenges the assumption that profit and social causes cannot be pursued together. It provides examples of social entrepreneurs like Muhammad Yunus, who founded Grameen Bank to provide small loans to help people escape poverty. Mozilla is discussed as a for-profit company dedicated to public benefit rather than profit. The changing nature of work is also examined, as the traditional long-term career model has shifted, requiring reflection on how people can find meaningful careers and purpose in the current workplace.
Sec 3 8
This document discusses strategic models of corporate social responsibility. It presents perspectives that businesses should balance pursuing profits with social responsibility. Some organizations, like non-profits and social enterprises led by entrepreneurs, have social goals as their central mission. The document argues that sustainability should be at the heart of every corporate mission, with financial goals balanced against environmental considerations, as the long-term financial well-being of firms depends on how they affect and are affected by the natural environment.
Sec 3 7
The stakeholder model of corporate social responsibility rejects the view that stockholders are the only group with legitimate claims over managerial decisions. It argues that managers have equal ethical duties to consider the interests of other stakeholders such as employees, customers, suppliers, and local communities. The stakeholder model requires managers to balance the competing interests of all stakeholder groups, giving equal consideration to each, rather than prioritizing stockholders' financial interests over all others. Critics argue it is difficult to implement the stakeholder model in practice due to challenges in identifying stakeholders, determining their interests, and deciding on a course of action that properly balances all interests.
Sec 3 6
The document discusses modified versions of the economic model of corporate social responsibility. It summarizes Norman Bowie's view that businesses have a moral obligation to cause no harm that overrides other ethical duties like preventing harm or doing good. However, the document argues that clearly distinguishing between causing harm and preventing harm, or between harm and good, is difficult. It concludes that determining corporate social responsibility requires case-by-case analysis rather than broad principles.
Sec 3 4
The document discusses two defenses of the economic model that prioritizes private property rights and profit maximization. It raises challenges to these defenses. The first defense is that managers have an obligation to maximize profits for owners. The document challenges this, noting that property rights are not absolute and must consider others' rights. The second defense is that stockholders grant limited liability and control over corporate property, but this ownership may not include all personal property rights. It questions equating stock ownership with full control. The document argues compliance with law alone is not sufficient for ethical corporate responsibility.
Sec 3 5
The philanthropic model of corporate social responsibility views business contributions to social causes as voluntary acts of philanthropy, not obligations. Under this model, businesses may support social causes through charitable donations that provide public relations benefits, tax deductions, and goodwill. Some businesses contribute anonymously without seeking benefits. However, philanthropic acts done primarily for economic or reputational gains are not fully ethical forms of social responsibility.
Sec 3 3
The document summarizes criticisms of the utilitarian defense of an economic model of corporate social responsibility. It argues that free markets alone do not ensure optimal social outcomes and maximum utility due to market failures and the possibility that maximizing individual utility does not equate to maximizing social welfare. It also questions whether efficiently satisfying consumer preferences through economic growth always leads to ethical ends or individual and social happiness. The document advocates considering alternative public policy approaches to address these issues rather than relying solely on private market mechanisms.
Sec 3 1 and 3-2
The document summarizes the economic model of corporate social responsibility, which argues that a corporation's only social responsibility is to maximize profits for its shareholders within legal bounds. It outlines the model's roots in free market theory and utilitarianism. The model is illustrated using Walmart as an example of a corporation pursuing strategies like low prices that maximize profits and benefit consumers according to this view.
Sec 2 6
Deontological ethics holds that some actions are right or wrong regardless of their consequences. It denies that the ends justify the means. Kant's categorical imperative provides a principle of ethics - that we should only act according to maxims that could be universally followed. Using child labor violates our duty to respect children by treating them as means rather than ends. Rights protect fundamental interests connected to well-being and autonomy, overriding collective happiness.
Sec 2 5
1) There are two influential versions of utilitarian public policy - one argues that experts can predict policy outcomes and maximize the overall good, while the other argues that competitive markets are best to attain utilitarian goals.
2) A dispute between these versions characterizes debates in business ethics, such as whether experts or the free market best determine workplace safety standards.
3) Utilitarian policy questions should be judged by consequences, with policy makers acting as neutral administrators and the public deciding policy goals through democracy.
Sec 2 4
There are two main challenges to utilitarianism: 1) Problems finding a defensible way to measure and determine the overall good or happiness, as there is no agreement on how to quantify it. 2) Differing views of what constitutes the good can undermine individual freedom if people are obligated to act in ways that maximize the good even if they don't want to. A third challenge is that utilitarianism's focus on consequences seems to justify sacrificing individuals for the greater overall good, which denies the principle that the ends don't justify the means and seems to violate duties of justice, equality, and other moral principles.
Sec 2 3
Utilitarian ethics focuses on maximizing the overall good or happiness. It was influenced by thinkers like Bentham and Mill who argued that happiness is the ultimate good and the consequences of actions should be judged by how they affect the general welfare and happiness of all. Utilitarianism supports democratic institutions and free market capitalism as the most effective means to satisfy the most wants and needs of the greatest number of people. It judges policies based on their overall consequences rather than intentions alone.
Ch 2 sec 2 1 and 2-2
This document discusses three main approaches to philosophical ethical reasoning: consequences, principles, and personal character. It also discusses the concept of ethical relativism, which argues that ethical values are dependent on culture and there is no objective right or wrong. The document asserts that ethical theories attempt to provide rational justifications for ethical decisions and avoid reaching relativist conclusions by not holding ethics to too high a standard, distinguishing disagreement from impossibility of agreement, and recognizing that some values like tolerance are more than just opinions.
Ch. 1 sec 1- 5
This document discusses the difference between ethics and ethos. Ethics addresses how we should live our lives based on reason, while ethos refers to conforming to social conventions and norms. Philosophical ethics seeks to distinguish what values people have from what they should have through reflection. It demands reasons for decisions rather than just following customs. Business ethics similarly asks us to reflect on how business decisions affect lives and whether current practices align with how we ought to live.
Ch. 1 sec 1 3 and 1-4
This document discusses the nature and goals of business ethics. It defines business ethics as the values, standards, and principles that should guide business. Business ethics is a multidisciplinary field that incorporates perspectives from philosophy, management, economics, marketing, and public policy. The document also notes that business ethics involves ethical analysis and decision-making. While some think business ethics should focus only on legal compliance, the document argues this is insufficient and ethical business goes beyond just obeying the law. The Enron scandal is provided as an example of a situation where aggressive business practices were legal but still considered unethical.
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- 1. Sec 1-6 Morality, Virtues, and Social Ethics
- 2. Fundamental question of Ethics: How ought we live? – How should I live my life? – How should I act? – What I should do? – What kind of person I should be? • How we ought to live together in community? Areas of Ethics: I. Morality (concerned on how each of us should live our lives) 1. Examining principles and rules that might help decide what we should do 2. Examining those character traits, or virtues, that would constitute a life worth living, deciding how we should act and deciding the type of person we should II. Social Ethics: raises questions of public policy, law, civic virtue, and political philosophy
- 3. • Business Ethics addresses: individual morality and social ethics. • Fundamental goals of business ethics: provide opportunities for students to ask “What kind of person should I be?”, “What should I do?”, “What kind of life will I live?”, “What would I have done if I worked for Bernard Madoff?” Is the kind of greed and opulent lifestyle exhibited by Madoff a model for my life?”
- 4. Morality has a large perspective Imagine late in your life looking back to reflect on the kind of life you have led and asking: “Has this life worth living? Am I proud of my life? Am I proud or ashamed of the person I have been? Has this been a full and meaningful life?”
- 5. • Business Ethics addresses issues of social ethics and public policy. • Business institutions created by humans: responsible for it. • Business institutions, tremendous influence on lives: our jobs, food, health care, homes, and livelihoods • We should ask ourselves: “How should business be structured?”