1. BY:
J.DEEPIKA(10P61A0416)
D.DEEPIKA(10P61A0415)

2. Communication connection between two mobile
1. When the caller starts the call the electromagnetic signal transmitted from his
mobile antenna is received by the closest base station “BS”.
2. Then the signal is transmitted from the BS to the switching center “SC” in order
to authenticate the caller and receiver IDs.
3. The the SC will transmit the signal to the BS nearest to the receiver side
4. Next the BS transmits electromagnetic signals which will be received by the
receiver’s mobile antenna.
5. Finally after the receiver opens the line the two-way communication connection
is established between the two persons.
Caller
(1)
Receiver
(2)
Base Station
(1)
Switching
Center
Base Station
(2)

3. How is radiation produced by a cell phone?
Cell phone radiation is transmitted by the cell phone antenna in all
directions
Most of the energy is lost in space
Part of the energy is received by base stations
Part of the energy is incident on human head
Ener
Base Station
g
b
ed by
v
recei
y
n
statio
ase
Energy lost in directions other than base station

4. Electromagnetic signal transmitted from cell phone antenna
The increased use of cell phones has brought about serious concerns
regarding the probable health hazards. This is because mobile phones use
electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range.

5. Maximum Power Transmit
The Federal Communications Commission sets specific absorption rate “SAR”
standards for acceptable power radiation for cell phones; it must not exceed 1.6
W/KG
The lower the SAR the better the phone, from a potential health hazard point
of view
There are three ways to find
SAR values
1.From the user manual of your mobile
phone.
2.Visit mobile manufacturers’ forum or
website and select your mobile phone model
http://www.mmfai.info/public/sar.cfm
3.Enter Federal Communications
Commission website and write your mobile
FCC ID Number in the FCC ID
http://www.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid/

6. Thermal Effect of Cell Phones
Head Temperature Raise

7. Thermal Effects
Heat generated on the face by 15 minutes of cell phone use due to
electromagnetic radiation

9. Radiation Penetration in the head of an adult,
ten-year and five-year old
When radiation hits the head, it penetrates the skull. The pictures above are the
result of an experiment show how radiation penetrates the skull of an adult (25%),
10 year old (50%) and a 5 year old (75%). The younger the child the deeper the
penetration due to the fact their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more
fluid than adults’. Radio frequencies travel through children’s brains much more
easily and therefore increase the risk of cancer.

11. Facts about Radiation
Mobile phone use has increased with extraordinary rapidity, and is now
nearly universal in some countries, with over three billion subscribers
worldwide. The rise in use has generated concerns about
Cellphone safety, particularly potential cancer risk.
There are many published reports in the scientific literature concerning
possible biological effects resulting from animal or human exposure to
RF energy.
Nearly all of the mobile phone emitted energy (97-99%) is absorbed in
the brain hemisphere on the side where the phone is used, mainly (5060%) in the temporal lobe.
Most types of cancer occur many years, or even decades, after initial
exposure to known carcinogens. In some cases detectable elevations in
risk occur 10-14 years after first exposure (Walker 1984).

12. For slow-growing tumors such as meningioma and acoustic neuroma,
as well as for glioma among long-term users, the absence of
association reported thus far is less conclusive because the observation
period has been too short (less than 10 years).
Some glioma (tumor of the brain) studies show appreciably elevated
risks among mobile phone users – twofold and threefold risk increase.
Exposure to high levels of RF radiation can be
harmful due to the ability of RF energy to heat
biological tissue rapidly.

13. Two areas of the body, the eyes and the testes, are
known to be particularly vulnerable to heating by RF
energy because of the relative lack of available blood flow
to dissipate the excessive heat load.
Laboratory experiments have shown that short-term
exposure (e.g., 30 minutes to one hour) to very high
levels of RF radiation (100-200 mW/cm 2) can cause
cataracts in rabbits.

14. Temporary sterility, caused by heating effects as changes in
sperm count and in sperm motility, is possible after exposure of
the testes to high- level RF radiation.
Certain biological effects reported after exposure of animals
("in vivo") and animal tissue ("in vitro") to relatively low levels of
RF radiation including: certain changes in the immune system,
neurological effects, behavioral effects, evidence for a link
between microwave exposure and the action of certain drugs and
compounds, a "calcium efflux" effect in brain tissue (exposed
under very specific conditions), and effects on DNA.

16. Consider the following when using your mobile phone
It is not only the choice of phone, but how you use it that is important when
you want to control the amount of radiation you are exposed to. Here you
will find a few simple tips that can considerably reduce radiation and
therefore also health risks.

17. Use a hands-free set
The further away from your body the phone is, the less radiation you are
exposed to. Using a hands-free set is the easiest way to radically reduce the
amount of radiation you are exposed to if you use a mobile phone.

18. Use a regular phone as much
as possible

The base of a cordless phone emits high
levels of EMR, even when the phone is
not being used.

19. Hold it at the bottom
By covering large areas of the phone with your hand, you reduce its ability
to send and receive signals. The phone then increases its power and
transmits stronger radiation to compensate this. So hold the phone as far
down as possible, so it can operate at low power.

20. Get in the best position
You can see the signal reception strength in the display. When reception is
good, the phone reduces power and radiation. If reception is poor, the
phone uses maximum power and radiation.

21. Don’t talk too long and use regular phone as much
as possible
The radiation you are exposed to is directly related to the time you spend
talking on your phone. For linger calls it is safer and cheaper to call from a
regular phone.

22. Cell phone safety facts

23. Turn it off: As long as your mobile phone is
on, it emits radiation continuously, even when
you are not actually making a call. Turn your
phone off or to flight mode when not in use; you
could redirect calls to a landline. While airplane/
flight mode is on, no phone, radio, Wi-Fi, or
Bluetooth signals are emitted and Global
Positioning System (GPS) reception is turned
off. (Wi-Fi and Bluetooth can be re-enabled
while in airplane mode on some models.)

24. Children should text instead of making calls: If calls are
unavoidable they should use a low emission earpiece (see
below) or loudspeaker option to keep the phone away from
their heads.
Use shielding devices: Shielded cases
are available to cover phones while they
are in your pocket. Also try an air-tube
headset - these operate like a stethoscope,
transmitting the information to your head
as sound waves. If you use a wired
earpiece, make sure that the wire used to
transmit the signal to your ear is shielded.

25. Don’t use your phone as an alarm clock: Do not keep
the cell phone close to your head when sleeping. Switch
it off in the night or keep it six feet away from your head
for a better sleep.

26. Hazardous areas of use
Don’t use a mobile phone while driving a car. Stop at a safe place and talk.
Don’t use your mobile phone in places where there is a lot of electrical
equipment, such as hospitals and aircraft.
Don’t bathe with your mobile phone.
Don’t let small children talk on your mobile phone for long periods. They
are more susceptible than adults.

28. ANY
QUERIES???