Engineering materials are substances and compounds used to build structures, machines, and devices, selected for their ability to withstand loads and perform specific functions. They are classified into major categories such as metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites, each with unique mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties.

1. MM102: Introduction to Engineering Materials. Spring Semester 2019
Course Instructors: Dr. Shanza Rehan, Eng. Ali Afraz & Dr. Fida Mohammad
1. Text Book: Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
Callister and Rethwisch. 9th
Edition, 2014
2.Reference: Foundation of Materials Science and Engineering,
Smith & Hashemi. 4th
Edition 2006
Chapter 1 for self study
Chapter 2: Two Lect.: Grading policy & Introduction
Chapter 3: Eight Lect. Crystal structure
Chapter 4: Five Lect Crystals are imperfect
Chapter 5: Four Lect Diffusion in solids
Chapter 6. Four Lect. Mechanical properties of metals
Chapter 7: Four Dislocations and strengthening
Chapter 8. Three Lect. Failure of metals
Chapter 9: Seven Lect Phase diagrams (Sect 9.13, to 9.17 are not included)
Chapter 10: not included
Chapter 11: Not included Application and processing of metals
Chapter 12: Three Lect. Ceramics [ Note: Section 12.9 is not included ]
Chapter 13: Not included Application/processing of ceramics
Chapter 14. Three Lect Structure of polymers
Chapter 15: Not included Characterization of polymers
Chapter 16. Two Lect. Composites
Total = 45 Lectures

3. Grading Policy / Requirements
1. Mid: 30 %
2. Final 42 %
3. Six Quizzes each carrying 4 points i.e 24 %
4. Two Assignments each carrying 2 points i.e 4 %
You are required to:
Buy a copy of the text book either 2nd hand or new
Have 80 % attendance. Absence justified in writing
Come within the first five minutes of the class
Not to sleep, talk, or make disturbance in the class
Note down your own attendance
Not to proxy for any one
Understand problems either solved in the book or solved on CD
Explore CD for additional help ( Animation etc )
Understand and Practice drawing charts, graphs, diagrams
Derive mathematical expressions
Be precise, to the point, brief, explicit in examination
Use dimensions and units
READ LEARNING OBJECTIVES WRITTEN IN THE Book
You can contact us for help from 8 am to 5 pm daily on working days

4. How to miss C-
and below→☺
Start from today:
►Read the book
► Practice writing what you read
►Ask questions in and outside the class
►Tell others what you think you know
(Discus)

5. Materials & lifestyle
Make a list of materials which were
MM102 develops your skills and knowledge for
the production and manipulating of materials so that
the properties of materials can be improved
Available to ancient people for use

6. Low Carbon Steels
( 99.75wt% Iron + 0.25wt% Carbon )
Important considerations:
1.Iron available abundantly from earth crust (7%)
2. Iron deforms easily compared to glass or stone
3. Iron is Tougher than Stone, glass, china ware
4. Machine-able compared to what?
5. Weld-able easily (compared to what?)
7. Do you know of an undesirable property of Iron?
Which properties of materials are useful for
improving our life style?

7. Materials Science
Provides
Options
to consumers
Next any bottle which is eatable !

8. Materials Science And Engineering deal with:
Mechanical; Thermal; Electrical; Magnetic; Optical; Chemical Properties.
Give examples of each type
For this purpose knowledge of:
Chemistry, Physics, Mechanics, English, Math
along with experience + Imagination
Is required
History:
Stone, Bronze, Iron, Polymer, Si, Li. What
next?
Note: Nanotechnology is emerging
Materials: Metals/Alloys; Ceramics; Polymers; Composites

9. How do materials respond when they are
subjected to:
► mechanical forces
►electrical fields
►magnetic fields
►optical fields
►temperature gradients
►corrosive (chemical) environments
We design materials such
that they behave according to our
needs and wishes

10. Materials and their properties
Electrical
(conductors,
insulators,
semiconductors)
material
Magnetic
(diamagnetic,
paramagnetic)
Optical
(LCD,
optical
fibers,
night vision
camera)
Thermal
(Conductor,
Insulators,
Refractory)
Chemical
(toxic, corrosive,
medicinal,
pollutant, inert,
biodegradable)
Mechanical
(light, heavy
strong, tough,
ductile melleable )
Cost
Biological
(self-replicating,
specific )
Radioactivity

11. Optical performance of solid Al2O3
as a result of processing
Single
crystal
Pores and
numerous
Small crystals
What?

12. Four components of the discipline of Materials Science
and Engineering
Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Composites
( society demands )

13. 142 pm & 341 pm

14. Define structure and Processing ?
1. Structure of atom
2. Structure of molecule
3. Structure of crystal (Diamond, Graphite,
Graphene, CNT, Buckyballs)
4. Microscopic and Macroscopic structure

15. National Science Foundation in 2008

16. Interaction between atoms, ions, molecules
And
physical states of matter

19. Forces between atoms
Forces between molecules
1.Covalent bonds
2.Ionic bonds
3.Partial covalent bonds
4.Metallic bonds
5.Hydrogen bonds
6.Van der Waal Bonds / dispersion forces
Physical states & influence of temperature / pressure on them
Certain bonds behave as vectors, others as scalars
Kinetic and Potential energies

21. Examples
of
Inter-molecular hydrogen
bonding.
The dotted line represents a hydrogen

22. Forces between molecules

23. In addition to size and mass, shape of molecules
also matters in interaction between molecules
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH3-C-CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3-C-
CH3
CH3
CH3

25. In this course we will focus on solids only
Specifically
Crystalline Solids

27. X
Y
Z
(six of them: three angles and three sides )
Crystalline & Amorphous solids

29. How to locate:
In unit cubic cell
points,
directions
planes

30. Second & third layer ?

31. Generalized coordinates q, r, s &
side lengths a, b, c of unit cell.
Distance along x = q.a
along y = r.b
along z = s.c

32. Locate the point
q= ¼
r=1
s=½
in the unit cell at the left
Along X→ q . a= 1/4 x 0.48
Along Y→ r . b= 1 x 0.46
Along Z→ s .c = 1/2 x 0.40

33. Locate atoms (points )
in the BCC unit cell

35. Crystallographic
Directions ( vectors )
The vector is
positioned such that
it starts from the
origin
( if it already doesn’t )
Use square brackets only

36. Crystallographic Directions
1. Position vector through the
origin ( translate if necessary )
2. Measure its projections along
x, y, z & divide by a, b, c
3. Convert values from step 2
into smallest whole numbers
4. Write whole numbers from
step 3 as [uvw]

37. Note: Hexagonal crystals are not in course

38. For cubic Crystals:
Equivalent Directions are defined
[100], [100], [010], [010], [001], [001] are all equivalent directions
because atoms are spaced in the same way.
We write set of equivalent directions as: ‹100›
[123] & [213] →
same indices without regard for
sign or order
are also equivalent

39. Note: eight cubes share the atom inside the rectangle

41. Show that A is [3 3 1], B is [4 0 3], C is [3 6 1] and D is [1 1 1]

45. Plane not passing through the origin
Plane passing through the origin

46. Crystallographic planes and determination of Millar Indices
1. If the plane passes through the origin: shift the plane or origin
2. Find intercepts in terms of a, b, c ( plane cuts or contains an axis )
3. Take reciprocal of intercepts
4. Change intercepts into smallest whole numbers, if necessary
5. Write them as: (hkl)

49. You cannot distinguish 2nd
order diffraction from 100 plane
from 1st
order diffraction from 200 plane

55. (632)

56. Equivalent Planes: In cubic crystals
(111), (111), (111), (111) , (111), (111), (111), (111)
are all equivalent in the sense that they have the
same atomic arrangement on them: set {111}

57. Zeolites

58. Tin transform from one crystal from to another
undergoing 27 % volume change

59. Common
Crystal
structures
for metals
BCC
FCC
HCP
Simple cubic
( primitive )
c / a = 1.633, usually

60. Most common crystal structures for
Metals
Simple Cubic ( Primitive)
Body-centered cubic ( BCC )
Face-centered-cubic ( FCC )
Hexagonal Close-packed ( HCP )
HCP
Cubic

61. Hexagonal Close Packed ( HCP ) formed from ABABAB…stacking

64. Four representations of simple cubic crystal structure – 1
Corner atoms touch each other along crystal sides
How many atoms are packed in unit cell of simple cubic

66. Polycrystalline materials & Anisotropy

67. Contribution of corners to no. of atoms in unit cell

69. Sharing of atoms by unit cells
How many unit cells share an atom:
1. Sitting on a corner of a cube
2. Sitting inside a cube
3. Sitting on a face of a cube
4. Sitting on the edge of a cube

70. Suggest a name for this unit cell of crystal structure - 2
Iron crystal is BCC
with side 0.287 nm

71. Suggest a name for this unit cell
Crystal structure - 3
How many atoms per unit cell ?
X

72. Atoms= 1
Polonium
C.NO.6
Empty
=48%
Touch on
edge
Atoms=2
C.No.8
Iron
Empty
=32%
Touch on
body
diagonal
Atoms=4
C. No12
Empty =26%
Touch on face
diagonal
CCP or FCC
Copper crystal
Is FCC with
Side 0.361 nm

73. Coordination no. in simple cubic crystal

74. Hexagonal Close Packing
Face Centered Cubic

75. Tin transform from one crystal from to another
undergoing 27 % volume change

76. Two dimensional packing of spheres
Which packing is closest
i.e
efficient in terms of
Space consumption

78. Which closest packing ? ABABAB….. Or ABCABCABC…..
HCP FCC
How to generate HCP and FCC.
Coordination No. is 12 in HCP and FCC

79. HCP FCC or CCP

80. .

81. FCC
Coordination No. ?

82. Fourth type of unit cell
Hexagonal close-packed ( HCP ) – 4
Coordination No. ?
Corner Faces Inside
6(1/6) + 6(1/6) + 1(1/2) + 1(1/2) + 3

84. Metal Crystal Structure Atomic Radius (nm)
Aluminum FCC 0.1431
Cadmium HCP 0.1490
Chromium BCC 0.1249
Cobalt HCP 0.1253
Copper FCC 0.1278
Gold FCC 0.1442
Iron (Alpha) BCC 0.1241
Lead FCC 0.1750
Magnesium HCP 0.1599
Molybdenum BCC 0.1363
Nickel FCC 0.1246
Platinum FCC 0.1387
Silver FCC 0.1445
Tantalum BCC 0.1430
Titanium (Alpha) HCP 0.1445
Tungsten BCC 0.1371
Zinc HCP 0.1332

85. terms of the atomic radius
R

86. Compute atomic packing factor for FCC unit cell
This unit contains four atoms

87. Experimental = 8.94 g / cm3
Watch: you have to write units through out

88. See Animation from Smith

89. Linear density
LD110= 2 atoms / 4R

90. Planar Density
PD110 = 2 atoms / 8R2
√2

91. PD110 =
(2 atoms / [(16√2 R2
)/3]
Area =
Face diagonal x side

93. Anisotropy

94. Consider triangle PSQ
SQ = PQ sin θ
SQ = d sin θ
SQ + QT = 2 d sinθ
n.λ = 2 d sin θ
λ = 2 d sin θ, first order n = 1
We are interested in constructive interference

97. X – Rays diffraction from powdered Lead (FCC)
a = 0.4950 nm
λ = 0.1542 nm

98. Aluminum (FCC) powder

100. •.
Octahedral Voids in FCC: 4
One in the middle, three on the edges

101. •.
Tetrahedral Voids: 8, in single unit cell of FCC

103. Ceramic Crystal Structures ( AX type )
1. Mostly compounds between metals and non-metals
2. Bonding either purely ionic or ionic with covalent character
Material % ionic character
CaF2 89
MgO 73
NaCl 67
Al2O3 63
SiO2 51
SiC 12
Two characteristics influencing crystal structure:
1. Charge balance
2. Ionic sizes i.e radii of cations and anions
rC / rA This ratio defines coordination
number

104. rC / rA
C.No
Stable crystal structure results
when anions are placed
nearest to cations and cations
are placed nearest to anions
Determine rc / rA ?

105. ZnS ( zinc Blende )
Tetrahedral & Octahedral voids
1
2
4
3

106. 1 2 4
2 3 4
1 2 3
1 3 4
Tetrahedron
1
2
4
3

107. •.
One octahedral void is centered at the middle of each of the 12 edges
and is shared by four cells. Hence 3 belong to one cell. One in center of FCC
Which means a total of 4

109. CsCl structure. One Cubic Void

110. Cation or Anion at the corners of FCC ?
FeO
NaCl

111. Perovskite CaTiO3
Piezoelectric crystal
Ca
Ti
O

112. 0.102 nm 0.181 nm ratio = 0.563
Sodium Chloride structure (4 NaCl ) – AX type

114. Theoretical density calculation for
NaCl

117. 142 pm & 341 pm

120. Phosphorene:
notice the corrugation on sheets of P atoms

121. Cu→
O→
O vacancy→
YBa2Cu3O7
Superconductor

122. Building Blocks of Silicates ( SiO4
4-
)

123. Fused Silica
Addition of
CaO
Na2O
Modify
structure

124. Addition of
CaO &
Na2O
modify
Structure
fused silica

125. Silicates ( Quartz, mica, clay etc )
Zero,
One,
Two
O ions of
SiO4
2-
are
attached

126. Three O ions of
SiO4
2-
are attached

127. Cristobalite which is a polymorph of SiO2
Four
O ions of
SiO4
2-
are
attached

129. Scanning Tunneling Microscope ( STM )
Image of Si surface
Magnification 20,000,000

130. Quartz Crystal, SiO2

132. Scanning Tunneling Microscope ( STM )
Image of Si surface with W-probe tip:
Magnification 20,000,000

133. AFM image of Pentacene molecule: probe tip with CO

134. AFM image of Olympicene molecule (1.2nm width )

138. Perovskite CaTiO3
Piezoelectric
crystal
Atoms’ positions
0,0,0
1/2, 1/2, 1/2
1/2, 1/2, 0
1/2, 0, 1/2
0, 1/2, 1/2
Ca Ti
O

139. YBa2Cu3O7
Superconductor

141. Single crystals, polycrystalline, amorphous materials

145. SEM image of Human Hair ( 60 micron thick )
Surface features can be used for forensic investigation

146. AFM image of double stranded DNA molecule, 2009