Bekki, Daisuke. (2015).
In Empirical Advances in Categorial Grammar (CG2015) in the 27th European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information (ESSLLI 2015), Barcelona, Spain.
The document discusses Chomsky normal form and Greibach normal form, which are simplified forms of context-free grammars (CFGs). It explains that any CFG can be converted into Chomsky normal form through a series of transformations. Greibach normal form further restricts the form of rules so that they start with a terminal symbol. The document provides an example of converting a CFG into Greibach normal form through multiple steps.
This document is a Japanese grammar guide written by Tae Kim. It covers topics such as the Japanese writing system including hiragana, katakana, and kanji. It then discusses basic grammar structures like expressing state of being, particles, adjectives, verbs, negation, past tense, and more. It provides explanations, examples, and exercises for learning Japanese grammar.
This document lists various words related to places, empires, languages, and other concepts alongside their translations between English, Arabic, and Spanish. It shows how many everyday English words are derived from or share roots with Arabic words, due to historical interactions between cultures. Translations between the three languages illustrate linguistic connections and borrowings over time and geography.
The document provides information about a Japanese language learning audio program. It includes 10 conversations covering common situations like introductions, making phone calls, eating out, shopping, asking directions and sightseeing. Each conversation is divided into two related parts and includes vocabulary and survival phrases. The program aims to teach practical Japanese for traveling in Japan through realistic dialogue recordings.
The document discusses challenges in natural language processing for Arabic. It covers lexicons and corpus linguistics, including principles of lexicography, use of corpora to inform dictionaries, and reviews past Arabic lexicographic works. It notes that the largest modern Arabic corpus to date contains 1.2 billion words, but an average reader would need 11 years of continuous reading to get through the entire corpus. The document also provides examples of obsolete Arabic words that are still included in some dictionaries.
This document discusses the status and future of the Arabic language. It notes that Arabic is spoken natively by over 300 million people across 22 countries and is the official language of several international organizations. However, the document also expresses concerns that Arabic is facing threats from foreign languages and local dialects being used more widely. It suggests young Arabic speakers have weaker Arabic proficiency and tend to use English words or a hybrid language more than formal Arabic. The document argues it is important to preserve standard Arabic to maintain the language's role amid these challenges.
06.a new arabic grammar of the written languageMohammad Ali
This document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It states that regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, enhance mood, and reduce stress levels. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
The document discusses Chomsky normal form and Greibach normal form, which are simplified forms of context-free grammars (CFGs). It explains that any CFG can be converted into Chomsky normal form through a series of transformations. Greibach normal form further restricts the form of rules so that they start with a terminal symbol. The document provides an example of converting a CFG into Greibach normal form through multiple steps.
This document is a Japanese grammar guide written by Tae Kim. It covers topics such as the Japanese writing system including hiragana, katakana, and kanji. It then discusses basic grammar structures like expressing state of being, particles, adjectives, verbs, negation, past tense, and more. It provides explanations, examples, and exercises for learning Japanese grammar.
This document lists various words related to places, empires, languages, and other concepts alongside their translations between English, Arabic, and Spanish. It shows how many everyday English words are derived from or share roots with Arabic words, due to historical interactions between cultures. Translations between the three languages illustrate linguistic connections and borrowings over time and geography.
The document provides information about a Japanese language learning audio program. It includes 10 conversations covering common situations like introductions, making phone calls, eating out, shopping, asking directions and sightseeing. Each conversation is divided into two related parts and includes vocabulary and survival phrases. The program aims to teach practical Japanese for traveling in Japan through realistic dialogue recordings.
The document discusses challenges in natural language processing for Arabic. It covers lexicons and corpus linguistics, including principles of lexicography, use of corpora to inform dictionaries, and reviews past Arabic lexicographic works. It notes that the largest modern Arabic corpus to date contains 1.2 billion words, but an average reader would need 11 years of continuous reading to get through the entire corpus. The document also provides examples of obsolete Arabic words that are still included in some dictionaries.
This document discusses the status and future of the Arabic language. It notes that Arabic is spoken natively by over 300 million people across 22 countries and is the official language of several international organizations. However, the document also expresses concerns that Arabic is facing threats from foreign languages and local dialects being used more widely. It suggests young Arabic speakers have weaker Arabic proficiency and tend to use English words or a hybrid language more than formal Arabic. The document argues it is important to preserve standard Arabic to maintain the language's role amid these challenges.
06.a new arabic grammar of the written languageMohammad Ali
This document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It states that regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, enhance mood, and reduce stress levels. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
1) The document discusses Arabic grammar rules related to nouns, including the different types of nouns and their properties.
2) Nouns can be masculine or feminine, singular, dual or plural, rational or irrational, definite or indefinite. They can also take certain prefixes or suffixes to indicate these properties.
3) Other topics discussed include pronouns, verbs, particles that indicate gender and distance for nouns, and idafa possessive constructions.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Arabic language and its grammar. It discusses the following key points:
- Arabic is classified as a South Central Semitic language and is written from right to left. It has 28 letters that are all consonants.
- There are three main varieties of Arabic: Classical/Koranic Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and Colloquial/Dialectal Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic is used for formal speaking and writing.
- The document outlines the Arabic alphabet, including the names and pronunciations of each letter. It provides guidance on pronouncing some difficult consonants that are unique to Arabic.
- Words in Arabic are formed by joining adjacent letters
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular exercise can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness.
This document discusses the history of climate change from the 19th century to present day. It notes that scientists have been observing rising global temperatures and their effects since the late 19th century, and their findings show that climate change poses risks to natural and human systems. Recent climate change is due primarily to human activities like burning fossil fuels that increase heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. If emissions continue at a high rate, average global temperatures could increase by over 3°C by 2100 with significant consequences.
Essentials of arabic grammar essentials of arabic grammar by brid. zahoorsamadash
This document is the preface to a book titled "Essentials of Arabic Grammar for Learning Quranic Language" by Brig. (R) Zahoor Ahmed. It discusses the importance of learning the Arabic language to understand the Quran. It notes that the Quran can only be fully understood by learning the language it was revealed in. It aims to enable learners to acquire insight into the Quranic language through its 28 lessons on Arabic grammar. The preface emphasizes memorizing vocabulary to construct simple phrases and sentences from an early stage of study.
Beginner: Basic Spanish grammar nº1 : The nouns Poncela
In Spanish, nouns are either masculine or feminine. Most nouns ending in -o are masculine and those ending in -a are feminine. For some masculine nouns referring to people or animals that end in a consonant or -e, making them feminine involves adding an -a. Nouns ending in -ista can be either gender depending on if they refer to a male or female. Some nouns are spelled the same for both genders but their articles change. A few nouns have completely different masculine and feminine forms.
The document discusses adjective agreement in Spanish. It explains that adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in both gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural). It provides examples of adjectives changing their endings to match the gender and number of nouns. Specifically, it notes adjectives typically end in -o for masculine singular nouns, -a for feminine singular, and -s gets added for plural forms. Exceptions are provided for adjectives ending in -e, -a, or consonants.
This document provides an overview of basic Spanish vocabulary across several topics including the alphabet, numbers, colors, days of the week, parts of the face, shapes, fruit, and clothing. It includes links to pronunciation guides and interactive games to help learn the vocabulary. Key areas covered are the Spanish alphabet, numbers 0-10, common colors, days of the week from Monday to Sunday, parts of the face like eyes and mouth, common shapes, popular fruits, and types of clothing.
The document provides a list of adjectives in Arabic used to describe both human and non-human nouns. It includes common adjectives like new, old, big, small, as well as adjectives describing states like happy, sad, tired, healthy. The adjectives are presented with their masculine and feminine forms to indicate gender. The document serves as a reference for some common descriptive adjectives in Arabic.
This document provides an introduction to and overview of the first chapter of the textbook "Basic Arabic Grammar: Part A". The chapter focuses on forming basic nominal sentences in Arabic. It discusses definite and indefinite nouns and adjectives, and how they are used in nominal sentences of the form "subject is/are predicate". It also introduces the singular detached pronouns that can replace nouns as subjects, and the conjunction "and" which can join multiple predicates or nominal sentences. Several example sentences are provided to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Essential japanese grammar masahiro tanimori & eriko satoShinichi Kudo
This document provides a summary of a book titled "A Comprehensive Guide to Contemporary Usage" by Masahiro Tanimori and Eriko Sato, published by Tuttle Publishing. It discusses the publisher Tuttle Publishing, which was founded in postwar Japan to revive the Japanese publishing industry and became a leading independent publisher of books on Asian culture and history. It also includes bibliographic information about the book being summarized, such as the copyright, cataloging data, and distribution details.
The document provides an introduction to the Arabic language, including its history, alphabet, grammar, and current status. It discusses how Arabic evolved from early forms in the Arabian Peninsula to become the dominant language of the Islamic empire and the liturgical language of over a billion Muslims today. The document also outlines the Arabic alphabet, consonants, vowels, gender, number, word order, and other key grammatical features. Sample texts are provided to demonstrate the script.
From Dependent Types to Natural Language SemanticsDaisuke BEKKI
In this talk, I will provide a comprehensive overview of Dependent Type Semantics (DTS), a proof-theoretic approach to natural language semantics based on dependent type theory. DTS marks a departure from the traditional model-theoretic semantic frameworks that have long been the standard, such as Montagovian intensional logic, discourse representation theory, and dynamic semantics.
The key distinguishing feature of DTS is its ability to unify analyses of linguistic phenomena such as anaphora and presupposition through the process of type checking and proof search. This is consistent with the “presupposition is anaphora” paradigm that is widely discussed and analyzed in semantic studies.
DTS computes the meaning of a given sentence through the principle of compositionality, coupled with the mechanism called “unspecified types,” which correspond to open proofs in proof assistants. This establishes a new correspondence between the meaning of natural language and type theory, shedding new light on both fields.
I will also reflect on the extensive research and developments over the past decade. This will shed light on the future prospects of DTS and provide insights into its potential applications in computational linguistics.
Dependent Type Semantics and its Davidsonian extensionsDaisuke BEKKI
Dependent type semantics (DTS; Bekki 2014, Bekki and Mineshima 2017) is a framework of proof-theoretic semantics of natural language based on dependent type theory, following the line of Sundholm (1986) and Ranta (1994). Unlike the previous works, DTS attains compositionality/lexicalization as required to serve as the semantic component for modern formal grammars by adopting mechanisms of underspecified types. In DTS, presupposition projection reduces to type checking, anaphora resolution/presupposition binding to proof search, suggesting further correspondences between natural language semantics and type theory. I will also discuss the extension of DTS to Davidsonian event semantics and its consequences for analyzing event anaphora.
Dependent Types and Dynamics of Natural LanguageDaisuke BEKKI
The document discusses dependent types and dynamics in natural language semantics. It provides an overview of Dependent Type Semantics (DTS), which takes a proof-theoretic approach to semantics. DTS uses dependent types to provide a unified analysis of inferences and anaphora resolution. The document explains how DTS handles various phenomena involving anaphora and dynamic semantics, such as E-type anaphora and donkey anaphora, through the use of underspecified terms and type checking.
Dependent Types and Dynamics of Natural LanguageDaisuke BEKKI
The document discusses dependent type semantics (DTS) as a framework for natural language semantics. DTS takes a proof-theoretic approach and uses dependent types to provide unified treatments of anaphora and general inferences. The key aspects of DTS are that it uses dependent functions and products to represent anaphora and other context-dependent phenomena compositionally, while maintaining a correspondence to natural language syntax. Underspecified terms are used for lexical items to retrieve contexts during type checking and semantic composition. Examples show how DTS can provide representations of E-type and donkey anaphora through dependent types.
1) The document discusses Arabic grammar rules related to nouns, including the different types of nouns and their properties.
2) Nouns can be masculine or feminine, singular, dual or plural, rational or irrational, definite or indefinite. They can also take certain prefixes or suffixes to indicate these properties.
3) Other topics discussed include pronouns, verbs, particles that indicate gender and distance for nouns, and idafa possessive constructions.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Arabic language and its grammar. It discusses the following key points:
- Arabic is classified as a South Central Semitic language and is written from right to left. It has 28 letters that are all consonants.
- There are three main varieties of Arabic: Classical/Koranic Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and Colloquial/Dialectal Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic is used for formal speaking and writing.
- The document outlines the Arabic alphabet, including the names and pronunciations of each letter. It provides guidance on pronouncing some difficult consonants that are unique to Arabic.
- Words in Arabic are formed by joining adjacent letters
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular exercise can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness.
This document discusses the history of climate change from the 19th century to present day. It notes that scientists have been observing rising global temperatures and their effects since the late 19th century, and their findings show that climate change poses risks to natural and human systems. Recent climate change is due primarily to human activities like burning fossil fuels that increase heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. If emissions continue at a high rate, average global temperatures could increase by over 3°C by 2100 with significant consequences.
Essentials of arabic grammar essentials of arabic grammar by brid. zahoorsamadash
This document is the preface to a book titled "Essentials of Arabic Grammar for Learning Quranic Language" by Brig. (R) Zahoor Ahmed. It discusses the importance of learning the Arabic language to understand the Quran. It notes that the Quran can only be fully understood by learning the language it was revealed in. It aims to enable learners to acquire insight into the Quranic language through its 28 lessons on Arabic grammar. The preface emphasizes memorizing vocabulary to construct simple phrases and sentences from an early stage of study.
Beginner: Basic Spanish grammar nº1 : The nouns Poncela
In Spanish, nouns are either masculine or feminine. Most nouns ending in -o are masculine and those ending in -a are feminine. For some masculine nouns referring to people or animals that end in a consonant or -e, making them feminine involves adding an -a. Nouns ending in -ista can be either gender depending on if they refer to a male or female. Some nouns are spelled the same for both genders but their articles change. A few nouns have completely different masculine and feminine forms.
The document discusses adjective agreement in Spanish. It explains that adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in both gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural). It provides examples of adjectives changing their endings to match the gender and number of nouns. Specifically, it notes adjectives typically end in -o for masculine singular nouns, -a for feminine singular, and -s gets added for plural forms. Exceptions are provided for adjectives ending in -e, -a, or consonants.
This document provides an overview of basic Spanish vocabulary across several topics including the alphabet, numbers, colors, days of the week, parts of the face, shapes, fruit, and clothing. It includes links to pronunciation guides and interactive games to help learn the vocabulary. Key areas covered are the Spanish alphabet, numbers 0-10, common colors, days of the week from Monday to Sunday, parts of the face like eyes and mouth, common shapes, popular fruits, and types of clothing.
The document provides a list of adjectives in Arabic used to describe both human and non-human nouns. It includes common adjectives like new, old, big, small, as well as adjectives describing states like happy, sad, tired, healthy. The adjectives are presented with their masculine and feminine forms to indicate gender. The document serves as a reference for some common descriptive adjectives in Arabic.
This document provides an introduction to and overview of the first chapter of the textbook "Basic Arabic Grammar: Part A". The chapter focuses on forming basic nominal sentences in Arabic. It discusses definite and indefinite nouns and adjectives, and how they are used in nominal sentences of the form "subject is/are predicate". It also introduces the singular detached pronouns that can replace nouns as subjects, and the conjunction "and" which can join multiple predicates or nominal sentences. Several example sentences are provided to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Essential japanese grammar masahiro tanimori & eriko satoShinichi Kudo
This document provides a summary of a book titled "A Comprehensive Guide to Contemporary Usage" by Masahiro Tanimori and Eriko Sato, published by Tuttle Publishing. It discusses the publisher Tuttle Publishing, which was founded in postwar Japan to revive the Japanese publishing industry and became a leading independent publisher of books on Asian culture and history. It also includes bibliographic information about the book being summarized, such as the copyright, cataloging data, and distribution details.
The document provides an introduction to the Arabic language, including its history, alphabet, grammar, and current status. It discusses how Arabic evolved from early forms in the Arabian Peninsula to become the dominant language of the Islamic empire and the liturgical language of over a billion Muslims today. The document also outlines the Arabic alphabet, consonants, vowels, gender, number, word order, and other key grammatical features. Sample texts are provided to demonstrate the script.
From Dependent Types to Natural Language SemanticsDaisuke BEKKI
In this talk, I will provide a comprehensive overview of Dependent Type Semantics (DTS), a proof-theoretic approach to natural language semantics based on dependent type theory. DTS marks a departure from the traditional model-theoretic semantic frameworks that have long been the standard, such as Montagovian intensional logic, discourse representation theory, and dynamic semantics.
The key distinguishing feature of DTS is its ability to unify analyses of linguistic phenomena such as anaphora and presupposition through the process of type checking and proof search. This is consistent with the “presupposition is anaphora” paradigm that is widely discussed and analyzed in semantic studies.
DTS computes the meaning of a given sentence through the principle of compositionality, coupled with the mechanism called “unspecified types,” which correspond to open proofs in proof assistants. This establishes a new correspondence between the meaning of natural language and type theory, shedding new light on both fields.
I will also reflect on the extensive research and developments over the past decade. This will shed light on the future prospects of DTS and provide insights into its potential applications in computational linguistics.
Dependent Type Semantics and its Davidsonian extensionsDaisuke BEKKI
Dependent type semantics (DTS; Bekki 2014, Bekki and Mineshima 2017) is a framework of proof-theoretic semantics of natural language based on dependent type theory, following the line of Sundholm (1986) and Ranta (1994). Unlike the previous works, DTS attains compositionality/lexicalization as required to serve as the semantic component for modern formal grammars by adopting mechanisms of underspecified types. In DTS, presupposition projection reduces to type checking, anaphora resolution/presupposition binding to proof search, suggesting further correspondences between natural language semantics and type theory. I will also discuss the extension of DTS to Davidsonian event semantics and its consequences for analyzing event anaphora.
Dependent Types and Dynamics of Natural LanguageDaisuke BEKKI
The document discusses dependent types and dynamics in natural language semantics. It provides an overview of Dependent Type Semantics (DTS), which takes a proof-theoretic approach to semantics. DTS uses dependent types to provide a unified analysis of inferences and anaphora resolution. The document explains how DTS handles various phenomena involving anaphora and dynamic semantics, such as E-type anaphora and donkey anaphora, through the use of underspecified terms and type checking.
Dependent Types and Dynamics of Natural LanguageDaisuke BEKKI
The document discusses dependent type semantics (DTS) as a framework for natural language semantics. DTS takes a proof-theoretic approach and uses dependent types to provide unified treatments of anaphora and general inferences. The key aspects of DTS are that it uses dependent functions and products to represent anaphora and other context-dependent phenomena compositionally, while maintaining a correspondence to natural language syntax. Underspecified terms are used for lexical items to retrieve contexts during type checking and semantic composition. Examples show how DTS can provide representations of E-type and donkey anaphora through dependent types.
ESSLLI2016 DTS Lecture Day 2: Dependent Type Semantics (DTS)Daisuke BEKKI
The document introduces Dependent Type Semantics (DTS) as a new framework for natural language semantics that provides a unified approach to general inferences and anaphora resolution through proof construction. It discusses various approaches to discourse semantics and outlines some key aspects of DTS, including its treatment of language as proof-theoretic semantics based on an underspecified semantics and compositional semantics using a lexicalized grammar. The document also provides an example parsing and representation of a sentence containing a pronoun to demonstrate DTS's approach to deictic/coreferential uses versus bound variable anaphora.
Composing (Im)politeness in Dependent Type SemanticsDaisuke BEKKI
The document discusses honorification in Japanese and challenges in analyzing it compositionally using existing semantic frameworks. It proposes using dependent type semantics (DTS), which is based on dependent type theory. DTS provides a proof-theoretic approach and could allow for the composition of expressive honorific contents while satisfying requirements like higher-order composition of honorific suffixes. However, examples involving binding still present problems that DTS would need to address. The document introduces key concepts of DTS, such as proof-theoretic semantics, the Curry-Howard correspondence between logic and type theory, and dependent types.
Conventional Implicature via Dependent Type SemanticsDaisuke BEKKI
Guest lecture in "expressive content" course (by Eric McCready and Daniel Gutzmann) in the 27th European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information (ESSLLI 2015), Barcelona, Spain.
Calculating Projections via Type CheckingDaisuke BEKKI
Bekki Daisuke and Miho Sato (2015).
A presentation in TYpe Theory and LExical Semantics (TYTLES) in the 27th European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information (ESSLLI 2015), Barcelona, Spain.
Presentation of our paper, "Towards Quantitative Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods for Deepfake Detection", by K. Tsigos, E. Apostolidis, S. Baxevanakis, S. Papadopoulos, V. Mezaris. Presented at the ACM Int. Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation (MAD’24) of the ACM Int. Conf. on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR’24), Thailand, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3643491.3660292 https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18649
Software available at https://github.com/IDT-ITI/XAI-Deepfakes
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Two types of Japanese scrambling in combinatory categorial grammar
1. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Two Types of Japanese Scrambling in
Combinatory Categorial Grammar
Daisuke Bekki
Ochanomizu University / CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency /
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology / National
Institute of Informatics
Empirical Advances in Categorial Grammar (CG2015)
ESSLLI2015, Barcelona,
August 11th (Tue), 2015.
http://www.slideshare.net/kaleidotheater/cg2015slide
1 / 51
2. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
What this talk is about
Target phenomena: scrambling in Japanese
Syntactic framework: combinatory categorial grammar (CCG:
Steedman (1996), Bekki (2010))
1. A full-fledged categorial analysis of Japanese scrambling (cf.
Deep and surface scrambling (Ueyama, 1998, 2003))
2. Advantage of categorial grammar (in general) over minimalism
3. Methodological difference between CCG and type-logical
grammars
2 / 51
3. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
What this talk is about
Target phenomena: scrambling in Japanese
Syntactic framework: combinatory categorial grammar (CCG:
Steedman (1996), Bekki (2010))
1. A full-fledged categorial analysis of Japanese scrambling (cf.
Deep and surface scrambling (Ueyama, 1998, 2003))
2. Advantage of categorial grammar (in general) over minimalism
3. Methodological difference between CCG and type-logical
grammars
2 / 51
4. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
What this talk is about
Target phenomena: scrambling in Japanese
Syntactic framework: combinatory categorial grammar (CCG:
Steedman (1996), Bekki (2010))
1. A full-fledged categorial analysis of Japanese scrambling (cf.
Deep and surface scrambling (Ueyama, 1998, 2003))
2. Advantage of categorial grammar (in general) over minimalism
3. Methodological difference between CCG and type-logical
grammars
2 / 51
5. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
What this talk is about
Target phenomena: scrambling in Japanese
Syntactic framework: combinatory categorial grammar (CCG:
Steedman (1996), Bekki (2010))
1. A full-fledged categorial analysis of Japanese scrambling (cf.
Deep and surface scrambling (Ueyama, 1998, 2003))
2. Advantage of categorial grammar (in general) over minimalism
3. Methodological difference between CCG and type-logical
grammars
2 / 51
6. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
What this talk is about
Target phenomena: scrambling in Japanese
Syntactic framework: combinatory categorial grammar (CCG:
Steedman (1996), Bekki (2010))
1. A full-fledged categorial analysis of Japanese scrambling (cf.
Deep and surface scrambling (Ueyama, 1998, 2003))
2. Advantage of categorial grammar (in general) over minimalism
3. Methodological difference between CCG and type-logical
grammars
2 / 51
7. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
What this talk is about
Target phenomena: scrambling in Japanese
Syntactic framework: combinatory categorial grammar (CCG:
Steedman (1996), Bekki (2010))
1. A full-fledged categorial analysis of Japanese scrambling (cf.
Deep and surface scrambling (Ueyama, 1998, 2003))
2. Advantage of categorial grammar (in general) over minimalism
3. Methodological difference between CCG and type-logical
grammars
2 / 51
8. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Combinatory categorial grammar (CCG) (1/2)
Definition (Function application rules)
X/Y : f Y : a
X : fa
>
Y : a XY : f
X : fa
<
Definition (Function composition rules)
X/Y : f Y/Z : g
X/Z : λx.f(gx)
>B
Y Z : g XY : f
XZ : λx.f(gx)
<B
Definition (Coordination rule)
S : f1 · · · CONJ : ◦ S : fm
S : f1 ◦ · · · ◦ fm
Φ
3 / 51
9. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Combinatory categorial grammar (CCG) (2/2)
Definition (Functional crossed composition rule)
X/Y : f Y Z : g
XZ : λx.f(gx)
>B×
Y/Z : g XY : f
X/Z : λx.f(gx)
<B×
Definition (Functional crossed substitution rules)
(X/Y )Z : f Y Z : g
XZ : λx.fx(gx)
>S×
Y/Z : g (XY )/Z : f
X/Z : λx.fx(gx)
<S×
Definition (Type raising rules)
X : a
T /(T X) : λf.fa
>T
X : a
T (T /X) : λf.fa
<T
4 / 51
10. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Two types of scrambling
constructions in Japanese
5 / 51
11. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
First glance: Is word order in Japanese free?
Word-orders of ditransitive sentences: all 3!=6 patterns are
allowed in Japanese:
(1) a. NPNOM NPDAT NPACC DTV
b. NPNOM NPACC NPDAT DTV
c. NPDAT NPNOM NPACC DTV
d. NPDAT NPACC NPNOM DTV
e. NPACC NPNOM NPDAT DTV
f. NPACC NPDAT NPNOM DTV
(when neither quantification nor binding is involved).
6 / 51
12. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Is Japanese ’non-configurational’?
Configurationality parameters: Hale (1980)
Japanese is classified as a nonconfigurational language, with the
other free word order language like Warlpiri.
Under this view, the derivation of (1) has the flat structure as
shown in (2).
(2) S → NP∗
V
7 / 51
13. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Japanese as a configurational language
Weak Crossover (in canonical word-order)
(3) English (Postal (1971))
a. ok Every boy loves his father.
b. * His father loves every boy.
=⇒ Subject-object assymmetry
(4) Japanese in canonical word-order (Hoji (1985))
a. ok QPNOM [...it...]DAT|ACC V
b. * [...it...]NOM QPDAT|ACC V
=⇒ Subject-object assymmetry (*flat structures)
Then, how the scrambling constructions are derived?
8 / 51
14. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Scrambling as movement
Harada (1977) pointed out that the scrambling in Japanese obeys
the subjacency, and thus is an instance of syntactic movement.
(5) Long-distance scrambling and complex-NP constraint
a. NPDAT|ACC NPNOM [NPNOM t V]-that V
b. * NPDAT|ACC NPNOM [NPNOM t V]-rel-NDAT|ACC V
1. JP scrambling is unbounded (thus Hale (1980)
undergenerates) → Puzzle 0
2. JP scrambling subjects to some form of subjacency (though
the status of (5b) is controversial).
9 / 51
15. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Puzzle 1: Reconstruction effects
Reconstruction effects in long-distance scrambling:
(6) a. [... it ...]DAT|ACC NPNOM [QPNOM t V]-that V
b. * QPDAT|ACC [...it...]NOM [NPNOM t V]-that V
In long-distance scrambling, a dislocated NP is obligatorily
interpreted in the trace position (Saito (1992)).
Long-distance scrambling is generated by a movement in PF?
(Ueyama (1998, 2003))
10 / 51
16. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Puzzle 2: Absence of WCO
Weak Crossover (in canonical word-order): repeated
(7) English (Postal (1971))
a. ok Every boy loves his father.
b. * His father loves every boy.
=⇒ Subject-object assymmetry
(8) Japanese in canonical word-order (Hoji (1985))
a. ok QPNOM [...it...]DAT|ACC V
b. * [...it...]NOM QPDAT|ACC V
=⇒ Subject-object assymmetry (*flat structures)
11 / 51
17. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Puzzle 2: Absence of WCO
Weak Crossover (in scrambled word-order)
(9) Japanese in scrambled word-order (Hoji (1985), Ueyama
(1998))
a. ok QPDAT|ACC [...it...]NOM t V
b. ok [... it ...]DAT|ACC QPNOM t V
=⇒ Subject-object assymmetry dissapears!
=⇒ (9b) shows a reconstruction effect, but how (9a) is licenced?
12 / 51
18. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the puzzles
JP scrambling seems to be an unbounded
syntactic movement.
Why reconstruction effect?
Why ok?: QPDAT|ACC [...it...]NOM t V
13 / 51
19. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the puzzles
JP scrambling seems to be an unbounded
syntactic movement.
Why reconstruction effect?
Why ok?: QPDAT|ACC [...it...]NOM t V
13 / 51
20. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the puzzles
JP scrambling seems to be an unbounded
syntactic movement.
Why reconstruction effect?
Why ok?: QPDAT|ACC [...it...]NOM t V
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21. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Non-uniform analysis (Saito (1992), Ueyama (1998, 2003))
There are two types of scrambling constructions in Japanese:
Surface scrambling: Generated by the unbounded scrambling
operation (e.g. PF movement), in which a dislocated
NP is interpreted at its trace position, thus
reconstruction effect obtains.
Deep scrambling: Generated by the clause-bounded scrambling
operation (e.g. operator movement), in which a
dislocated NP is interpreted at its landing site.
14 / 51
22. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Solution to Puzzle 1 and 2 in minimalism
(10) Japanese in canonical word-order (Hoji (1985))
a. ok QPNOM [...it...]DAT|ACC V
b. * [...it...]NOM QPDAT|ACC V (WCO)
(11) Japanese in scrambled word-order (Hoji (1985), Ueyama
(1998))
a. ok QPDAT|ACC [...it...]NOM t V
(Deep scrambling)
b. ok [... it ...]DAT|ACC QPNOM t V
(Surface scrambling)
c. ok NPDAT|ACC NPNOM t V
(Ambiguous between Surface and Deep) 15 / 51
23. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Puzzle 3: ‘Non-standard’-constituent coordination and
mixed scrambling
Kang (1987) observed that the coordination between
‘non-standard’-constituents of canonical and scrambled orders is
available in Korean (which is also the case in Japanese).
(12) [NPACC NPNOM] and [NPNOM NPACC] V
Surface scrambling (ok):
(13) [ [... it ...]DAT|ACC QPNOM t ] and [NPNOM NPACC] V
Deep scrambling (ok):
(14) [ QPDAT|ACC [...it...]NOM t ] and [NPNOM NPACC] V
How can they be generated?
16 / 51
24. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Puzzle 4: One deep scrambling per clause?
Ueyama (1998) observed that only one deep scrambling is allowed
per clause.
(15) a. * QPDAT [...it...]-rel-NACC-Q [...it...]NOM t t V
b. * QPACC [...it...]-rel-NDAT-Q [...it...]NOM t t V
(i.e. In “NPDAT NPACC NPNOM V” order, either NPDAT or NPACC
is dislocated by surface scrambling. But why?)
17 / 51
25. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Not a matter of complexity
(16) a. * QPDAT [...it...]-rel-NACC-Q [...it...]NOM t t V
b. * QPACC [...it...]-rel-NDAT-Q [...it...]NOM t t V
c. ok QP NOM
[...it...]-rel-N DAT
-Q [...it...] ACC
t t V
18 / 51
26. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of Japanese scrambling
Ueyama (1998, 2003)’s non-uniform analysis
(deep and surface scrambling) succeeds in giving
a solution to Puzzle 1 and 2, but not to Puzzle
3 and 4.
Puzzle 3 is fatal for minimalism.
Two problems awaiting solution:
“Translation” of Ueyama (1998)’s analysis to categorial
grammar is not obvious: PF scrambling?
How can Puzzle 3 and 4 be solved?
19 / 51
27. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of Japanese scrambling
Ueyama (1998, 2003)’s non-uniform analysis
(deep and surface scrambling) succeeds in giving
a solution to Puzzle 1 and 2, but not to Puzzle
3 and 4.
Puzzle 3 is fatal for minimalism.
Two problems awaiting solution:
“Translation” of Ueyama (1998)’s analysis to categorial
grammar is not obvious: PF scrambling?
How can Puzzle 3 and 4 be solved?
19 / 51
28. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of Japanese scrambling
Ueyama (1998, 2003)’s non-uniform analysis
(deep and surface scrambling) succeeds in giving
a solution to Puzzle 1 and 2, but not to Puzzle
3 and 4.
Puzzle 3 is fatal for minimalism.
Two problems awaiting solution:
“Translation” of Ueyama (1998)’s analysis to categorial
grammar is not obvious: PF scrambling?
How can Puzzle 3 and 4 be solved?
19 / 51
29. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of Japanese scrambling
Ueyama (1998, 2003)’s non-uniform analysis
(deep and surface scrambling) succeeds in giving
a solution to Puzzle 1 and 2, but not to Puzzle
3 and 4.
Puzzle 3 is fatal for minimalism.
Two problems awaiting solution:
“Translation” of Ueyama (1998)’s analysis to categorial
grammar is not obvious: PF scrambling?
How can Puzzle 3 and 4 be solved?
19 / 51
30. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of Japanese scrambling
Ueyama (1998, 2003)’s non-uniform analysis
(deep and surface scrambling) succeeds in giving
a solution to Puzzle 1 and 2, but not to Puzzle
3 and 4.
Puzzle 3 is fatal for minimalism.
Two problems awaiting solution:
“Translation” of Ueyama (1998)’s analysis to categorial
grammar is not obvious: PF scrambling?
How can Puzzle 3 and 4 be solved?
19 / 51
31. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Surface scrambling in CCG
20 / 51
32. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Surface Scrambling by CB
We claim that there exists a pair of (language-specific)
combinatory rules <CB and >CB, which we call permuted
functional composition rules:
Definition (Permuted functional composition rules)
Y/Z : g X/Y : f
X/Z : λx.f(g(x))
>CB
XY : f Y Z : g
XZ : λx.f(g(x))
<CB
We assume that each language optionally employs one or both of
the CB rules, with Japanese (and possibly other languages with
scrambling constructions such as Korean and Turkish) employing
only >CB as a rule for deriving surface scrambling.
21 / 51
33. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Surface Scrambling by CB
Definition (The reduction rule for the combinator C)
Cfxy = fyx
∴ CBfgx = Bgfx = f(g(x))
The CB rules are variations of the functional composition rule
B with its arguments scrambled by the C combinator: the
>CB (and <CB) rule swaps the applicable order of two
adjacent functions g and f so that the function g on the left
(right) applies first to the rightward (leftward) argument, to
which the function f on the right (left) applies latter.
22 / 51
34. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Surface Scrambling by CB
Definition (The reduction rule for the combinator C)
Cfxy = fyx
∴ CBfgx = Bgfx = f(g(x))
The CB rules are variations of the functional composition rule
B with its arguments scrambled by the C combinator: the
>CB (and <CB) rule swaps the applicable order of two
adjacent functions g and f so that the function g on the left
(right) applies first to the rightward (leftward) argument, to
which the function f on the right (left) applies latter.
22 / 51
35. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Surface Scrambling by CB
Definition (The reduction rule for the combinator C)
Cfxy = fyx
∴ CBfgx = Bgfx = f(g(x))
The CB rules are variations of the functional composition rule
B with its arguments scrambled by the C combinator: the
>CB (and <CB) rule swaps the applicable order of two
adjacent functions g and f so that the function g on the left
(right) applies first to the rightward (leftward) argument, to
which the function f on the right (left) applies latter.
22 / 51
36. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
(P1) Surface scrambling by CB and reconstruction effect
(without movement)
Linguistically, the left function corresponds a dislocated constituent
that is yet interpreted in its original position, thus yielding a
reconstruction effect.
NPACC
dislocated NP
T /(T NPo)
: λp.λx.Q2(y)(pyx)
NPNOM
T / (T NPga)
: λp.λx.Q1(x)(pxx)
T /(T NPgaNPo)
: λp.λx.Q1(x)(Q2(y)(pyxx))
>CB
V
SNPgaNPo
: λy.λx.V(x, y)
S
: Q1(x)(Q2(y)(V(x, y)))
>
23 / 51
37. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
(P0) Long-distance scrambling by CB
... iti ...DAT
dislocated NP
T /(T NPni )
NPNOM
T /(T NPga)
[QPi
NOM
T /(T NPga)
T /(T NPgaNPga)
>B
T /(T NPgaNPgaNPni )
>CB
V1]
SNPgaNPni
-that
StoS
StoNPgaNPni
<B V2
SNPgaSto
SNPgaNPgaNPni
<B
S
24 / 51
39. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
(P0) Long-distance scrambling by CB
... iti ...DAT
dislocated NP
T /(T NPni )
NPNOM
T /(T NPga)
[QPi
NOM
T /(T NPga)
T /(T NPgaNPga)
>B
T /(T NPgaNPgaNPni )
>CB
26 / 51
40. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
(P0) Long-distance scrambling by CB
... iti ...DAT
dislocated NP
T /(T NPni )
NPNOM
T /(T NPga)
[QPi
NOM
T /(T NPga)
T /(T NPgaNPga)
>B
T /(T NPgaNPgaNPni )
>CB
V1]
SNPgaNPni
-that
StoS
StoNPgaNPni
<B V2
SNPgaSto
SNPgaNPgaNPni
<B
S
27 / 51
41. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
(P3) ’Non-standard’ constituent and mixed coordination by
CB
NPACC
dislocated NP
T /(T NPo)
NPNOM
T /( T NPga )
T /(T NPgaNPo)
>CB
NPNOM
T /(T NPga)
NPACC
T /(T NPo)
T /(T NPgaNPo)
>B
T /(T NPgaNPo)
Φ
V
SNPgaNPo
S
>
28 / 51
42. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Deep scrambling in CCG
29 / 51
43. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Deep scrambling by B×
Functional crossed composition rules >B× and <B× are
non-harmonic rules often used for extraction from
non-right-peripheral cases in English.
The >B× rule is also suggested as a source of (deep)
scrambling construction in Steedman (2000).
Definition (Functional crossed composition rules)
X/Y : f Y Z : g
XZ : λx.f(g(x))
>B×
Y/Z : g XY : f
X/Z : λx.f(g(x))
<B×
30 / 51
44. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Deep scrambling by B×
Functional crossed composition rules >B× and <B× are
non-harmonic rules often used for extraction from
non-right-peripheral cases in English.
The >B× rule is also suggested as a source of (deep)
scrambling construction in Steedman (2000).
Definition (Functional crossed composition rules)
X/Y : f Y Z : g
XZ : λx.f(g(x))
>B×
Y/Z : g XY : f
X/Z : λx.f(g(x))
<B×
30 / 51
45. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Deep scrambling by B×
Functional crossed composition rules >B× and <B× are
non-harmonic rules often used for extraction from
non-right-peripheral cases in English.
The >B× rule is also suggested as a source of (deep)
scrambling construction in Steedman (2000).
Definition (Functional crossed composition rules)
X/Y : f Y Z : g
XZ : λx.f(g(x))
>B×
Y/Z : g XY : f
X/Z : λx.f(g(x))
<B×
30 / 51
46. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Deep scrambling by B×
NPACC
dislocated NP
T /(T NPo)
: λp.λx.Q2(y)(pyx)
NPNOM
T / (T NPga)
: λp.λx.Q1(x)(pxx)
V
SNPga NPo
: λy.λx.V(x, y)
StermNPo
: λy.Q1(x)(V(x, y))
>B×
S
: Q2(y)(Q1(x)(V(x, y)))
>
31 / 51
47. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Problem of B× as a souce of deep scrambling
Coordinations of the form OS and OS V are not generated.
NPACC
dislocated NP
T /(T NPo)
NPNOM
T /(T NPga)
T /(T NPoNPga)
>B
NPNOM
T /(T NPga)
NPACC
T /(T NPo)
T /(T NPgaNPo)
>B
∗
32 / 51
48. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
(P2) Deep scrambling by Bu
× rules
Unary functional crossed composition rules >Bu
× and <Bu
×
are variations of Geach rule corresponding to B×.
(Potentially problematic to parsing)
Definition (Unary functional crossed composition rules)
X/Y : f
XZ/(Y Z) : λg.λx.f(g(x))
>Bu
×
XY : f
X/Z(Y/Z) : λg.λx.f(g(x))
<Bu
×
cf. Functional crossed composition rules
X/Y : f Y Z : g
XZ : λx.f(g(x))
>B×
Y/Z : g XY : f
X/Z : λx.f(g(x))
<B×
33 / 51
49. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
(P2) Deep scrambling by Bu
× rules
NPACC
dislocated NP
T /(T NPo)
: λp.λx.Q2(y)(pyx)
NPNOM
T /(T NPga)
: λp.λx.Q1(x)(pxx)
T T /( T NPga T )
: λg.λy.λx.Q1(x)(gyxx)
>Bu
× V
StermNPgaNPo
: λy.λx.V(x, y)
StermNPo
: λy.Q1(x)(V(x, y))
>
S
: Q2(y)(Q1(x)(V(x, y)))
>
34 / 51
50. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
(P3) ’Non-standard’ constituent and mixed coordination by
Bu
×
NPACC
dislocated NP
T /(T NPo)
NPNOM
T /(T NPga)
T T /( T NPga T )
>Bu
×
T /(T NPgaNPo)
>B
NPNOM
T /(T NPga)
NPACC
T /(T NPo)
T /(T NPgaNPo)
>B
T /(T NPgaNPo)
Φ V
StermNPgaNPo
S
>
35 / 51
51. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
(P4) Why only one deep scrambling per clause?
(16) a. * QPDAT|ACC [...it...]-rel-NACC|DAT-Q [...it...]NOM t t V
NPNOM
T /(T NPga)
: λp.λx.Q1(x)(pxx)
T T /( T NPga T )
: λg.λy.λx.Q1(x)(gyxx)
>Bu
× V
StermNPgaNPni NPo
: λz.λy.λx.V(x, y, z)
∗
The >Bu2
× rule (or even the generalized >Bun
× rule) that licences
(16) is also definable (but we claim that it is not employed in
Japanese).
36 / 51
52. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the CCG analysis
CB rules for surface scrambling :
P0 Long-distance scrambling
P1 Reconstruction effect
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
Bu
× rules for deep scrambling :
P2 Absence of WCO
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
P4 The ’one-per-clause’ constraint
37 / 51
53. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the CCG analysis
CB rules for surface scrambling :
P0 Long-distance scrambling
P1 Reconstruction effect
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
Bu
× rules for deep scrambling :
P2 Absence of WCO
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
P4 The ’one-per-clause’ constraint
37 / 51
54. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the CCG analysis
CB rules for surface scrambling :
P0 Long-distance scrambling
P1 Reconstruction effect
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
Bu
× rules for deep scrambling :
P2 Absence of WCO
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
P4 The ’one-per-clause’ constraint
37 / 51
55. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the CCG analysis
CB rules for surface scrambling :
P0 Long-distance scrambling
P1 Reconstruction effect
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
Bu
× rules for deep scrambling :
P2 Absence of WCO
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
P4 The ’one-per-clause’ constraint
37 / 51
56. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the CCG analysis
CB rules for surface scrambling :
P0 Long-distance scrambling
P1 Reconstruction effect
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
Bu
× rules for deep scrambling :
P2 Absence of WCO
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
P4 The ’one-per-clause’ constraint
37 / 51
57. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the CCG analysis
CB rules for surface scrambling :
P0 Long-distance scrambling
P1 Reconstruction effect
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
Bu
× rules for deep scrambling :
P2 Absence of WCO
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
P4 The ’one-per-clause’ constraint
37 / 51
58. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the CCG analysis
CB rules for surface scrambling :
P0 Long-distance scrambling
P1 Reconstruction effect
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
Bu
× rules for deep scrambling :
P2 Absence of WCO
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
P4 The ’one-per-clause’ constraint
37 / 51
59. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the CCG analysis
CB rules for surface scrambling :
P0 Long-distance scrambling
P1 Reconstruction effect
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
Bu
× rules for deep scrambling :
P2 Absence of WCO
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
P4 The ’one-per-clause’ constraint
37 / 51
60. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the CCG analysis
CB rules for surface scrambling :
P0 Long-distance scrambling
P1 Reconstruction effect
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
Bu
× rules for deep scrambling :
P2 Absence of WCO
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
P4 The ’one-per-clause’ constraint
37 / 51
61. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Not completely satisfied
Problem 1: Only scrambling constructions use CB and Bu
×
Problem 2: The Bu
× rules are not safe in parsing.
Problem 3: Why is Japanese scrambling optional? What
surface scrambling constructions are for?
38 / 51
62. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Not completely satisfied
Problem 1: Only scrambling constructions use CB and Bu
×
Problem 2: The Bu
× rules are not safe in parsing.
Problem 3: Why is Japanese scrambling optional? What
surface scrambling constructions are for?
38 / 51
63. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Not completely satisfied
Problem 1: Only scrambling constructions use CB and Bu
×
Problem 2: The Bu
× rules are not safe in parsing.
Problem 3: Why is Japanese scrambling optional? What
surface scrambling constructions are for?
38 / 51
64. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Not completely satisfied
Problem 1: Only scrambling constructions use CB and Bu
×
Problem 2: The Bu
× rules are not safe in parsing.
Problem 3: Why is Japanese scrambling optional? What
surface scrambling constructions are for?
38 / 51
65. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Derivations in Hybrid TLCG
39 / 51
66. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Deep scrambling in Hybrid TLCG
Hybrid TLCG: Kubota (2015), Kubota and Levine (2015)
Definition (Deep and surface scrambling rules in Hybrid TLCG)
f;
S|(S|NP);
Q
λσ.f(id) • σ( );
S|(S|NP);
Q
ds
f;
S|(S|NP);
Q
λσ.f(id) • σ(id)( );
S|(S|(S|(S|NP)));
λp.p(Q)
ss
40 / 51
67. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Deep scrambling in Hybrid TLCG
λσ.σ(NPACC);
S|(S|NPo);
Q
λσ.NPACC • σ( );
S|(S|NPo);
Q
ds
NPNOM;
NPga;
t
ϕ;
NPo;
y
1
V ;
SNPgaNPo;
v
ϕ • V ;
SNPga;
vy
E
NPNOM • ϕ • V ;
S;
vyt
E
λϕ.NPNOM • ϕ • V ;
S|NPga;
λy.vyt
|I ,1
NPACC • NPNOM • • V ;
S;
Q(λy.vyt)
|E
41 / 51
68. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Multiple deep scrambling in a clause!
λσ.σ(NPDAT);
S|(S|NPni );
P
λσ.NPDAT • σ( );
S|(S|NPni );
P
ds
λσ.σ(NPACC);
S|(S|NPga);
Q
λσ.NPACC • σ( );
S|(S|NPo);
Q
ds
NPNOM;
NPga;
t
ψ;
NPni ;
z
2
ϕ;
NPo;
y
1
V ;
SNPgaNPni NPo;
v
ϕ • V ;
SNPgaNPni ;
vy
E
ψ • ϕ • V ;
SNPga;
vyz
E
NPNOM • ψ • ϕ • V ;
S;
vyzt
E
λϕ.NPNOM • ψ • ϕ • V ;
S|NPga;
λy.vyzt
|I ,1
NPACC • NPNOM • ψ • V ;
S;
Q(λy.vyzt)
|E
λψ.NPACC • NPNOM • ψ • V ;
S|NPo;
λz.Q(λy.vyzt)
|I
NPDAT • NPACC • NPNOM • V ;
S;
P(λz.Q(λy.vyzt))
|E
42 / 51
69. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Surface scrambling in Hybrid TLCG
λσ.σ(NPACC);
S|(S|NPo);
Q2
λσ.NPACC • σ(id)( );
S|(S|(S|(S|NPo)));
λp.p(Q2)
ss
λσ.σ(QPNOM);
S|(S|NPga);
Q1
χ;
S|(S|NPo);
f
3
ψ;
NPga;
x
2
ϕ;
NPo;
y
1
V ;
SNPgaNPo;
v
ϕ • V ;
SNPga;
vy
E
ψ • ϕ • V ;
S;
vyx
E
λϕ.ϕ • ϕ • V ;
S|NPo;
λy.vyx
|I ,1
χ(λϕ.ψ • ϕ • V );
S;
f(λy.vyx)
|E
λψ.χ(λϕ.ψ • ϕ • V );
S|NPga;
λx.f(λy.vyx)
|I ,2
χ(λϕ.QPNOM • ϕ • V );
S;
Q1(λx.(f(λy.vyx)))
|E
λχ.χ(λϕ.QPNOM • ϕ • V );
S|(S|(S|NPo));
λf.Q1(λx.(f(λy.vyx)))
|I ,3
NPACC • NPNOM • V ;
S;
Q1(λx.Q2(λy.vyx))
|E
43 / 51
71. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
CCG (family) vs. TCG (family)
In CCG, the rule Bu
× and the rule Bu2
× can be distinguished,
which may not be the case in TLGs.
Some quantifiers allow inverse scope reading, while others are
not (at least in Japanese).
45 / 51
72. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
CCG (family) vs. TCG (family)
In CCG, the rule Bu
× and the rule Bu2
× can be distinguished,
which may not be the case in TLGs.
Some quantifiers allow inverse scope reading, while others are
not (at least in Japanese).
45 / 51
73. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
CCG (family) vs. TCG (family)
In CCG, the rule Bu
× and the rule Bu2
× can be distinguished,
which may not be the case in TLGs.
Some quantifiers allow inverse scope reading, while others are
not (at least in Japanese).
45 / 51
74. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
CCG (family) vs. TCG (family)
Extractions in Lambek/ACG/Hybrid TLCG is the
/-introduction rules.
CCG is a substructural/subdirectional combinatory logic,
where the (weak version of) /-introduction rules hold as a
partial deduction theorem: Buszkowski (2010), Ozaki and
Bekki (2012)
The fact that the CCG axioms can be derived as theorems in
TCG DOES NOT mean that TCG is simpler than CCG: (a
weak-version of) /-introduction rules can be proven as a
theorem in combinatory logic.
46 / 51
75. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
CCG (family) vs. TCG (family)
Extractions in Lambek/ACG/Hybrid TLCG is the
/-introduction rules.
CCG is a substructural/subdirectional combinatory logic,
where the (weak version of) /-introduction rules hold as a
partial deduction theorem: Buszkowski (2010), Ozaki and
Bekki (2012)
The fact that the CCG axioms can be derived as theorems in
TCG DOES NOT mean that TCG is simpler than CCG: (a
weak-version of) /-introduction rules can be proven as a
theorem in combinatory logic.
46 / 51
76. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
CCG (family) vs. TCG (family)
Extractions in Lambek/ACG/Hybrid TLCG is the
/-introduction rules.
CCG is a substructural/subdirectional combinatory logic,
where the (weak version of) /-introduction rules hold as a
partial deduction theorem: Buszkowski (2010), Ozaki and
Bekki (2012)
The fact that the CCG axioms can be derived as theorems in
TCG DOES NOT mean that TCG is simpler than CCG: (a
weak-version of) /-introduction rules can be proven as a
theorem in combinatory logic.
46 / 51
77. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
CCG (family) vs. TCG (family)
Extractions in Lambek/ACG/Hybrid TLCG is the
/-introduction rules.
CCG is a substructural/subdirectional combinatory logic,
where the (weak version of) /-introduction rules hold as a
partial deduction theorem: Buszkowski (2010), Ozaki and
Bekki (2012)
The fact that the CCG axioms can be derived as theorems in
TCG DOES NOT mean that TCG is simpler than CCG: (a
weak-version of) /-introduction rules can be proven as a
theorem in combinatory logic.
46 / 51
78. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
What JP scrambling means for Categorial Grammars?
Categorial grammars have succeeded in explaining both:
Unbounded A’-movements by (/I) or (>B) rules (in other
words, by the deduction theorem)
Clause-bounded A-movements, such as in control structures.
The status of JP scrambling has been an important topic in
generative grammar: can it be reduced to either A’-movement
or A-movement, or is it another type of movement?
General question: can some version of CG analyse JP
scrambling? How are the surface and deep scrambling
generated therein?
47 / 51
79. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
What JP scrambling means for Categorial Grammars?
Categorial grammars have succeeded in explaining both:
Unbounded A’-movements by (/I) or (>B) rules (in other
words, by the deduction theorem)
Clause-bounded A-movements, such as in control structures.
The status of JP scrambling has been an important topic in
generative grammar: can it be reduced to either A’-movement
or A-movement, or is it another type of movement?
General question: can some version of CG analyse JP
scrambling? How are the surface and deep scrambling
generated therein?
47 / 51
80. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
What JP scrambling means for Categorial Grammars?
Categorial grammars have succeeded in explaining both:
Unbounded A’-movements by (/I) or (>B) rules (in other
words, by the deduction theorem)
Clause-bounded A-movements, such as in control structures.
The status of JP scrambling has been an important topic in
generative grammar: can it be reduced to either A’-movement
or A-movement, or is it another type of movement?
General question: can some version of CG analyse JP
scrambling? How are the surface and deep scrambling
generated therein?
47 / 51
81. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
What JP scrambling means for Categorial Grammars?
Categorial grammars have succeeded in explaining both:
Unbounded A’-movements by (/I) or (>B) rules (in other
words, by the deduction theorem)
Clause-bounded A-movements, such as in control structures.
The status of JP scrambling has been an important topic in
generative grammar: can it be reduced to either A’-movement
or A-movement, or is it another type of movement?
General question: can some version of CG analyse JP
scrambling? How are the surface and deep scrambling
generated therein?
47 / 51
82. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
What JP scrambling means for Categorial Grammars?
Categorial grammars have succeeded in explaining both:
Unbounded A’-movements by (/I) or (>B) rules (in other
words, by the deduction theorem)
Clause-bounded A-movements, such as in control structures.
The status of JP scrambling has been an important topic in
generative grammar: can it be reduced to either A’-movement
or A-movement, or is it another type of movement?
General question: can some version of CG analyse JP
scrambling? How are the surface and deep scrambling
generated therein?
47 / 51
83. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
What JP scrambling means for Categorial Grammars?
Categorial grammars have succeeded in explaining both:
Unbounded A’-movements by (/I) or (>B) rules (in other
words, by the deduction theorem)
Clause-bounded A-movements, such as in control structures.
The status of JP scrambling has been an important topic in
generative grammar: can it be reduced to either A’-movement
or A-movement, or is it another type of movement?
General question: can some version of CG analyse JP
scrambling? How are the surface and deep scrambling
generated therein?
47 / 51
84. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Summary of the CCG analysis: repeated
CB rules for surface scrambling :
P0 Long-distance scrambling
P1 Reconstruction effect
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
Bu
× rules for deep scrambling :
P2 Absence of WCO
P3 ’Non-standard’-constituent and mixed
coordination
P4 The ’one-per-clause’ constraint
48 / 51
85. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Reference I
Bekki, D. (2010) Nihongo-Bunpoo-no Keisiki-Riron -
Katuyootaikei, Toogohantyuu, Imigoosei - (trans. ’Formal
Japanese Grammar: the conjugation system, categorial syntax,
and compositional semantics’). Tokyo, Kuroshio Publisher.
Buszkowski, W. (2010) “Categorial Grammars and Substructural
Logics”.
Hale, K. (1980) “Remarks on Japanese phrase structure:
comments on the papers on Japanese syntax”, MIT Working
Papers in Linguistics 2, pp.185–203.
Harada, S.-I. (1977) “Nihongo-ni ‘Henkei’-wa Hituyoo-da
(‘Transformation’ is Necessary for Japanese)”, Gengo 6(11-12).
49 / 51
86. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Reference II
Hoji, H. (1985) “Logical Form Constraints and Configurational
Structures in Japanese”, Doctoral dissertation, University of
Washington.
Kang, B.-m. (1987) “Functional Inheritance, Anaphora, and
Semantic Interpretation in a Generalized Categorial Grammar”,
Ph.d. thesis, Brown University.
Ozaki, H. and D. Bekki. (2012) “Extractability as Deduction
Theorem in Subdirectional Combinatory Logic”, In the
Proceedings of Logical Aspect of Computational Linguistics
(LACL2012). Nantes, France.
Postal, P. (1971) Cross-over Phenomena. New York, Holt,
Reinhart and Winston.
Saito, M. (1992) “Long Distance Scrambling in Japanese”, Journal
of East Asian Linguistics 1(1), pp.69–118.
50 / 51
87. JP Scrambling Surface scrambling Deep scrambling Hybrid TLCG Discussion
Reference III
Steedman, M. J. (1996) Surface Structure and Interpretation.
Cambridge, The MIT Press.
Steedman, M. J. (2000) The Syntactic Process (Language,
Speech, and Communication). Cambridge, The MIT Press.
Ueyama, A. (1998) “Two Types of Dependency”, Doctoral
dissertation, University of Southern California. distributed by
GSIL publications.
Ueyama, A. (2003) “Two Types of Scrambling Constructions in
Japanese”, In: A. Barss (ed.): Anaphora: A Reference Guide.
Cambridge, Blackwell.
51 / 51